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      "permlink": "steemitboard-notify-gists-20191116t230708000z",
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      "body": "Congratulations @gists! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@gists/birthday1.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 1 year!</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@gists) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=gists)_</sub>\n\n\n###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!",
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      "parent_permlink": "postgres",
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      "permlink": "postgres",
      "title": "Postgres Reference",
      "body": "@@ -6072,16 +6072,473 @@\n s;%0A%60%60%60%0A%0A\n+### Ideal column order%0A%0A%3E Sort the columns by their type length as defined in pg_type%0A%0A%3E Much like filling a jar with rocks, pebbles, and sand, the most efficient way to declare a Postgres table is by the column alignment type. Bigger columns first, medium columns next, small columns last, and weird exceptions like NUMERIC and TEXT tacked to the end as if they were dust in our analogy.%0A%0A%5Bsource%5D(https://www.2ndquadrant.com/en/blog/on-rocks-and-sand/)%0A%0A%0A\n ## Resou\n",
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      "permlink": "mysql",
      "title": "MySQL Reference",
      "body": "@@ -1591,16 +1591,869 @@\n C;%0A%60%60%60%0A%0A\n+## Moving MySQL data directory%0A%0AAdapted from https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-move-a-mysql-data-directory-to-a-new-location-on-ubuntu-16-04%0A%0A##### Step 1 %E2%80%94 Moving the MySQL Data Directory%0A%0A%60%60%60%0A$ sudo systemctl stop mysql%0A$ sudo rsync -av /var/lib/mysql /mnt/volume-nyc1-01%0A$ sudo mv /var/lib/mysql /var/lib/mysql.bak%0A%60%60%60%0A%0A(or symlink to new directory instead of moving datadir itself)%0A%0A##### Step 2 %E2%80%94 Pointing to the New Data Location%0A%0A%60%60%60%0A$ sudo vim /etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d/mysqld.cnf%0A  . . .%0A  datadir=/mnt/volume-nyc1-01/mysql%0A  . . .%0A%60%60%60%0A%0A##### Step 3 %E2%80%94 Configuring AppArmor Access Control Rules%0A%0A%60%60%60%0A$ sudo vim /etc/apparmor.d/tunables/alias%0A  . . .%0A  alias /var/lib/mysql/ -%3E /mnt/volume-nyc1-01/mysql/,%0A  . . .%0A$ sudo systemctl restart apparmor%0A%60%60%60%0A%0A##### Step 4 %E2%80%94 Restarting MySQL%0A%0A%60%60%60%0A$ sudo systemctl start mysql%0A%60%60%60%0A%0A%0A%0A\n %0A## Reso\n",
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      "body": "@@ -3108,37 +3108,51 @@\n  (%0A  SELECT oid,\n-%0A    \n+ reltuples, CAST(%0A%09\n      coalesce(nu\n@@ -3203,32 +3203,38 @@\n eloptions, ','),\n+%0A%09%09%09%09 \n  'autovacuum_vac\n@@ -3346,33 +3346,8 @@\n GINT\n- AS rel_av_vac_threshold,\n %0A   \n@@ -3343,32 +3343,34 @@\n :BIGINT%0A        \n+ +\n  coalesce(nullif\n@@ -3417,32 +3417,38 @@\n eloptions, ','),\n+%0A%09%09%09%09 \n  'autovacuum_vac\n@@ -3567,35 +3567,48 @@\n ERIC\n- AS rel_av_vac_scale_factor\n+%0A%09%09 * reltuples AS NUMERIC) AS threshold\n %0A   \n@@ -3659,34 +3659,37 @@\n        TO_CHAR(c\n-ls\n+onfig\n .reltuples, '9G9\n@@ -3692,35 +3692,32 @@\n '9G999G999G999')\n-   \n            AS tu\n@@ -3828,77 +3828,17 @@\n fig.\n-rel_av_vac_threshold + config.rel_av_vac_scale_factor * cls.reltuples\n+threshold\n , '9\n@@ -3843,32 +3843,42 @@\n '9G999G999G999')\n+          \n  AS threshold,%0A \n@@ -3887,29 +3887,24 @@\n       ROUND(\n-CAST(\n stats.n_dead\n@@ -3914,121 +3914,114 @@\n p / \n-(\n config.\n-rel_av_vac_threshold + config.rel_av_vac_scale_factor * cls.reltuples) AS NUMERIC), 2) + autovacuum_count\n+threshold, 2)        AS autovacuum_percent,%0A%09%09 autovacuum_count                                    \n  AS \n@@ -4199,18 +4199,24 @@\n _count,%0A\n-%09%09\n+        \n  TO_CHAR\n@@ -4276,17 +4276,20 @@\n _vacuum%0A\n-%09\n+    \n FROM pg_\n@@ -4315,55 +4315,8 @@\n ats%0A\n-    JOIN pg_class cls ON stats.relid = cls.oid%0A\n     \n@@ -4358,34 +4358,37 @@\n g.oid%0AORDER BY c\n-ls\n+onfig\n .reltuples DESC;\n@@ -4447,24 +4447,41 @@\n  SELECT oid,\n+ reltuples, CAST(\n %0A         co\n@@ -4541,32 +4541,38 @@\n eloptions, ','),\n+%0A%09%09%09%09 \n  'autovacuum_ana\n@@ -4686,39 +4686,19 @@\n GINT\n- AS autoana_threshold,\n %0A\n+ \n         \n++\n  coa\n@@ -4765,16 +4765,22 @@\n s, ','),\n+%0A%09%09%09%09 \n  'autova\n@@ -4909,32 +4909,48 @@\n ERIC\n- AS autoana_scale_factor\n+%0A%09%09 * reltuples AS NUMERIC) AS threshold\n %0A   \n@@ -5009,18 +5009,21 @@\n O_CHAR(c\n-ls\n+onfig\n .reltupl\n@@ -5048,35 +5048,32 @@\n ')              \n-  \n- \n AS tuples,%0A%09%09 TO\n@@ -5059,34 +5059,40 @@\n      AS tuples,%0A\n-%09%09\n+        \n  TO_CHAR(stats.n\n@@ -5147,18 +5147,24 @@\n tuples,%0A\n-%09%09\n+        \n  TO_CHAR\n@@ -5167,32 +5167,24 @@\n CHAR(config.\n-autoana_\n threshold + \n@@ -5184,54 +5184,8 @@\n hold\n- + config.autoana_scale_factor * cls.reltuples\n , '9\n@@ -5198,16 +5198,29 @@\n 99G999')\n+             \n  AS thre\n@@ -5230,22 +5230,23 @@\n ld,%0A\n-%09%09\n+        \n  ROUND(\n-CAST(\n stat\n@@ -5273,24 +5273,15 @@\n e / \n-(\n config.\n-autoana_\n thre\n@@ -5289,90 +5289,92 @@\n hold\n- + config.autoana_scale_factor * cls.reltuples) AS numeric),2) + autoanalyze_count\n+, 2)  AS autoanalyze_pct,%0A%09%09 autoanalyze_count                                      \n  AS \n@@ -5642,17 +5642,20 @@\n analyze%0A\n-%09\n+    \n FROM pg_\n@@ -5681,55 +5681,8 @@\n ats%0A\n-    JOIN pg_class cls ON stats.relid = cls.oid%0A\n     \n@@ -5736,10 +5736,13 @@\n BY c\n-ls\n+onfig\n .rel\n",
