Ecoer Logo
VOTING POWER100.00%
DOWNVOTE POWER100.00%
RESOURCE CREDITS100.00%
REPUTATION PROGRESS17.12%
Net Worth
0.041USD
STEEM
0.000STEEM
SBD
0.000SBD
Effective Power
5.011SP
├── Own SP
0.701SP
└── Incoming Deleg
+4.310SP

Detailed Balance

STEEM
balance
0.000STEEM
market_balance
0.000STEEM
savings_balance
0.000STEEM
reward_steem_balance
0.000STEEM
STEEM POWER
Own SP
0.701SP
Delegated Out
0.000SP
Delegation In
4.310SP
Effective Power
5.011SP
Reward SP (pending)
0.000SP
SBD
sbd_balance
0.000SBD
sbd_conversions
0.000SBD
sbd_market_balance
0.000SBD
savings_sbd_balance
0.000SBD
reward_sbd_balance
0.000SBD
{
  "balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "savings_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "reward_steem_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "vesting_shares": "1139.622882 VESTS",
  "delegated_vesting_shares": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "received_vesting_shares": "7004.036924 VESTS",
  "sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "savings_sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "reward_sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "conversions": []
}

Account Info

namegeoestacion
id854705
rank472,937
reputation10447806983
created2018-03-13T18:45:03
recovery_accountsteem
proxyNone
post_count21
comment_count0
lifetime_vote_count0
witnesses_voted_for0
last_post2018-07-08T19:15:12
last_root_post2018-07-08T19:15:12
last_vote_time2018-07-07T21:04:30
proxied_vsf_votes0, 0, 0, 0
can_vote1
voting_power0
delayed_votes0
balance0.000 STEEM
savings_balance0.000 STEEM
sbd_balance0.000 SBD
savings_sbd_balance0.000 SBD
vesting_shares1139.622882 VESTS
delegated_vesting_shares0.000000 VESTS
received_vesting_shares7004.036924 VESTS
reward_vesting_balance0.000000 VESTS
vesting_balance0.000 STEEM
vesting_withdraw_rate0.000000 VESTS
next_vesting_withdrawal1969-12-31T23:59:59
withdrawn0
to_withdraw0
withdraw_routes0
savings_withdraw_requests0
last_account_recovery1970-01-01T00:00:00
reset_accountnull
last_owner_update1970-01-01T00:00:00
last_account_update2018-05-11T16:28:12
minedNo
sbd_seconds50,550
sbd_last_interest_payment2018-05-06T19:09:51
savings_sbd_last_interest_payment1970-01-01T00:00:00
{
  "id": 854705,
  "name": "geoestacion",
  "owner": {
    "weight_threshold": 1,
    "account_auths": [],
    "key_auths": [
      [
        "STM5CRyYjbSGXRnKqJQzqP3y2nvp1hr73vopz5So4jy7BP6jfCYo5",
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "active": {
    "weight_threshold": 1,
    "account_auths": [],
    "key_auths": [
      [
        "STM7teTCDuXY52LnQQieR1hLwUUFtervkpCxhFP3B1i39SkPUDmuY",
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "posting": {
    "weight_threshold": 1,
    "account_auths": [],
    "key_auths": [
      [
        "STM8C2pyPyGNVYyJmvTTfvDmMXAZEzLqNdXjNJ5MWU3mWkr6vcxzL",
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "memo_key": "STM6xq4dubCwVGoNnYycbWiEcPqmFe8ZmBgL5nzxP92ECEBAyyJsD",
  "json_metadata": "{\"profile\":{\"cover_image\":\"https://scontent.fccs3-1.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/23755514_165519044047394_1893296091460058433_n.jpg?oh=f7c39e9fc5c4f2a04996cf6d07174990&oe=5B2CFD57\"}}",
  "posting_json_metadata": "{\"profile\":{\"cover_image\":\"https://scontent.fccs3-1.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/23755514_165519044047394_1893296091460058433_n.jpg?oh=f7c39e9fc5c4f2a04996cf6d07174990&oe=5B2CFD57\"}}",
  "proxy": "",
  "last_owner_update": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "last_account_update": "2018-05-11T16:28:12",
  "created": "2018-03-13T18:45:03",
  "mined": false,
  "recovery_account": "steem",
  "last_account_recovery": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "reset_account": "null",
  "comment_count": 0,
  "lifetime_vote_count": 0,
  "post_count": 21,
  "can_vote": true,
  "voting_manabar": {
    "current_mana": "8143659806",
    "last_update_time": 1779064635
  },
  "downvote_manabar": {
    "current_mana": 2035914951,
    "last_update_time": 1779064635
  },
  "voting_power": 0,
  "balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "savings_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "sbd_seconds": "50550",
  "sbd_seconds_last_update": "2018-05-06T19:11:06",
  "sbd_last_interest_payment": "2018-05-06T19:09:51",
  "savings_sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "savings_sbd_seconds": "0",
  "savings_sbd_seconds_last_update": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "savings_sbd_last_interest_payment": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "savings_withdraw_requests": 0,
  "reward_sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "reward_steem_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "reward_vesting_balance": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "reward_vesting_steem": "0.000 STEEM",
  "vesting_shares": "1139.622882 VESTS",
  "delegated_vesting_shares": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "received_vesting_shares": "7004.036924 VESTS",
  "vesting_withdraw_rate": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "next_vesting_withdrawal": "1969-12-31T23:59:59",
  "withdrawn": 0,
  "to_withdraw": 0,
  "withdraw_routes": 0,
  "curation_rewards": 0,
  "posting_rewards": 913,
  "proxied_vsf_votes": [
    0,
    0,
    0,
    0
  ],
  "witnesses_voted_for": 0,
  "last_post": "2018-07-08T19:15:12",
  "last_root_post": "2018-07-08T19:15:12",
