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      "body": "<html>\n<p>上一篇说过的<a href=\"https://qifu.me/at201612172057/\">manifest离线缓存</a>方法虽然被所有主流浏览器的最新版本所支持，但终究还是在web标准中被废弃了，firefox在控制台会提醒使用Service Worker缓存替代。</p>\n<p>但其实Service Worker还远远没有被普遍支持，仅chrome、firefox和opera的新版本支持，Edge和safari的支持尚在开发中，而且Service Worker要求必须在https网站上使用。所以实际上，在相当长的时间内manifest缓存会一直被各大浏览器支持，不会被轻易删除。新标准的普及需要时间，旧标准的完全退出更需要时间，这个时间，可能长于大部分网站的生命周期……</p>\n<p>但我还是先试了一下Service Worker，方法同样很简单，第一步先注册Service Worker，类似于manifest方法中在html元素内添加清单文件，只不过这里是在页面注册一个js文件，引入以下js代码即可。</p>\n<pre><code>if ('serviceWorker' in navigator) {<br>\n &nbsp;window.addEventListener('load', function() {<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;navigator.serviceWorker.register('/qifu/sw.js').then(function(registration) {<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;console.log('ServiceWorker registration successful with scope: ', registration.scope);<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;}).catch(function(err) {<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;console.log('ServiceWorker registration failed: ', err);<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;});<br>\n &nbsp;});<br>\n}</code></pre>\n<p>注册的这个js文件所在的路径会影响Service Worker的作用域，它在哪个目录下，作用域就包含哪个目录。比如“/qifu/sw.js”就会导致作用域是/qifu/及其下属目录，而放在根目录的话，作用域就是全站。</p>\n<p>下面是注册的Service Worker文件内容（/qifu/sw.js）。</p>\n<pre><code>var CACHE_NAME = 'qifu';<br>\n//缓存名称<br>\nvar urlsToCache = [<br>\n &nbsp;'/qifu/',<br>\n &nbsp;'style.css',<br>\n &nbsp;'script.js'<br>\n];<br>\n//要缓存的资源url<br>\nself.addEventListener('install', function(event) {<br>\n &nbsp;event.waitUntil(<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;caches.open(CACHE_NAME)<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.then(function(cache) {<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;console.log('Opened cache');<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;return cache.addAll(urlsToCache);<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;})<br>\n &nbsp;);<br>\n});<br>\n//初始化安装，缓存上面列出的资源<br>\nself.addEventListener('fetch', function(event) {<br>\n &nbsp;event.respondWith(<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;caches.match(event.request)<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.then(function(response) {<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;if (response) {<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;return response;<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;}<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;return fetch(event.request);<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;}<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;)<br>\n &nbsp;);<br>\n});<br>\n//拦截所有请求，缓存过则直接返回</code></pre>\n<p>首先是安装Service Worker，也就是初始化，告诉浏览器先缓存好哪些内容；然后Service Worker就拦截所有请求，有缓存就直接返回缓存内容。初始化只有第一次以及Service Worker文件有更新后才会触发，否则会被自动跳过。