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      "body": "@@ -3059,16 +3059,39 @@\n ttings%0A%0A\n+#### Autovacuum stats%0A%0A\n %60%60%60%0AWITH\n@@ -3091,23 +3091,22 @@\n %60%60%0AWITH \n-rel_set\n+config\n  AS (%0A  \n@@ -3618,20 +3618,21 @@\n  SELECT \n-PSUT\n+stats\n .relname\n@@ -3637,72 +3637,491 @@\n me,%0A\n-%09%09 RS.rel_av_vac_scale_factor AS sf,%0A         to_char(PSUT\n+         TO_CHAR(cls.reltuples, '9G999G999G999')              AS tuples,%0A         TO_CHAR(stats.n_dead_tup, '9G999G999G999')           AS dead_tuples,%0A         TO_CHAR(config.rel_av_vac_threshold + config.rel_av_vac_scale_factor * cls.reltuples, '9G999G999G999') AS threshold,%0A         ROUND(CAST(stats.n_dead_tup / (config.rel_av_vac_threshold + config.rel_av_vac_scale_factor * cls.reltuples) AS NUMERIC), 2) + autovacuum_count AS autovacuum_count,%0A         TO_CHAR(stats\n .last_\n+auto\n vacu\n@@ -4137,36 +4137,32 @@\n -MM-DD HH24:MI')\n-    \n  AS last_vacuum,\n@@ -4150,24 +4150,28 @@\n I') AS last_\n+auto\n vacuum,%0A    \n@@ -4175,38 +4175,108 @@\n         \n-to_char(PSUT\n+vacuum_count                                         AS vacuum_count,%0A%09%09 TO_CHAR(stats\n .last_\n-auto\n vacuum, \n@@ -4288,32 +4288,36 @@\n -MM-DD HH24:MI')\n+    \n  AS last_autovac\n@@ -4313,221 +4313,948 @@\n ast_\n-autovacuum,%0A         to_char(C.reltuples, '9G999G999G999')               AS n_tup,%0A         to_char(PSUT.n_dead_tup, '9G999G999G999')           AS dead_tup,%0A         to_char(RS.rel_av_vac_threshold + RS.rel_av_vac\n+vacuum%0A%09FROM pg_stat_user_tables stats%0A    JOIN pg_class cls ON stats.relid = cls.oid%0A    JOIN config  ON stats.relid = config.oid%0AORDER BY cls.reltuples DESC;%0A%60%60%60%0A%0A#### Autoanalyze stats%0A%0A%60%60%60%0AWITH config AS (%0A  SELECT oid,%0A         coalesce(nullif(split_part(split_part(array_to_string(reloptions, ','), 'autovacuum_analyze_threshold=', 2), ',', 1), ''), %0A                  current_setting('autovacuum_analyze_threshold'))::BIGINT AS autoana_threshold,%0A         coalesce(nullif(split_part(split_part(array_to_string(reloptions, ','), 'autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor=', 2), ',', 1), ''), %0A                  current_setting('autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor'))::NUMERIC AS autoana_scale_factor%0A    FROM pg_class%0A) %0A  SELECT stats.relname,%0A         TO_CHAR(cls.reltuples, '9G999G999G999')                 AS tuples,%0A%09%09 TO_CHAR(stats.n_mod_since_analyze, '9G999G999G999')     AS mod_tuples,%0A%09%09 TO_CHAR(config.autoana_threshold + config.autoana\n _sca\n@@ -5257,33 +5257,35 @@\n _scale_factor * \n-C\n+cls\n .reltuples, '9G9\n@@ -5300,19 +5300,16 @@\n 99') AS \n-av_\n threshol\n@@ -5315,67 +5315,92 @@\n ld,%0A\n-         CASE WHEN (RS.rel_av_vac_threshold + RS.rel_av_vac\n+%09%09 ROUND(CAST(stats.n_mod_since_analyze / (config.autoana_threshold + config.autoana\n _sca\n@@ -5411,17 +5411,19 @@\n actor * \n-C\n+cls\n .reltupl\n@@ -5430,138 +5430,63 @@\n es) \n-%3C PSUT.n_dead_tup THEN '*' ELSE '' END AS expect_av,%0A         to_char(PSUT.last_analyze, 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI')     AS last_\n+AS numeric),2) + autoanalyze_count AS auto\n analyze\n+_count\n ,%0A  \n@@ -5496,20 +5496,21 @@\n     \n-to_char(PSUT\n+TO_CHAR(stats\n .las\n@@ -5537,32 +5537,34 @@\n -MM-DD HH24:MI')\n+  \n  AS last_autoana\n@@ -5582,78 +5582,164 @@\n     \n-vacuum_count, autovacuum_count, analyze_count, autoanalyze_count %0A    \n+analyze_count                                           AS analyze_count,%0A         TO_CHAR(stats.last_analyze, 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI')       AS last_analyze%0A%09\n FROM\n@@ -5759,20 +5759,21 @@\n _tables \n-PSUT\n+stats\n %0A    JOI\n@@ -5787,17 +5787,20 @@\n ass \n-C\n+cls\n  ON \n-PSUT\n+stats\n .rel\n@@ -5804,17 +5804,19 @@\n relid = \n-C\n+cls\n .oid%0A   \n@@ -5825,26 +5825,24 @@\n OIN \n-rel_set RS ON PSUT\n+config  ON stats\n .rel\n@@ -5850,10 +5850,14 @@\n d = \n-RS\n+config\n .oid\n@@ -5866,17 +5866,19 @@\n RDER BY \n-C\n+cls\n .reltupl\n@@ -5891,16 +5891,33 @@\n C;%0A%60%60%60%0A%0A\n+#### misc stats%0A%0A\n %60%60%60%0Asele\n",
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      "body": "@@ -69,16 +69,428 @@\n s.png)%0A%0A\n+## Installation%0A%0AGuide: https://gorails.com/setup/osx/10.14-mojave%0A%0A#### Mojave bug: 'An error occurred while installing mysql2 (0.5.2)%60%0A%0A%3E bundle config --local build.mysql2 %22--with-ldflags=-L/usr/local/opt/openssl/lib --with-cppflags=-I/usr/local/opt/openssl/include%22%0A%5Bsource%5D(https://github.com/brianmario/mysql2/issues/1005)%0A%0A## New project%0A%0A%60%60%60%0Arails new MyApp -d mysql --skip-coffee --skip-turbolinks%0A%60%60%60%0A%0A\n ## Migra\n",