  "last_vote_time": "2018-07-07T21:04:30",
  "post_bandwidth": 0,
  "pending_claimed_accounts": 0,
  "vesting_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "reputation": "10447806983",
  "transfer_history": [],
  "market_history": [],
  "post_history": [],
  "vote_history": [],
  "other_history": [],
  "witness_votes": [],
  "tags_usage": [],
  "guest_bloggers": [],
  "rank": 472937
}

Withdraw Routes

IncomingOutgoing
Empty
Empty
{
  "incoming": [],
  "outgoing": []
}
From Date
To Date
steemdelegated 4.310 SP to @geoestacion
2026/05/18 00:37:15
delegateegeoestacion
delegatorsteem
vesting shares7004.036924 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #106143888/Trx 584421292091fa10e7cf336295a59f3c554c2451
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 106143888,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "geoestacion",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "7004.036924 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2026-05-18T00:37:15",
  "trx_id": "584421292091fa10e7cf336295a59f3c554c2451",
  "trx_in_block": 2,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 2.641 SP to @geoestacion
2026/05/12 05:20:36
delegateegeoestacion
delegatorsteem
vesting shares4291.826519 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #105977511/Trx 3b2de6b70a016cab216866fc7ce1913b9582a720
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 105977511,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "geoestacion",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "4291.826519 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2026-05-12T05:20:36",
  "trx_id": "3b2de6b70a016cab216866fc7ce1913b9582a720",
  "trx_in_block": 3,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 4.317 SP to @geoestacion
2026/04/25 23:57:33
delegateegeoestacion
delegatorsteem
vesting shares7016.552680 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #105511529/Trx 6d211575bda40e0622a5fdb4175325bb3558fd36
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 105511529,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "geoestacion",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "7016.552680 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2026-04-25T23:57:33",
  "trx_id": "6d211575bda40e0622a5fdb4175325bb3558fd36",
  "trx_in_block": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 2.666 SP to @geoestacion
2026/01/23 08:47:15
delegateegeoestacion
delegatorsteem
vesting shares4333.373338 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #102852991/Trx 3595c5d32cdc6e6e1ec56f1e89e7e112a263d1ec
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 102852991,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "geoestacion",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "4333.373338 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2026-01-23T08:47:15",
  "trx_id": "3595c5d32cdc6e6e1ec56f1e89e7e112a263d1ec",
  "trx_in_block": 3,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 2.767 SP to @geoestacion
2024/12/17 04:05:45
delegateegeoestacion
delegatorsteem
vesting shares4497.592535 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #91299385/Trx a27691edeeee4de35cd0d4bfa8ecd1be225a41c3
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 91299385,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "geoestacion",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "4497.592535 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2024-12-17T04:05:45",
  "trx_id": "a27691edeeee4de35cd0d4bfa8ecd1be225a41c3",
  "trx_in_block": 3,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 2.871 SP to @geoestacion
2023/11/13 19:48:48
delegateegeoestacion
delegatorsteem
vesting shares4666.726067 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #79853589/Trx fa166ca0ab8605db23fd2f5abffb082b90cdd824
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 79853589,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "geoestacion",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "4666.726067 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2023-11-13T19:48:48",
  "trx_id": "fa166ca0ab8605db23fd2f5abffb082b90cdd824",
  "trx_in_block": 4,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 4.679 SP to @geoestacion
2023/09/21 22:15:42
delegateegeoestacion
delegatorsteem
vesting shares7604.004853 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #78348344/Trx 0eb3e2748931f1cbebe66d0d3973f4d2af6b108a
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 78348344,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "geoestacion",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "7604.004853 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2023-09-21T22:15:42",
  "trx_id": "0eb3e2748931f1cbebe66d0d3973f4d2af6b108a",
  "trx_in_block": 2,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 4.815 SP to @geoestacion
2022/11/03 11:59:57
delegateegeoestacion
delegatorsteem
vesting shares7825.686291 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #69113615/Trx 621304f59b9eeea61a40fdfc1a9d90f6ade654fe
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 69113615,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "geoestacion",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "7825.686291 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2022-11-03T11:59:57",
  "trx_id": "621304f59b9eeea61a40fdfc1a9d90f6ade654fe",