</p>\n<p>Service Worker缓存之所以被推出用来替代manifest缓存，一个很重要的原因就是更灵活。比如即使初始化时没有缓存某些文件，也可以在后续用到时<a href=\"https://developers.google.com/web/fundamentals/getting-started/primers/service-workers\">自动缓存</a>（具体代码本文不再列出，只比上述代码多几行），而不像manifest一样必须逐一列出要缓存的内容，还不允许通配符CACHE。</p>\n<p>由于目前浏览器对于Service Worker的支持尚不广泛，可以同时保留manifest缓存，如果支持的话，浏览器检测到两者并存会自动使用Service Worker。</p>\n<p>类似于manifest缓存，每次打开浏览器，会使用缓存的数据，然后浏览器默默查看Service Worker文件有没有更新，只要有哪怕一个字节的变化，就会重新缓存，新内容同样是下次访问生效。（大部分网站可能都为js文件设置了HTTP缓存，目前浏览器在检查Service Worker文件更新时会遵守http header里面设置的缓存时间，但最长24小时，如果超过了这一数值，浏览器会重新下载Service Worker的js文件。）</p>\n<p>如果更新后的Service Worker定义了新的缓存名称，通常希望删掉旧的缓存，可以用下面的代码：</p>\n<pre><code>self.addEventListener('activate', function(event) {<br>\n&nbsp; var cacheWhitelist = ['not-delete-cache-a', 'not-delete-cache-b'];<br>\n//上面是不要删除的缓存名，其余全部删除<br>\n&nbsp; event.waitUntil(<br>\n&nbsp; &nbsp; caches.keys().then(function(cacheNames) {<br>\n&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; return Promise.all(<br>\n&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; cacheNames.map(function(cacheName) {<br>\n&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; if (cacheWhitelist.indexOf(cacheName) === -1) {<br>\n&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; return caches.delete(cacheName);<br>\n&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; }<br>\n&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; })<br>\n&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; );<br>\n&nbsp; &nbsp; })<br>\n&nbsp; );<br>\n});</code></pre>\n<p>好了，就这么简单。</p>\n</html>",
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      "body": "<html>\n<p>&nbsp;估计很多人折腾博客时都有过截断字符串的需求，比如显示文章摘要、评论输出等。</p>\n<p>通常用到的是 mb_substr() 或 mb_strimwidth()，但是我发现，网上的很多代码并不严谨，比如很多没有加最后的编码参数，不加此参数则使用内部字符编码。</p>\n<p>因为通常我们的文件是 UTF-8 编码的，如果内部字符编码不是 UTF-8，就很可能出问题（内部字符编码可以用 mb_internal_encoding() 设置）。</p>\n<p>我在自己服务器（默认的内部字符编码为“ISO-8859-1”）上试了一下，详见下面的代码及结果（注释“//”后的内容为结果，其中“口”代表字符被截断后，无法正常显示的字节片段）：</p>\n<pre><code>[ 本文假定 $str = 'qifu启福'; ]<br>\nmb_substr($str,0,4)<br>\n//qifu<br>\nmb_substr($str,0,5)<br>\n//qifu口<br>\nmb_substr($str,0,6)<br>\n//qifu口口<br>\nmb_substr($str,0,7)<br>\n//qifu启<br>\n<br>\nmb_substr($str,0,5,'utf-8')<br>\n//qifu启<br>\nmb_substr($str,0,6,'utf-8')<br>\n//qifu启福</code></pre>\n<p>很明显，不指定 UTF-8 编码时，由于中文字符占三个字节，截取时很容易被拆开，一个中文字符相当于三个英文字符。而指定编码以后，才真的是按字符个数，而不是按字节数截取，mb_strimwidth() 也是一样的。</p>\n<p>mb_substr() 截取的是字符个数，而 mb_strimwidth() 截取的是字符宽度，如下：</p>\n<pre><code>mb_strimwidth($str, 0, 4, '','utf-8')<br>\n//qifu<br>\nmb_strimwidth($str, 0, 5, '','utf-8')<br>\n//qifu<br>\nmb_strimwidth($str, 0, 6, '','utf-8')<br>\n//qifu启</code></pre>\n<p>可见 mb_strimwidth() 即不是按字节，也不是按字符截取，而是按照宽度。在 php.net 的说明中指出，多字节字符通常是单字节字符的两倍宽度，也就是说，英文字符占一个宽度，中文占两个，宽度不足以截取一个字符时则不取。</p>\n<p>当中英文混合时，这个其实比较适合保证截取后的字符串显示宽度一致。但是，如果网页的字体并不是等宽字体，效果也就体现不出来了，因为“m”和“i”所显示的宽度很可能不一样。</p>\n<p>另外，mb_strimwidth() 中如果指定截取后末尾添加字符串，则截取宽度包含该字符串，如下：</p>\n<pre><code>mb_strimwidth($str, 0, 3, '.','utf-8')<br>\n//qi.</code></pre>\n<p>如果使用这两个函数时，你仔细数一下输出结果，发现字符个数不太对劲，不妨根据本文所述修改代码试一下。&nbsp;</p>\n</html>",