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      "body": "![](https://cdn.wccftech.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Ruby-on-Rails.png)\n\n## Migrations\n\n### Rails-MySQL integer types\n\n    :limit       MySQL-Type   Col Size          Max int (signed)\n    1            TINYINT      1 byte                         127 (127)\n    2            SMALLINT     2 bytes                     32,767 (32k)\n    3            MEDIUMINT    3 bytes                  8,388,607 (8m)\n    nil, 4, 11   INT(11)      4 bytes              2,147,483,647 (2b)\n    5..8         BIGINT       8 bytes  9,223,372,036,854,775,807 (9bb)\n\nhttps://ariejan.net/2009/08/20/once-and-for-all-rails-migrations-integer-limit-option/\n\n### Rails-MySQL text types\n\n    :limit (bytes)     MySQL-type   Rails-type\n        1..255         VARCHAR      :string\n        1..255         TINYTEXT     :text\n      256..65535       TEXT         :text\n    65536..16777215    MEDIUMTEXT   :text\n         ..4294967295  LONGTEXT     :text\n\nTo create a CHAR column:\n\n```\n    t.column :token, \"char(12)\"\n```\n\nTo have a custom id column:\n\n```\n    create_table :posts, :id => false do |t|\n      t.integer :id,         null: false, limit: 4, options: 'PRIMARY KEY' # <-- doesnt do anything\n    end\n``` \n\n### Undo\n\n    rake db:rollback STEP=1\n\n\n### Emoji and UTF-8\n\nhttp://blog.arkency.com/2015/05/how-to-store-emoji-in-a-rails-app-with-a-mysql-database/\n\nhttp://tech.taskrabbit.com/blog/2014/04/24/active-record-mysql-and-emoji/\n\nhttp://jasonseifer.com/2014/06/20/rails-4-mysql-and-emoji-mysql2error-incorrect-string-value-error\n\nhttp://metova.com/dev/blog/2015/05/01/add-emoji-support-rails-4-mysql-5-5/\n\n### Innodb one file per table\n\nhttps://stackoverflow.com/questions/3927690/howto-clean-a-mysql-innodb-storage-engine/4056261#4056261\n\n\n## UTF-8 handling\n\n```\n    body\n    .encode('UTF-8', 'binary', invalid: :replace, undef: :replace, replace: '')\n    .gsub(/joel/, name)\n```\n\nhttps://robots.thoughtbot.com/fight-back-utf-8-invalid-byte-sequences\n\n-------\n\nYou have middleware in your stack that is forcing this string to UTF-8, even when it is not valid UTF-8. The code that is doing this is bugged.\n\nObserve:\n\n```\n    s = \"a=\\xff\"\n    # => \"a=\\xFF\"\n    s.force_encoding(\"binary\")\n    # => \"a=\\xFF\"\n    s.valid_encoding?\n    # => true\n    Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query(s)\n    # => {\"a\"=>\"\\xFF\"}\n    s.force_encoding(\"utf-8\")\n    # => \"a=\\xFF\"\n    s.valid_encoding?\n    # => false\n    Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query(s)\n    ArgumentError: invalid byte sequence in UTF-8\n```\n\nhttp://dev.mensfeld.pl/2014/03/rack-argument-error-invalid-byte-sequence-in-utf-8/\n\n\n## DateTime / strftime\n\n```\n    Date (Year, Month, Day):\n      %Y - Year with century (can be negative, 4 digits at least)\n              -0001, 0000, 1995, 2009, 14292, etc.\n      %C - year / 100 (round down.  20 in 2009)\n      %y - year % 100 (00..99)\n\n      %m - Month of the year, zero-padded (01..12)\n              %_m  blank-padded ( 1..12)\n              %-m  no-padded (1..12)\n      %B - The full month name (``January'')\n              %^B  uppercased (``JANUARY'')\n      %b - The abbreviated month name (``Jan'')\n              %^b  uppercased (``JAN'')\n      %h - Equivalent to %b\n\n      %d - Day of the month, zero-padded (01..31)\n              %-d  no-padded (1..31)\n      %e - Day of the month, blank-padded ( 1..31)\n\n      %j - Day of the year (001..366)\n\n    Time (Hour, Minute, Second, Subsecond):\n      %H - Hour of the day, 24-hour clock, zero-padded (00..23)\n      %k - Hour of the day, 24-hour clock, blank-padded ( 0..23)\n      %I - Hour of the day, 12-hour clock, zero-padded (01..12)\n      %l - Hour of the day, 12-hour clock, blank-padded ( 1..12)\n      %P - Meridian indicator, lowercase (``am'' or ``pm'')\n      %p - Meridian indicator, uppercase (``AM'' or ``PM'')\n\n      %M - Minute of the hour (00..59)\n\n      %S - Second of the minute (00..59)\n\n      %L - Millisecond of the second (000..999)\n      %N - Fractional seconds digits, default is 9 digits (nanosecond)\n              %3N  millisecond (3 digits)\n              %6N  microsecond (6 digits)\n              %9N  nanosecond (9 digits)\n              %12N picosecond (12 digits)\n\n    Time zone:\n      %z - Time zone as hour and minute offset from UTC (e.g. +0900)\n              %:z - hour and minute offset from UTC with a colon (e.g. +09:00)\n              %::z - hour, minute and second offset from UTC (e.g. +09:00:00)\n              %:::z - hour, minute and second offset from UTC\n                                                (e.g. +09, +09:30, +09:30:30)\n      %Z - Time zone abbreviation name\n\n    Weekday:\n      %A - The full weekday name (``Sunday'')\n              %^A  uppercased (``SUNDAY'')\n      %a - The abbreviated name (``Sun'')\n              %^a  uppercased (``SUN'')\n      %u - Day of the week (Monday is 1, 1..7)\n      %w - Day of the week (Sunday is 0, 0..6)\n\n    ISO 8601 week-based year and week number:\n    The week 1 of YYYY starts with a Monday and includes YYYY-01-04.\n    The days in the year before the first week are in the last week of\n    the previous year.\n      %G - The week-based year\n      %g - The last 2 digits of the week-based year (00..99)\n      %V - Week number of the week-based year (01..53)\n\n    Week number:\n    The week 1 of YYYY starts with a Sunday or Monday (according to %U\n    or %W).  The days in the year before the first week are in week 0.\n      %U - Week number of the year.  The week starts with Sunday.  (00..53)\n      %W - Week number of the year.  The week starts with Monday.  (00..53)\n\n    Seconds since the Unix Epoch:\n      %s - Number of seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC.\n      %Q - Number of microseconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC.\n\n    Literal string:\n      %n - Newline character (\\n)\n      %t - Tab character (\\t)\n      %% - Literal ``%'' character\n\n    Combination:\n      %c - date and time (%a %b %e %T %Y)\n      %D - Date (%m/%d/%y)\n      %F - The ISO 8601 date format (%Y-%m-%d)\n      %v - VMS date (%e-%b-%Y)\n      %x - Same as %D\n      %X - Same as %T\n      %r - 12-hour time (%I:%M:%S %p)\n      %R - 24-hour time (%H:%M)\n      %T - 24-hour time (%H:%M:%S)\n      %+ - date(1) (%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Z %Y)\n```",