  "trx_in_block": 1,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 4.951 SP to @geoestacion
2022/01/17 11:14:36
delegateegeoestacion
delegatorsteem
vesting shares8046.219522 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #60809756/Trx 3d84313ce8a41ed8097c610a961d03f1dbae2d50
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 60809756,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "geoestacion",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "8046.219522 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2022-01-17T11:14:36",
  "trx_id": "3d84313ce8a41ed8097c610a961d03f1dbae2d50",
  "trx_in_block": 51,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 5.064 SP to @geoestacion
2021/06/14 01:09:06
delegateegeoestacion
delegatorsteem
vesting shares8229.988180 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #54608127/Trx 4edb4c7515a7b07e0fc189ed022263f58df80aa9
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 54608127,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "geoestacion",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "8229.988180 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2021-06-14T01:09:06",
  "trx_id": "4edb4c7515a7b07e0fc189ed022263f58df80aa9",
  "trx_in_block": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 5.179 SP to @geoestacion
2020/12/11 11:27:12
delegateegeoestacion
delegatorsteem
vesting shares8417.410154 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #49355569/Trx 69a4ece5e1940d819da87c3c5b8e48b1c4f8ebc5
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 49355569,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "geoestacion",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "8417.410154 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-12-11T11:27:12",
  "trx_id": "69a4ece5e1940d819da87c3c5b8e48b1c4f8ebc5",
  "trx_in_block": 5,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 1.177 SP to @geoestacion
2020/12/06 05:04:24
delegateegeoestacion
delegatorsteem
vesting shares1912.543513 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #49207129/Trx 982e5c8bd53ee12f0c80edc571208f6fdef172b3
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 49207129,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "geoestacion",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "1912.543513 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-12-06T05:04:24",
  "trx_id": "982e5c8bd53ee12f0c80edc571208f6fdef172b3",
  "trx_in_block": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 5.183 SP to @geoestacion
2020/12/05 15:05:27
delegateegeoestacion
delegatorsteem
vesting shares8423.618008 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #49190665/Trx 551ac9d10059b5e6ef37f9652aac18ca0f81b876
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 49190665,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "geoestacion",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "8423.618008 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-12-05T15:05:27",
  "trx_id": "551ac9d10059b5e6ef37f9652aac18ca0f81b876",
  "trx_in_block": 1,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 1.181 SP to @geoestacion
2020/11/02 16:20:03
delegateegeoestacion
delegatorsteem
vesting shares1920.017158 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #48258620/Trx e95d875ac09e09359dacbff6d335b9967e9d056c
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 48258620,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "geoestacion",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "1920.017158 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-11-02T16:20:03",
  "trx_id": "e95d875ac09e09359dacbff6d335b9967e9d056c",
  "trx_in_block": 3,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 5.308 SP to @geoestacion
2020/05/09 06:02:06
delegateegeoestacion
delegatorsteem
vesting shares8626.423367 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #43217382/Trx 97388fe71db7e3412ab7a39e8ba1a5a20e516930
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 43217382,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "geoestacion",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "8626.423367 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-05-09T06:02:06",
  "trx_id": "97388fe71db7e3412ab7a39e8ba1a5a20e516930",
  "trx_in_block": 8,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 1.202 SP to @geoestacion
2020/05/08 09:41:24
delegateegeoestacion
delegatorsteem
vesting shares1953.311140 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #43193541/Trx 139ae4f1a2a5af5fabfc2629cd086ee10a49a42c
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 43193541,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "geoestacion",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "1953.311140 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-05-08T09:41:24",
  "trx_id": "139ae4f1a2a5af5fabfc2629cd086ee10a49a42c",
  "trx_in_block": 9,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
2020/03/16 02:49:18
authorsteemitboard
bodyCongratulations @geoestacion! You received a personal award! <table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@geoestacion/birthday2.png</td><td>Happy Steem Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 2 years!</td></tr></table> <sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@geoestacion) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=geoestacion)_</sub> ###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!