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      "permlink": "manifest",
      "title": "manifest让网页实现离线访问",
      "body": "@@ -920,24 +920,40 @@\n %E3%80%82%E6%AF%94%E5%A6%82%EF%BC%9A%3C/p%3E%0A%3Cp%3E\n+ %3C/p%3E%0A%3Cpre%3E\n %3Ccode%3ECACHE \n@@ -965,16 +965,16 @@\n EST%3Cbr%3E%0A\n-\n #version\n@@ -1077,16 +1077,21 @@\n 1.0%3Cbr%3E%0A\n+%3Cbr%3E%0A\n FALLBACK\n@@ -1145,24 +1145,26 @@\n %0A*%3C/code%3E%3C/p\n+re\n %3E%0A%3Cp%3E%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E4%BA%86%E8%BF%99%E4%B8%AAma\n@@ -1440,24 +1440,40 @@\n %E8%AF%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%EF%BC%9A%3C/p%3E%0A%3Cp%3E\n+ %3C/p%3E%0A%3Cpre%3E\n %3Ccode%3E// Che\n@@ -1517,36 +1517,20 @@\n e load.%3C\n-/code%3E%3C/p%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Ccode%3E\n+br%3E%0A\n window.a\n@@ -1571,34 +1571,13 @@\n ) %7B%3C\n-/code%3E%3C/p%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Ccode%3E \n+br%3E%0A \n &nbs\n@@ -1652,34 +1652,13 @@\n ) %7B%3C\n-/code%3E%3C/p%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Ccode%3E \n+br%3E%0A \n &nbs\n@@ -1752,34 +1752,13 @@\n ) %7B%3C\n-/code%3E%3C/p%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Ccode%3E \n+br%3E%0A \n &nbs\n@@ -1826,34 +1826,13 @@\n he.%3C\n-/code%3E%3C/p%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Ccode%3E \n+br%3E%0A \n &nbs\n@@ -1919,34 +1919,13 @@\n ss.%3C\n-/code%3E%3C/p%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Ccode%3E \n+br%3E%0A \n &nbs\n@@ -1991,34 +1991,13 @@\n ();%3C\n-/code%3E%3C/p%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Ccode%3E \n+br%3E%0A \n &nbs\n@@ -2052,117 +2052,59 @@\n ();%3C\n-/code%3E%3C/p%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Ccode%3E    %7D%3C/code%3E%3C/p%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Ccode%3E  %7D, false);%3C/code%3E%3C/p%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3Ccode%3E\n+br%3E%0A    %7D%3Cbr%3E%0A  %7D, false);%3Cbr%3E%0A\n %7D, f\n@@ -2115,24 +2115,26 @@\n );%3C/code%3E%3C/p\n+re\n %3E%0A%3Cp%3E%E4%B8%80%E6%97%A6%E8%A2%AB%E7%BC%93%E5%AD%98%EF%BC%8C%E4%BD%A0\n",
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      "parent_permlink": "encoding",
      "author": "hqfzone",
      "permlink": "2uzytm",
      "title": "字符编码问题",
      "body": "#稍微学习了下字符编码问题，总结下来：\n\n最简单的应该是ASCII码了，其用一个字节（8比特）来编码128个字符，首位是0，即0xxxxxxx。\n记事本中的ANSI编码方式，对于英文文件是ASCII编码，对于简体中文文件是GB2312编码，繁体中文文件是Big5编码。\n\n然后是Unicode，其编码符范围可以涵盖世界上所有符号。\n记事本中的Unicode是用两个字节存储，顺序方式为Big endian，反过来存就是Little endian，通过在每一个文件的最前面加入表示编码顺序的字符“FE FF”或“FF FE”（以十六进制表示）区别。\n\nUTF-8是Unicode的一种实现方式，带有控制位，可变长度，解决了Unicode存储及识别的问题。规则为：\n①单字节符号，字节的第一位设为0，后面7位为这个符号的Unicode码。因此，英语字母的UTF-8编码和ASCII码相同。\n②多（n）字节符号，第一个字节的前n位都设为1，第n+1位设为0，后面字节的前两位一律设为10，其余的二进制位，全部为这个符号的Unicode码，从后往前填，剩余位补零。\n上面的01串即通过此规则转换得出。\n记事本中UTF-8文件的开头为“EF BB BF”，ANSI文件开头无这种标识。",