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      "body": "![](https://cdn.wccftech.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Ruby-on-Rails.png)\n\n## Migrations\n\n### Rails-MySQL integer types\n\n    :limit       MySQL-Type   Col Size          Max int (signed)\n    1            TINYINT      1 byte                         127 (127)\n    2            SMALLINT     2 bytes                     32,767 (32k)\n    3            MEDIUMINT    3 bytes                  8,388,607 (8m)\n    nil, 4, 11   INT(11)      4 bytes              2,147,483,647 (2b)\n    5..8         BIGINT       8 bytes  9,223,372,036,854,775,807 (9bb)\n\nhttps://ariejan.net/2009/08/20/once-and-for-all-rails-migrations-integer-limit-option/\n\n### Rails-MySQL text types\n\n    :limit (bytes)     MySQL-type   Rails-type\n        1..255         VARCHAR      :string\n        1..255         TINYTEXT     :text\n      256..65535       TEXT         :text\n    65536..16777215    MEDIUMTEXT   :text\n         ..4294967295  LONGTEXT     :text\n\nTo create a CHAR column:\n\n```\n    t.column :token, \"char(12)\"\n```\n\nTo have a custom id column:\n\n```\n    create_table :posts, :id => false do |t|\n      t.integer :id,         null: false, limit: 4, options: 'PRIMARY KEY' # <-- doesnt do anything\n    end\n``` \n\n### Undo\n\n    rake db:rollback STEP=1\n\n\n### Emoji and UTF-8\n\nhttp://blog.arkency.com/2015/05/how-to-store-emoji-in-a-rails-app-with-a-mysql-database/\n\nhttp://tech.taskrabbit.com/blog/2014/04/24/active-record-mysql-and-emoji/\n\nhttp://jasonseifer.com/2014/06/20/rails-4-mysql-and-emoji-mysql2error-incorrect-string-value-error\n\nhttp://metova.com/dev/blog/2015/05/01/add-emoji-support-rails-4-mysql-5-5/\n\n### Innodb one file per table\n\nhttps://stackoverflow.com/questions/3927690/howto-clean-a-mysql-innodb-storage-engine/4056261#4056261\n\n\n## UTF-8 handling\n\n```\n    body\n    .encode('UTF-8', 'binary', invalid: :replace, undef: :replace, replace: '')\n    .gsub(/joel/, name)\n```\n\nhttps://robots.thoughtbot.com/fight-back-utf-8-invalid-byte-sequences\n\n-------\n\nYou have middleware in your stack that is forcing this string to UTF-8, even when it is not valid UTF-8. The code that is doing this is bugged.\n\nObserve:\n\n```\n    s = \"a=\\xff\"\n    # => \"a=\\xFF\"\n    s.force_encoding(\"binary\")\n    # => \"a=\\xFF\"\n    s.valid_encoding?\n    # => true\n    Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query(s)\n    # => {\"a\"=>\"\\xFF\"}\n    s.force_encoding(\"utf-8\")\n    # => \"a=\\xFF\"\n    s.valid_encoding?\n    # => false\n    Rack::Utils.parse_nested_query(s)\n    ArgumentError: invalid byte sequence in UTF-8\n```\n\nhttp://dev.mensfeld.pl/2014/03/rack-argument-error-invalid-byte-sequence-in-utf-8/\n\n\n## DateTime / strftime\n\n```\n    Date (Year, Month, Day):\n      %Y - Year with century (can be negative, 4 digits at least)\n              -0001, 0000, 1995, 2009, 14292, etc.\n      %C - year / 100 (round down.  20 in 2009)\n      %y - year % 100 (00..99)\n\n      %m - Month of the year, zero-padded (01..12)\n              %_m  blank-padded ( 1..12)\n              %-m  no-padded (1..12)\n      %B - The full month name (``January'')\n              %^B  uppercased (``JANUARY'')\n      %b - The abbreviated month name (``Jan'')\n              %^b  uppercased (``JAN'')\n      %h - Equivalent to %b\n\n      %d - Day of the month, zero-padded (01..31)\n              %-d  no-padded (1..31)\n      %e - Day of the month, blank-padded ( 1..31)\n\n      %j - Day of the year (001..366)\n\n    Time (Hour, Minute, Second, Subsecond):\n      %H - Hour of the day, 24-hour clock, zero-padded (00..23)\n      %k - Hour of the day, 24-hour clock, blank-padded ( 0..23)\n      %I - Hour of the day, 12-hour clock, zero-padded (01..12)\n      %l - Hour of the day, 12-hour clock, blank-padded ( 1..12)\n      %P - Meridian indicator, lowercase (``am'' or ``pm'')\n      %p - Meridian indicator, uppercase (``AM'' or ``PM'')\n\n      %M - Minute of the hour (00..59)\n\n      %S - Second of the minute (00..59)\n\n      %L - Millisecond of the second (000..999)\n      %N - Fractional seconds digits, default is 9 digits (nanosecond)\n              %3N  millisecond (3 digits)\n              %6N  microsecond (6 digits)\n              %9N  nanosecond (9 digits)\n              %12N picosecond (12 digits)\n\n    Time zone:\n      %z - Time zone as hour and minute offset from UTC (e.g. +0900)\n              %:z - hour and minute offset from UTC with a colon (e.g. +09:00)\n              %::z - hour, minute and second offset from UTC (e.g. +09:00:00)\n              %:::z - hour, minute and second offset from UTC\n                                                (e.g. +09, +09:30, +09:30:30)\n      %Z - Time zone abbreviation name\n\n    Weekday:\n      %A - The full weekday name (``Sunday'')\n              %^A  uppercased (``SUNDAY'')\n      %a - The abbreviated name (``Sun'')\n              %^a  uppercased (``SUN'')\n      %u - Day of the week (Monday is 1, 1..7)\n      %w - Day of the week (Sunday is 0, 0..6)\n\n    ISO 8601 week-based year and week number:\n    The week 1 of YYYY starts with a Monday and includes YYYY-01-04.