json metadata{"image":["https://steemitboard.com/img/notify.png"]}
parent authorgeoestacion
parent permlinkuse-of-the-global-mapper-software-in-the-cartography
permlinksteemitboard-notify-geoestacion-20200316t024918000z
title
Transaction InfoBlock #41690354/Trx a29deb4a6b47e8a9cafe9be3292076589e2c46bd
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 41690354,
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "author": "steemitboard",
      "body": "Congratulations @geoestacion! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@geoestacion/birthday2.png</td><td>Happy Steem Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 2 years!</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@geoestacion) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=geoestacion)_</sub>\n\n\n###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!",
      "json_metadata": "{\"image\":[\"https://steemitboard.com/img/notify.png\"]}",
      "parent_author": "geoestacion",
      "parent_permlink": "use-of-the-global-mapper-software-in-the-cartography",
      "permlink": "steemitboard-notify-geoestacion-20200316t024918000z",
      "title": ""
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-03-16T02:49:18",
  "trx_id": "a29deb4a6b47e8a9cafe9be3292076589e2c46bd",
  "trx_in_block": 5,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
steemdelegated 5.390 SP to @geoestacion
2019/09/18 05:12:24
delegateegeoestacion
delegatorsteem
vesting shares8759.037797 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #36520424/Trx b899a6187e169945b9e51a99f14f7fa9d300abef
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 36520424,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "geoestacion",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "8759.037797 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2019-09-18T05:12:24",
  "trx_id": "b899a6187e169945b9e51a99f14f7fa9d300abef",
  "trx_in_block": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0
}
2019/03/13 22:53:00
authorsteemitboard
bodyCongratulations @geoestacion! You received a personal award! <table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@geoestacion/birthday1.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 1 year!</td></tr></table> <sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@geoestacion) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](http://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=geoestacion)_</sub> **Do not miss the last post from @steemitboard:** <table><tr><td><a href="https://steemit.com/drugwars/@steemitboard/drugwars-early-adopter"><img src="https://steemitimages.com/64x128/https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmYGN7R653u4hDFyq1hM7iuhr2bdAP1v2ApACDNtecJAZ5/image.png"></a></td><td><a href="https://steemit.com/drugwars/@steemitboard/drugwars-early-adopter">Are you a DrugWars early adopter? Benvenuto in famiglia!</a></td></tr></table> ###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!