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      "title": "DNS解析及Glue Record",
      "body": "DNS的查询过程大家都知道，从根域名服务器开始，以 huangqifu.com 为例，理论上要经过如下几步域名服务器得到结果：\n1：[a-m].root-servers.net.（根域名服务器）\n2：[a-m].gtld-servers.net.（顶级域名服务器）\n3：f1g1ns[1-2].dnspod.net.（查询域名指定的NS服务器）\n\n刚了解DNS时，我有过一个疑问，如果 qq.com 的域名NS是 ns1.qq.com ，那么上述查询不就陷入死循环了么？因为要知道 ns1.qq.com 对应的IP就需要到 qq.com 的NS服务器去查询，而这个服务器又是 ns1.qq.com ，如此周而复始下去……\n\n当然，解决方法很简单，上级DNS服务器（即负责.com的顶级域名服务器）中保存该NS的IP记录，查询时直接给出。前几天无意看到了这个记录的名称，叫“Glue Record”。所以实际上，我们用到的域名DNS都是需要到域名注册商那里去注册的，否则无法正常使用。在Godaddy中可以通过Host Names设置，万网也可以注册DNS。\n\n在windows的命令提示符下，输入 nslookup qq.com a.gtld-servers.net. ，即可得到如下结果：\n\n名称:    qq.com\nServed by:\n- ns1.qq.com\n          101.226.68.138\n          14.17.19.139\n          qq.com\n- ns2.qq.com\n          101.227.169.106\n          222.73.76.225\n          qq.com\n- ns3.qq.com\n          182.140.167.157\n          182.140.177.149\n          qq.com\n- ns4.qq.com\n          111.161.48.230\n          125.39.202.108\n          203.205.144.156\n          qq.com\n里面列出了 qq.com 的NS服务器，以及每个服务器的IP地址。\n\n然后我发现，其实不光是域名的NS为其子域名的情况，只要该NS的域名与要解析的域名的上级DNS相同（即顶级域名服务器相同），都会同时返回NS的IP地址。比如 nslookup huangqifu.com a.gtld-servers.net. ，可以得到：\n\n名称:    huangqifu.com\nServed by:\n– f1g1ns1.dnspod.net\n          111.30.132.180\n          113.108.80.138\n          125.39.208.193\n          180.153.9.189\n          182.140.167.166\n          huangqifu.com\n– f1g1ns2.dnspod.net\n          101.226.30.224\n          112.90.82.194\n          115.236.137.40\n          115.236.151.191\n          182.140.167.188\n          huangqifu.com\n虽然 huangqifu.com 与 f1g1ns1.dnspod.net 并无从属关系，但是因为.com与.net后缀的上级DNS服务器都是 a.gtld-servers.net. ，所以查询时直接给出了NS的IP。如果查询 nslookup qifu.me ns.nic.me. ，则无IP地址：\n\n名称:    qifu.me\nServed by:\n– f1g1ns1.dnspod.net\n\n          qifu.me\n– f1g1ns2.dnspod.net\n\n          qifu.me\n更明显的，查询 nslookup ustc.edu.cn a.dns.cn ，结果如下：\n\n名称:    ustc.edu.cn\nServed by:\n– dns.edu.cn\n          202.112.0.35\n          edu.cn\n– ns2.cuhk.hk\n\n          edu.cn\n– deneb.dfn.de\n\n          edu.cn\n– ns2.cernet.net\n\n          edu.cn\n– dns2.edu.cn\n          202.112.0.13\n          edu.cn\n其中是.cn后缀的域名NS记录都直接有IP地址，其它则没有。\n\n根域名服务器的IP地址是直接保存到系统中的，它在给出顶级域名服务器的记录时，会同时有对应的IP地址。\n\n以上个人总结，写出来分享一下，如有纰漏请指出。",
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      "body": "Hi! I am a robot. I just upvoted you! I found similar content that readers might be interested in:\nhttps://qifu.me/at201602211724/",
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      "author": "hqfzone",
      "permlink": "http-csp",
      "title": "HTTP传输中使用CSP防劫持插广告的方法",