\n    The days in the year before the first week are in the last week of\n    the previous year.\n      %G - The week-based year\n      %g - The last 2 digits of the week-based year (00..99)\n      %V - Week number of the week-based year (01..53)\n\n    Week number:\n    The week 1 of YYYY starts with a Sunday or Monday (according to %U\n    or %W).  The days in the year before the first week are in week 0.\n      %U - Week number of the year.  The week starts with Sunday.  (00..53)\n      %W - Week number of the year.  The week starts with Monday.  (00..53)\n\n    Seconds since the Unix Epoch:\n      %s - Number of seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC.\n      %Q - Number of microseconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC.\n\n    Literal string:\n      %n - Newline character (\\n)\n      %t - Tab character (\\t)\n      %% - Literal ``%'' character\n\n    Combination:\n      %c - date and time (%a %b %e %T %Y)\n      %D - Date (%m/%d/%y)\n      %F - The ISO 8601 date format (%Y-%m-%d)\n      %v - VMS date (%e-%b-%Y)\n      %x - Same as %D\n      %X - Same as %T\n      %r - 12-hour time (%I:%M:%S %p)\n      %R - 24-hour time (%H:%M)\n      %T - 24-hour time (%H:%M:%S)\n      %+ - date(1) (%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Z %Y)\n```",
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      "body": "![](https://d3gqyjopw66mip.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/mysql-logo-resized.jpg)\n\n## Field types\n\n#### Integer Types (Exact Value)\n\n```\nType       Bytes               Min                  Max        Max (unsigned)\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\nTINYINT    1                  -128                  127                   255\nSMALLINT   2                -32768                32767                 65535\nMEDIUMINT  3              -8388608              8388607              16777215\nINT        4           -2147483648           2147483647            4294967295\nBIGINT     8  -9223372036854775808  9223372036854775807  18446744073709551615\n```\n\n---\n\n#### String Types\n\n```\n      Type                 Max length\n-------------------------------------------------\n  TINYTEXT            255  (2^8−1) bytes\n      TEXT         65,535 (2^16−1) bytes = 64 KiB\nMEDIUMTEXT     16,777,215 (2^24−1) bytes = 16 MiB\n  LONGTEXT  4,294,967,295 (2^32−1) bytes =  4 GiB\n```\n\n----\n\n[Storage requirements detail](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/storage-requirements.html)\n\n## Queries\n\n#### Check Table Disk Usage\n\n```\n  SELECT table_schema AS \"Database\",\n         table_name AS \"Table\",\n         round(data_length / 1024 / 1024, 2) AS \"Data MB\",\n         round(index_length / 1024 / 1024, 2) AS \"Index MB\",\n         round((data_length + index_length) / 1024 / 1024, 2) AS \"Total MB\"\n    FROM information_schema.tables\nORDER BY (data_length + index_length) DESC;\n```\n\n\n## Resources\n\n#### [Opinionated SQL formatter](https://sqlfum.pt/)",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"mysql\"],\"image\":[\"https://d3gqyjopw66mip.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/mysql-logo-resized.jpg\"],\"links\":[\"https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/storage-requirements.html\",\"https://sqlfum.pt/\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\",\"format\":\"markdown\"}"
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      "title": "",
      "body": "Hi! I am a robot. I just upvoted you! I found similar content that readers might be interested in:\nhttps://dba.stackexchange.com/questions/21068/aggressive-autovacuum-on-postgresql",
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      "permlink": "postgres",
      "title": "Postgres Reference",
      "body": "![](https://www.vectorlogo.zone/logos/postgresql/postgresql-card.png)\n\n## Queries\n\n#### Size statistics by table\n\n```\nWITH table_data AS (\n    SELECT c.oid,\n           nspname                               AS table_schema,\n           relname                               AS table_name,\n           c.reltuples::BIGINT                   AS rows,\n           pg_total_relation_size(c.oid)         AS total_bytes,\n           pg_indexes_size(c.oid)                AS index_bytes,\n           pg_total_relation_size(reltoastrelid) AS toast_bytes,\n           pg_total_relation_size(c.oid)\n            - pg_indexes_size(c.oid)\n            - COALESCE(pg_total_relation_size(\n                reltoastrelid), 0)               AS table_bytes\n      FROM pg_class c\n LEFT JOIN pg_namespace n\n        ON n.oid = c.relnamespace\n     WHERE relkind = 'r'\n)\n    SELECT table_name,\n           rows,\n           pg_size_pretty(total_bytes)        AS total_size,\n           pg_size_pretty(index_bytes)        AS index_size,\n           pg_size_pretty(toast_bytes)        AS toast_size,\n           pg_size_pretty(table_bytes)        AS table_size,\n           pg_size_pretty(total_bytes / rows) AS