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steemdelegated 5.511 SP to @geoestacion
2018/10/08 16:34:36
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steemdelegated 17.965 SP to @geoestacion
2018/09/09 20:32:51
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2018/07/08 19:28:03
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2018/07/08 19:15:12
authorgeoestacion
bodyhello a greeting to the entire community of @utopian-io, he writes @geoestacion and wanted to show him my work regarding the application of remote sensing, by using a software called Global mapper, for a lot of maybe it is known, well this tool is very important for all the work I do In my professional area, through this software you can execute various practices related to the area of cartography, in my first presentation here, which I have called practice, is called photo-reading, the interpretation that we can give to satellite images, in this material shown below can be seen step by step of the use of global mapper software for the use of this mapping work. # PRACTICE # 1 FOTOLECTURE We open the Global Mapper Software: # 1 <center>![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZHG5tVHhuCNtFWaNRCAyLZcZzgvjP2KvEzFW5MfaYQ2N/image.png)</center> We look for the image with the file option, then we open the image: # 2 <center>![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmcXqnYhpNwRbsiRCfokrRbsQTkapGiqBTTRpmJ8rm5w5d/image.png)</center> After getting the image, we give the option Manually Rectify : # 3 <center>![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmSp2qTPSUXhQ2dYHa1UoV6bVwi8tJYXgkg32k31ZCRNb1/image.png)</center> Once selected the option to rectify, we go to option and select "Add Control points when eating point" # 4 <center>![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmR1KE6K3ahJ7uN2feKCtnPrdJMSePjcujvQ1WBGVvwa4u/image.png)</center> The indicated projection is selected, in this case it is the Cassini Solder Projection, the other parameters shown are left the same. # 5 <center>![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmbfCY8FT9a8RsC288HFpM1VpmfJ28ungsbh2ae9hkEzME/image.png)</center> After accepting the terms, we proceed to select each of the points to georeference them. # 6 <center>![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmdaPZAbmb8DQ4fFymtMRWXet5nVp2mVRCX9KgA43AeN88/image.png)</center> Once all the points are georeferenced, we proceed to select each of the layers of the vertices, so that this way you can save the update of the points, then select Ok. # 7 <center>![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmXseUvftPorbzECZppUmSFXT851JYug1avECL2YMzAWkY/image.png)</center> After the image has the 4 control points established, the practice is carried out with the selected image, in this sense, this practice was done with photo 020. # 8 <center>![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZXBJX2ncLRHJSn8URvxSLSAPrt4B929bNSePUa3LUy7D/image.png)</center> Using the Global Mapper's editing tools, we proceed to identify the natural and artificial elements. Elements of type polygons, lines and points will be used to identify them. In this last capture one can observe, as each element, both natural and artificial, was photointerpreted. # 9 <center>![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmRNSUhPsX92Lu1qJKgHn5ZSUg5Du8Pm24w9w65a26kyTf/image.png)</center> #### I hope friends that my presentation is interesting for all of you, later I will publish other types of practices that can be done with this type of software, who says goodbye to you @geoestacion. ### I recommend first of all that you download the Software: Global Mapper.
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2018/05/13 17:05:30
authorgeoestacion
bodyexcellent publication for @steemstem, greetings and I follow you good content ..
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2018/05/13 17:03:48
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2018/05/12 21:50:09
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2018/05/12 19:17:27
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2018/05/12 19:10:09
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2018/05/12 19:07:12
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2018/05/12 19:07:00
authoracronyms
bodyHi, I found some acronyms/abbreviations in this post. This is how they expand: <table><tr><td><strong>Acronym</strong></td><td><strong>Explanation</strong></td></tr><tr><td><strong>JPL</strong></td><td>Jet Propulsion Lab, Pasadena, California</td></tr><tr><td><strong>ULA</strong></td><td>United Launch Alliance (Lockheed/Boeing joint venture)</td></tr></table> Please leave an up-vote if you find this comment useful.