      "body": "<html>\n<p>&nbsp;万恶的运营商，不定期地在我们浏览的网页里插广告已经是公开的秘密了。最有效的防运营商劫持方法当然是HTTPS传输，但是受服务器限制，或者大量图片等内容需要使用HTTP传输，HTTPS有时候并不容易实现。</p>\n<p>今天发现了个有用的东西：Content Security Policy，简称CSP，它可以指定浏览器加载或执行哪些资源（包括css、js、图片、字体等），未指定的资源会被屏蔽。</p>\n<p>这样，如果运营商在我们的网页里面插入了广告代码，但其引用的js域名并未在CSP中列出，浏览器就不会让这个广告显示出来了。知乎就是用了这种方法。</p>\n<p>比如我只想允许自己的域名以及cdn.qifu.me中的css、js、图片资源被加载，就可以在HTTP头信息中加入以下规则：</p>\n<pre><code>Content-Security-Policy:default-src 'self' cdn.qifu.me</code></pre>\n<p>如果利用.htaccess配置的话，添加下面一行即可：</p>\n<pre><code>Header set Content-Security-Policy \"default-src 'self' cdn.qifu.me\"</code></pre>\n<p>如果你怕运营商劫持过程中替换掉你的http header导致上述信息被抹除，可以在html代码中的head标签内加入下面的内容：</p>\n<pre><code>&lt;meta http-equiv=\"Content-Security-Policy\" content=\"default-src 'self' cdn.qifu.me\" /&gt;</code></pre>\n<p>这里我用了最简单的默认指令default-src，其实后面还可以添加更多细化的指令，比如style-src、script-src、img-src、media-src、font-src等等，多个指令之间用分号隔开。每条指令后面跟空格，列出该指令允许的资源值，多个资源用空格隔开。’self’代表同源内容，也可以指定某个域名，甚至使用通配符，比如*.qifu.me，还可以包含协议和端口，或者用https:代表所有的HTTPS资源，当然，你也可以写’none’禁止所有。</p>\n<p>需要注意的是，上面这么写，所有的内联资源都失效了，也就是说标签内添加的style和js都不会被执行，如下所示，文字既不是红色，onclick代码也不会被执行。这样是最安全的，但是如果需要，可以加入’unsafe-inline’，类似于“default-src ‘self’ ‘unsafe-inline’ cdn.qifu.me”这样。</p>\n<pre><code>&lt;p style=\"color:#f00;\" onclick=\"alert('Hello from Qifu');\"&gt;我不是红色，点我也没有问候&lt;/p&gt;</code></pre>\n<p>与上述类似，不加’unsafe-eval’的话，所有的new Function、setTimeout、eval等动态js代码也不会被执行。但是，这些很少用到，建议不要加！</p>\n<p>这种方法，亲测Edge和Chrome48都是可以的，但是IE11不行，即使用“X-Content-Security-Policy”也不行，因为IE只是部分支持’sandbox’指令；老版的Safari和IE类似，使用非标准的“X-Webkit-CSP”，这俩非标都不建议使用，因为支持不完整或者有bug。所以强烈建议所有人升级最新版的浏览器，不要以能用就行的态度死守老版本，升级、试一下~</p>\n<p>感兴趣的可以试一下，一定要注意包含自己引用的所有资源，比如google字体、js、cdn之类的。&nbsp;</p>\n</html>",
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      "title": "DMARC记录:谁在冒充你的域名发送邮件?",
      "body": "<html>\n<p>&nbsp;用过独立域名邮箱的人大都应该知道，添加完MX记录以后，通常需要再加一条SPF(TXT)记录，为的就是告诉收件方服务器，哪些IP是权威的发信来源，这样当有人伪造你的域名发信时，由于IP不对，就可能被拒收或者归为垃圾邮件。比如我的域名(qifu.me)的SPF(TXT)记录如下：</p>\n<pre><code>v=spf1 include:spf.mail.qq.com a -all<br>\n#第一段的v是版本；<br>\n#后面是我指定的规则，第二段是说spf.mail.qq.com这个域名下的SPF记录里允许的IP，我这里同样也允许；<br>\n#第三段的a是说该域名(qifu.me)的A记录所对应的IP也是我允许的发信来源，注意这两个规则前面都默认省略了“+”，“+”代表接受；<br>\n#而最后一段的“-”则代表拒绝，也就是说，除了前面规则里提到的那些，其余所有都不允许，收件方服务器看到这个减号，就可以把非法的邮件拒收。当然，如果你改为“~”，则通常会把非法邮件放入垃圾箱。<br>\n#（还有其他一些规则，比如ip4、ip6、mx、ptr、exists，这里不再详述，但是除了ip4和ip6外，其余记录都要再进行一次DNS查询，所以数量最好不要太多）</code></pre>\n<p>那么问题来了，虽然仿冒我域名的邮件被拦截或者进入垃圾箱了，但到底都是谁在冒充我呢？正解就是DMARC记录，比如我在域名的子域“_dmarc”下添加了如下的一条TXT记录：</p>\n<pre><code>v=DMARC1; p=reject; ruf=mailto:[email protected]<br>\n#参数v指定版本；<br>\n#p代表规则，reject代表拒收伪造邮件，如果改为quarantine则标记为垃圾邮件，改为none则不处理；<br>\n#ruf则指定了一个邮箱地址，当收件方服务器检测到伪造邮件后，就会把伪造邮件的信息（比如时间、IP、主题等）发送到这个邮箱。<br>\n#（还有其它一些参数，不重要，此处亦不再详述）</code></pre>\n<p>收件方服务器首先根据你的SPF或者DKIM记录判定来信是否属于伪造邮件，然后再根据你的规则做相应处理和报告。目前据我测试，微软邮箱、Gmail、QQ邮箱、网易邮箱均支持该记录。</p>\n<p>设置了DMARC记录后，我收到过十几个伪造报告，大部分都是来自湖北、广东、福建的IP，主要发往了网易邮箱，主要是一些主题包含销售、产品、业务等关键词的垃圾信息。&nbsp;</p>\n</html>",
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