total_per_row,\n           pg_size_pretty(index_bytes / rows) AS index_per_row,\n           pg_size_pretty(table_bytes / rows) AS table_per_row\n      FROM table_data\n     WHERE table_schema = 'public' AND rows > 0\n  ORDER BY total_bytes DESC;\n```\n\n\n#### Size statistics by index\n\n```\nSELECT\n    t.tablename,\n    indexname,\n    c.reltuples AS num_rows,\n    pg_size_pretty(pg_relation_size(quote_ident(t.tablename)::text)) AS table_size,\n    pg_size_pretty(pg_relation_size(quote_ident(indexrelname)::text)) AS index_size,\n    CASE WHEN indisunique THEN 'Y'\n       ELSE 'N'\n    END AS UNIQUE,\n    idx_scan AS number_of_scans,\n    idx_tup_read AS tuples_read,\n    idx_tup_fetch AS tuples_fetched\nFROM pg_tables t\nLEFT OUTER JOIN pg_class c ON t.tablename=c.relname\nLEFT OUTER JOIN\n    ( SELECT c.relname AS ctablename, ipg.relname AS indexname, x.indnatts AS number_of_columns, idx_scan, idx_tup_read, idx_tup_fetch, indexrelname, indisunique FROM pg_index x\n           JOIN pg_class c ON c.oid = x.indrelid\n           JOIN pg_class ipg ON ipg.oid = x.indexrelid\n           JOIN pg_stat_all_indexes psai ON x.indexrelid = psai.indexrelid )\n    AS foo\n    ON t.tablename = foo.ctablename\nWHERE t.schemaname='public'\nORDER BY pg_relation_size(quote_ident(indexrelname)::text) desc;\n```\n\n\n#### Index stats\n\n```\nselect * from pg_stat_user_indexes order by indexrelname;\n```\n\nNote that it is possible to examine the number of index scans (including index-only scans and bitmap index scans) by examining pg_stat_user_indexes.idx_scan. If your covering index isn't being used, you're essentially paying for the overhead of maintaining it during writes with no benefit in return. Drop the index!\nhttps://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Index-only_scans\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n#### Check last autovac times, stats, expected upcoming\n\nadapted from https://dba.stackexchange.com/a/147121 - takes into account specific table settings\n\n```\nWITH rel_set AS (\n  SELECT oid,\n         coalesce(nullif(split_part(split_part(array_to_string(reloptions, ','), 'autovacuum_vacuum_threshold=', 2), ',', 1), ''), \n                  current_setting('autovacuum_vacuum_threshold'))::BIGINT AS rel_av_vac_threshold,\n         coalesce(nullif(split_part(split_part(array_to_string(reloptions, ','), 'autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor=', 2), ',', 1), ''), \n                  current_setting('autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor'))::NUMERIC AS rel_av_vac_scale_factor\n    FROM pg_class\n) \n  SELECT PSUT.relname,\n\t\t RS.rel_av_vac_scale_factor AS sf,\n         to_char(PSUT.last_vacuum, 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI')     AS last_vacuum,\n         to_char(PSUT.last_autovacuum, 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI') AS last_autovacuum,\n         to_char(C.reltuples, '9G999G999G999')               AS n_tup,\n         to_char(PSUT.n_dead_tup, '9G999G999G999')           AS dead_tup,\n         to_char(RS.rel_av_vac_threshold + RS.rel_av_vac_scale_factor * C.reltuples, '9G999G999G999') AS av_threshold,\n         CASE WHEN (RS.rel_av_vac_threshold + RS.rel_av_vac_scale_factor * C.reltuples) < PSUT.n_dead_tup THEN '*' ELSE '' END AS expect_av,\n         to_char(PSUT.last_analyze, 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI')     AS last_analyze,\n         to_char(PSUT.last_autoanalyze, 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI') AS last_autoanalyze,\n         vacuum_count, autovacuum_count, analyze_count, autoanalyze_count \n    FROM pg_stat_user_tables PSUT\n    JOIN pg_class C ON PSUT.relid = C.oid\n    JOIN rel_set RS ON PSUT.relid = RS.oid\nORDER BY C.reltuples DESC;\n```\n\n```\nselect relname, idx_scan, idx_tup_fetch, n_tup_ins, n_tup_upd, n_tup_del, n_tup_hot_upd, n_live_tup, n_dead_tup, n_mod_since_analyze, last_vacuum, last_autovacuum, last_analyze, last_autoanalyze, vacuum_count, autovacuum_count, analyze_count, autoanalyze_count from pg_stat_user_tables;\n```\n\n## Resources\n\n### [Postgres temp table quick update method](https://stackoverflow.com/a/24811058)\n\n### [Query Performance and Autovacuuming for Large Tables](http://www.contactually.com/blog/postgres-at-scale-query-performance-and-autovacuuming-for-large-tables)\n\n`ALTER TABLE table_name SET autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor = 0.02;`\n\n### [Fast batch update using COPY](http://tapoueh.org/blog/2013/03/batch-update/)\n\n### [Char/Date formatting functions](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/static/functions-formatting.html)",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"postgres\"],\"image\":[\"https://www.vectorlogo.zone/logos/postgresql/postgresql-card.png\"],\"links\":[\"https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Index-only_scans\",\"https://dba.stackexchange.com/a/147121\",\"https://stackoverflow.com/a/24811058\",\"http://www.contactually.com/blog/postgres-at-scale-query-performance-and-autovacuuming-for-large-tables\",\"http://tapoueh.org/blog/2013/03/batch-update/\",\"https://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/static/functions-formatting.html\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\",\"format\":\"markdown\"}"
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      "permlink": "postgres",
      "title": "Postgres",