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      "body": "Hi, I found some acronyms/abbreviations in this post. This is how they expand:\n<table><tr><td><strong>Acronym</strong></td><td><strong>Explanation</strong></td></tr><tr><td><strong>JPL</strong></td><td>Jet Propulsion Lab, Pasadena, California</td></tr><tr><td><strong>ULA</strong></td><td>United Launch Alliance (Lockheed/Boeing joint venture)</td></tr></table>\nPlease leave an up-vote if you find this comment useful.",
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2018/05/12 19:06:12
authorgeoestacion
bodyHello friends of #Steemit! A very warm hug for everyone. I hope everyone is well! This post is inspired by the publications that @lemouth of whom I have learned here on this platform, especially on the topics of science and astronomy, that is why I want to start a new topic of astronomical articles, today I will start talking a bit about the mission planned for the planet Tuesday "Mars helicopter will fly on NASA's next Red Planet Rover mission", which aims to study in detail the elements found on this interesting planet, here you can see in detail what this proposed mission is about by [NASA](https://www.space.com/40570-nasa-sending-helicopter-to-mars.html), I invite you to observe this article. The Mars Helicopter, a small autonomous helicopter, will travel with the agency's Mars 2020 rover mission, currently scheduled for launch in July 2020, to demonstrate the viability and potential of vehicles heavier than air on the planet Red. "NASA has a proud history of firsts," said NASA administrator Jim Bridenstine. "The idea of ​​a helicopter flying through the skies of another planet is exciting: the Mars Helicopter is very promising for our future missions of science, discovery and exploration to Mars." The representative of EE. UU John Culberson of Texas echoed Bridenstine's appreciation of the impact of American firsts on the future of exploration and discovery. "It is appropriate for the United States of America to be the first nation in history to fly the first ship heavier than air in another world," said Culberson. "This exciting and visionary achievement will inspire young people across the United States to become scientists and engineers, paving the way for even greater discoveries in the future." <center>https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/marshelo.jpg</center> <center>Pinture Credit :[NASA](https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/marshelo.jpg)</center> <div class=”text-justify”> <div class="pull-right"><center><img src=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/mars_helicopter_animation_with_2020_rover.gif/><a href=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/mars_helicopter_animation_with_2020_rover.gif>Pinture Credit[Animation of the Mars helicopter and rover Mars 2020. Credits: NASA / JPL-CalTech ]:</a></center></div> <p><center><H3></H3></center><p> Started in August 2013 as a technology development project at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), the Mars Helicopter had to demonstrate that big things could come in small packages. The result of the team's four years of design, testing and redesign weighs just under four pounds (1.8 kilograms). Its fuselage is the size of a softball, and its twin blades that rotate in the opposite direction will bite in the thin Martian atmosphere at nearly 3,000 rpm, roughly 10 times the speed of a helicopter on Earth. "Exploring the red planet with NASA's Mars Helicopter exemplifies a successful marriage of scientific and technological innovation and is a unique opportunity to advance in the exploration of Mars in the future," said Thomas Zurbuchen, associate administrator of the Directorate of Scientific Mission of NASA at the headquarters of the agency in Washington. "After the Wright brothers demonstrated 117 years ago that controlled, sustained and controlled flight was possible here on Earth, another group of American pioneers can demonstrate that the same thing can be done in another world." </div> https://youtu.be/oOMQOqKRWjU ##### The Mars Helicopter is a technology demonstration that will travel to the red planet with the Mars 2020 rover. It will attempt a controlled flight in the thin atmosphere of Mars, which may allow more ambitious missions in the future. [Credits: NASA / JPL-Caltech](https://youtu.be/oOMQOqKRWjU) The helicopter also contains the integrated capabilities needed to operate on Mars, including solar cells to charge its lithium-ion batteries, and a heating mechanism to keep warm during cold Martian nights. But before the helicopter can fly to Mars, it has to get there. It will be attached to the tummy of the Mars 2020 rover. "The altitude record for a helicopter flying here on Earth is about 40,000 feet." The atmosphere of Mars is only one percent of that of Earth, so when our helicopter is on the Martian surface, it is already in the Earth equivalent to 100,000 feet in height, "said Mimi Aung, manager of the Mars Helicopter project at JPL. "To make it fly at that low atmospheric density, we had to examine everything, make it as light as possible and at the same time be as strong and powerful as possible." Once the rover is on the surface of the planet, you will find a suitable location to deploy the helicopter from the vehicle and place it on the ground. Then, the vehicle will move away from the helicopter at a safe distance from where it will transmit the commands. After their batteries are charged and a large number of tests are carried out, the controllers on Earth will order the Mars Helicopter to make its first autonomous flight into history. "We do not have a pilot and the Earth will be several light-minutes away, so there is no way to control this mission in real time," Aung said. "Instead, we have an autonomous capability that can receive and interpret commands from the ground, and then fly the mission by itself." The complete 30-day flight test campaign will include up to five flights of progressively farther flight distances, up to a few