      "body": "![](https://www.vectorlogo.zone/logos/postgresql/postgresql-card.png)\n\n## Queries\n\n#### Size statistics by table\n\n```\nWITH table_data AS (\n    SELECT c.oid,\n           nspname                               AS table_schema,\n           relname                               AS table_name,\n           c.reltuples::BIGINT                   AS rows,\n           pg_total_relation_size(c.oid)         AS total_bytes,\n           pg_indexes_size(c.oid)                AS index_bytes,\n           pg_total_relation_size(reltoastrelid) AS toast_bytes,\n           pg_total_relation_size(c.oid)\n            - pg_indexes_size(c.oid)\n            - COALESCE(pg_total_relation_size(\n                reltoastrelid), 0)               AS table_bytes\n      FROM pg_class c\n LEFT JOIN pg_namespace n\n        ON n.oid = c.relnamespace\n     WHERE relkind = 'r'\n)\n    SELECT table_name,\n           rows,\n           pg_size_pretty(total_bytes)        AS total_size,\n           pg_size_pretty(index_bytes)        AS index_size,\n           pg_size_pretty(toast_bytes)        AS toast_size,\n           pg_size_pretty(table_bytes)        AS table_size,\n           pg_size_pretty(total_bytes / rows) AS total_per_row,\n           pg_size_pretty(index_bytes / rows) AS index_per_row,\n           pg_size_pretty(table_bytes / rows) AS table_per_row\n      FROM table_data\n     WHERE table_schema = 'public' AND rows > 0\n  ORDER BY total_bytes DESC;\n```\n\n\n#### Size statistics by index\n\n```\nSELECT\n    t.tablename,\n    indexname,\n    c.reltuples AS num_rows,\n    pg_size_pretty(pg_relation_size(quote_ident(t.tablename)::text)) AS table_size,\n    pg_size_pretty(pg_relation_size(quote_ident(indexrelname)::text)) AS index_size,\n    CASE WHEN indisunique THEN 'Y'\n       ELSE 'N'\n    END AS UNIQUE,\n    idx_scan AS number_of_scans,\n    idx_tup_read AS tuples_read,\n    idx_tup_fetch AS tuples_fetched\nFROM pg_tables t\nLEFT OUTER JOIN pg_class c ON t.tablename=c.relname\nLEFT OUTER JOIN\n    ( SELECT c.relname AS ctablename, ipg.relname AS indexname, x.indnatts AS number_of_columns, idx_scan, idx_tup_read, idx_tup_fetch, indexrelname, indisunique FROM pg_index x\n           JOIN pg_class c ON c.oid = x.indrelid\n           JOIN pg_class ipg ON ipg.oid = x.indexrelid\n           JOIN pg_stat_all_indexes psai ON x.indexrelid = psai.indexrelid )\n    AS foo\n    ON t.tablename = foo.ctablename\nWHERE t.schemaname='public'\nORDER BY pg_relation_size(quote_ident(indexrelname)::text) desc;\n```\n\n\n#### Index stats\n\n```\nselect * from pg_stat_user_indexes order by indexrelname;\n```\n\nNote that it is possible to examine the number of index scans (including index-only scans and bitmap index scans) by examining pg_stat_user_indexes.idx_scan. If your covering index isn't being used, you're essentially paying for the overhead of maintaining it during writes with no benefit in return. Drop the index!\nhttps://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Index-only_scans\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n#### Check last autovac times, stats, expected upcoming\n\nadapted from https://dba.stackexchange.com/a/147121 - takes into account specific table settings\n\n```\nWITH rel_set AS (\n  SELECT oid,\n         coalesce(nullif(split_part(split_part(array_to_string(reloptions, ','), 'autovacuum_vacuum_threshold=', 2), ',', 1), ''), \n                  current_setting('autovacuum_vacuum_threshold'))::BIGINT AS rel_av_vac_threshold,\n         coalesce(nullif(split_part(split_part(array_to_string(reloptions, ','), 'autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor=', 2), ',', 1), ''), \n                  current_setting('autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor'))::NUMERIC AS rel_av_vac_scale_factor\n    FROM pg_class\n) \n  SELECT PSUT.relname,\n\t\t RS.rel_av_vac_scale_factor AS sf,\n         to_char(PSUT.last_vacuum, 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI')     AS last_vacuum,\n         to_char(PSUT.last_autovacuum, 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI') AS last_autovacuum,\n         to_char(C.reltuples, '9G999G999G999')               AS n_tup,\n         to_char(PSUT.n_dead_tup, '9G999G999G999')           AS dead_tup,\n         to_char(RS.rel_av_vac_threshold + RS.rel_av_vac_scale_factor * C.reltuples, '9G999G999G999') AS av_threshold,\n         CASE WHEN (RS.rel_av_vac_threshold + RS.rel_av_vac_scale_factor * C.reltuples) < PSUT.n_dead_tup THEN '*' ELSE '' END AS expect_av,\n         to_char(PSUT.last_analyze, 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI')     AS last_analyze,\n         to_char(PSUT.last_autoanalyze, 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI') AS last_autoanalyze,\n         vacuum_count, autovacuum_count, analyze_count, autoanalyze_count \n    FROM pg_stat_user_tables PSUT\n    JOIN pg_class C ON PSUT.relid = C.oid\n    JOIN rel_set RS ON PSUT.relid = RS.oid\nORDER BY C.reltuples DESC;\n```\n\n```\nselect relname, idx_scan, idx_tup_fetch, n_tup_ins, n_tup_upd, n_tup_del, n_tup_hot_upd, n_live_tup, n_dead_tup, n_mod_since_analyze, last_vacuum, last_autovacuum, last_analyze, last_autoanalyze, vacuum_count, autovacuum_count, analyze_count, autoanalyze_count from pg_stat_user_tables;\n```\n\n## Resources\n\n### [Postgres temp table quick update method](https://stackoverflow.com/a/24811058)\n\n### [Query Performance and Autovacuuming