hundred meters, and longer durations of up to 90 seconds, over a period. On its first flight, the helicopter will make a short vertical climb to 10 feet (3 meters), where it will travel for about 30 seconds. As a technology demonstration, the Mars Helicopter is considered a high risk and high reward project. If it does not work, the mission of Mars 2020 will not be affected. If it works, helicopters can have a real future as low-flying explorers and aerial vehicles to access places not accessible by land. "The ability to see clearly what lies beyond the next hill is crucial for future explorers," said Zurbuchen. "We already have excellent views of Mars from both the surface and the orbit, with the additional dimension of a bird's eye view from a 'helicopter', we can only imagine what future missions will achieve."Mars 2020 will be launched on an Atlas V rocket from the United Launch Alliance (ULA) from Space Launch Complex 41 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida, and is expected to reach Mars in February 2021. The rover will conduct geological assessments of its landing site on Mars, determine the habitability of the environment, look for signs of ancient Martian life and evaluate natural resources and hazards for future human explorers. The scientists will use instruments on the mobile phone to identify and collect samples of rock and earth, place them in sealed tubes and leave them on the surface of the planet for their possible return to Earth in a future mission to Mars. The Mars 2020 Project at JPL in Pasadena, California, manages the development of the rover for the Scientific Mission Directorate at NASA Headquarters in Washington. The NASA Launch Services Program, based at the Kennedy Space Center of the agency in Florida, is responsible for managing the launch. >The record altitude for a helicopter here on Earth is around 12,200 meters. The atmosphere of Mars is 1 percent of that of the Earth, therefore, when our helicopter is on the surface, it will already be at the equivalent of 30,480 meters, "Mimi Aung, project director, said in a statement. at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. <div class=”text-justify”> <div class="pull-left"><center><img src=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/MarsRoverHelicopter-20150122.png/><a href=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/MarsRoverHelicopter-20150122.png>Pinture Credit:Artistic representation of the NASA Mars Helicopter Scout operating on the surface of Mars </a></center></div> <p><center><H3>Overview</H3></center><p> Overview From the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the California Institute of Technology at NASA has been exploring the potential of sending an airborne rover to accompany the Mars 2020 rover. The main objective of this helicopter is to explore the terrain in front of the vehicle to provide aerial images with a resolution approximately 10 times greater than the orbital images, and thus show the characteristics that can be occluded from the cameras on board.3 The exploration by the small helicopter-drone would allow the rover to go up to three times more per Martian day (sun) .4 The helicopter would fly approximately 3 minutes a day and cover a distance of about 600 m (2,000 feet) .5 It would use autonomous control and communicate with the rover directly after landing. </div> # Description The helicopter uses counter rotating coaxial rotors approximately 1.1 m in diameter. Its payload would be a high resolution camera pointing downwards for navigation, landing and scientific topography of the terrain, and a communication system to relay data to the rover.The insufficient magnetic field of Mars does not allow the use of a compass for navigation, which would require a solar tracking camera integrated into the visual inertial navigation system of JPL. Some additional elements may include gyroscopes, visual odometry, tilt sensors, altimeter and hazard detectors, and use solar panels to recharge your batteries. ## Bibliography : - «[NASA is developing a helicopter drone for the Mars 2020 Mission](https://www.business2community.com/space-science/nasa-is-developing-a-helicopter-drone-for-2020-mars-mission-01138799)». Business 2 Community. January 27, 2015. - Leone, Dan (November 19, 2015). «[Elachi Touts Helicopter Scout for Mars Sample-Caching Rover](http://spacenews.com/elachi-touts-helicopter-scout-for-mars-sample-caching-rover/)». SpaceNews Retrieved on November 20, 2015. - [Helicopter could be 'Scout' for Mars Rovers](https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/2015/01/22/helicopter-could-be-scout-for-mars-rovers/). News from NASA. January 22, 2015. - [Review on space robotics: towards first level science through space exploration](http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/841669/1/ScienceRobotics-SpaceRoboticsSurvey%20GaoChien_no%20figure_final.pdf) (PDF). And Gao, S Chien - Robotic Science, 2017. - «[Crazy Engineering Mars Helicopter Transcript](http://marsmobile.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/videos/movies/mars20150122/mars20150122.pdf)» (PDF). JPL - NASA. January 22, 2015. Retrieved on September 1, 2015. -Volpe, Richard. «[2014 Robotics Activities at JPL](https://www-robotics.jpl.nasa.gov/publications/Richard_Volpe/isairas%202014%20paper,%20volpe,%20v8.pdf)» (PDF). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved on September 1, 2015. - Estimation of course through Sun Sensing for autonomous navigation. Parth Shah. 2017 - Dubois, Chantelle (November 29, 2017). «[Drones on Mars? NASA projects will soon be able to use drones for space exploration](https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/news/nasa-projects-may-soon-use-drones-for-space-exploration-mars/). " Everything about the circuits. - Berger, Eric (May 24, 2016). "[Four lawmakers of savage technologies want NASA to pursue them.](https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/05/four-wild-technologies-lawmakers-want-nasa-to-pursue/)" ARS Technica. Retrieved on May 24, 2016.