for Large Tables](http://www.contactually.com/blog/postgres-at-scale-query-performance-and-autovacuuming-for-large-tables)\n\n`ALTER TABLE table_name SET autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor = 0.02;`\n\n### [Fast batch update using COPY](http://tapoueh.org/blog/2013/03/batch-update/)\n\n### [Char/Date formatting functions](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/static/functions-formatting.html)",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"postgres\"],\"image\":[\"https://www.vectorlogo.zone/logos/postgresql/postgresql-card.png\"],\"links\":[\"https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Index-only_scans\",\"https://dba.stackexchange.com/a/147121\",\"https://stackoverflow.com/a/24811058\",\"http://www.contactually.com/blog/postgres-at-scale-query-performance-and-autovacuuming-for-large-tables\",\"http://tapoueh.org/blog/2013/03/batch-update/\",\"https://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/static/functions-formatting.html\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\",\"format\":\"markdown\"}"
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      "title": "MySQL",
      "body": "![](https://d3gqyjopw66mip.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/mysql-logo-resized.jpg)\n\n## Field types\n\n#### Integer Types (Exact Value)\n\n```\nType       Bytes               Min                  Max        Max (unsigned)\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\nTINYINT    1                  -128                  127                   255\nSMALLINT   2                -32768                32767                 65535\nMEDIUMINT  3              -8388608              8388607              16777215\nINT        4           -2147483648           2147483647            4294967295\nBIGINT     8  -9223372036854775808  9223372036854775807  18446744073709551615\n```\n\n---\n\n#### String Types\n\n```\n      Type                 Max length\n-------------------------------------------------\n  TINYTEXT            255  (2^8−1) bytes\n      TEXT         65,535 (2^16−1) bytes = 64 KiB\nMEDIUMTEXT     16,777,215 (2^24−1) bytes = 16 MiB\n  LONGTEXT  4,294,967,295 (2^32−1) bytes =  4 GiB\n```\n\n----\n\n[Storage requirements detail](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/storage-requirements.html)\n\n## Queries\n\n#### Check Table Disk Usage\n\n```\n  SELECT table_schema AS \"Database\",\n         table_name AS \"Table\",\n         round(data_length / 1024 / 1024, 2) AS \"Data MB\",\n         round(index_length / 1024 / 1024, 2) AS \"Index MB\",\n         round((data_length + index_length) / 1024 / 1024, 2) AS \"Total MB\"\n    FROM information_schema.tables\nORDER BY (data_length + index_length) DESC;\n```\n\n\n## Resources\n\n#### [Opinionated SQL formatter](https://sqlfum.pt/)",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"mysql\"],\"image\":[\"https://d3gqyjopw66mip.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/mysql-logo-resized.jpg\"],\"links\":[\"https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/storage-requirements.html\",\"https://sqlfum.pt/\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\",\"format\":\"markdown\"}"
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      "title": "Sublime Text Configuration",
      "body": "@@ -1,12 +1,90 @@\n+!%5B%5D(https://css-tricks.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/sublime-text-logo.jpg)%0A%0A\n ### Disable \n",
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      "body": "@@ -1,12 +1,74 @@\n+!%5B%5D(https://assets.ubuntu.com/v1/8dd99b80-ubuntu-logo14.png)%0A%0A\n #### Check c\n",
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      "body": "### Disable minimum tab width\n\n```\n\t\"enable_tab_scrolling\": false,\n```\n\n### Ignore `Icon` files in tree list\n\n```\n    \"file_exclude_patterns\": [\"*.pyc\", \"*.pyo\", \"*.exe\", \"*.dll\", \"*.obj\",\"*.o\", \"*.a\", \"*.lib\", \"*.so\", \"*.dylib\", \"*.ncb\", \"*.sdf\", \"*.suo\", \"*.pdb\", \"*.idb\", \".DS_Store\", \"*.class\", \"*.psd\", \"*.db\", \"*.sublime-workspace\", \"Icon?\"]\n```",
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      "title": "Sublime Text Configuration",
      "body": "### Disable minimum tab width\n\n```\n\t\"enable_tab_scrolling\": false,\n```\n\n### Ignore `Icon` files in tree list\n\n```\n    \"file_exclude_patterns\": [\"*.pyc\", \"*.pyo\", \"*.exe\", \"*.dll\", \"*.obj\",\"*.o\", \"*.a\", \"*.lib\", \"*.so\", \"*.dylib\", \"*.ncb\", \"*.sdf\", \"*.suo\", \"*.pdb\", \"*.idb\", \".DS_Store\", \"*.class\", \"*.psd\", \"*.db\", \"*.sublime-workspace\", \"Icon?\"]\n```",
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      "parent_permlink": "ubuntu",
      "author": "gists",
      "permlink": "ubuntu-swap",
      "title": "Ubuntu Swap",
      "body": "#### Check configured swap:\n\n```\nsudo swapon --show\n\nNAME                   TYPE      SIZE   USED PRIO\n/swap-128              file      128G 127.9G   -2\n/dev/md0               partition  32G    32G   -1\n```\n\n#### Create a swap file:\n\n```\nsudo fallocate -l 64G /swapfile\nsudo chmod 600 /swapfile\nsudo mkswap /swapfile\nsudo swapon /swapfile\necho '/swapfile none swap sw 0 0' | sudo tee -a /etc/fstab\n```\n\n----\n\nResources\n\n1. https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-add-swap-space-on-ubuntu-16-04",
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