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      "body": "Hello friends of #Steemit! A very warm hug for everyone. I hope everyone is well! This post is inspired by the publications that @lemouth of whom I have learned here on this platform, especially on the topics of science and astronomy, that is why I want to start a new topic of astronomical articles, today I will start talking a bit about the mission planned for the planet Tuesday \"Mars helicopter will fly on NASA's next Red Planet Rover mission\", which aims to study in detail the elements found on this interesting planet, here you can see in detail what this proposed mission is about by [NASA](https://www.space.com/40570-nasa-sending-helicopter-to-mars.html), I invite you to observe this article.\n\n\nThe Mars Helicopter, a small autonomous helicopter, will travel with the agency's Mars 2020 rover mission, currently scheduled for launch in July 2020, to demonstrate the viability and potential of vehicles heavier than air on the planet Red.\n\n\"NASA has a proud history of firsts,\" said NASA administrator Jim Bridenstine. \"The idea of ​​a helicopter flying through the skies of another planet is exciting: the Mars Helicopter is very promising for our future missions of science, discovery and exploration to Mars.\"\n\nThe representative of EE. UU John Culberson of Texas echoed Bridenstine's appreciation of the impact of American firsts on the future of exploration and discovery.\n\n\"It is appropriate for the United States of America to be the first nation in history to fly the first ship heavier than air in another world,\" said Culberson. \"This exciting and visionary achievement will inspire young people across the United States to become scientists and engineers, paving the way for even greater discoveries in the future.\"\n\n<center>https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/marshelo.jpg</center>\n<center>Pinture Credit :[NASA](https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/marshelo.jpg)</center>\n\n<div class=”text-justify”>\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img\nsrc=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/mars_helicopter_animation_with_2020_rover.gif/><a href=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/mars_helicopter_animation_with_2020_rover.gif>Pinture Credit[Animation of the Mars helicopter and rover Mars 2020.\nCredits: NASA / JPL-CalTech\n]:</a></center></div>\n<p><center><H3></H3></center><p>\n\nStarted in August 2013 as a technology development project at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), the Mars Helicopter had to demonstrate that big things could come in small packages. The result of the team's four years of design, testing and redesign weighs just under four pounds (1.8 kilograms). Its fuselage is the size of a softball, and its twin blades that rotate in the opposite direction will bite in the thin Martian atmosphere at nearly 3,000 rpm, roughly 10 times the speed of a helicopter on Earth.\n\n\"Exploring the red planet with NASA's Mars Helicopter exemplifies a successful marriage of scientific and technological innovation and is a unique opportunity to advance in the exploration of Mars in the future,\" said Thomas Zurbuchen, associate administrator of the Directorate of Scientific Mission of NASA at the headquarters of the agency in Washington. \"After the Wright brothers demonstrated 117 years ago that controlled, sustained and controlled flight was possible here on Earth, another group of American pioneers can demonstrate that the same thing can be done in another world.\"\n</div>\n\nhttps://youtu.be/oOMQOqKRWjU\n##### The Mars Helicopter is a technology demonstration that will travel to the red planet with the Mars 2020 rover. It will attempt a controlled flight in the thin atmosphere of Mars, which may allow more ambitious missions in the future.\n[Credits: NASA / JPL-Caltech](https://youtu.be/oOMQOqKRWjU)\n\nThe helicopter also contains the integrated capabilities needed to operate on Mars, including solar cells to charge its lithium-ion batteries, and a heating mechanism to keep warm during cold Martian nights. But before the helicopter can fly to Mars, it has to get there. It will be attached to the tummy of the Mars 2020 rover.\n\n\"The altitude record for a helicopter flying here on Earth is about 40,000 feet.\" The atmosphere of Mars is only one percent of that of Earth, so when our helicopter is on the Martian surface, it is already in the Earth equivalent to 100,000 feet in height, \"said Mimi Aung, manager of the Mars Helicopter project at JPL. \"To make it fly at that low atmospheric density, we had to examine everything, make it as light as possible and at the same time be as strong and powerful as possible.\"\n\nOnce the rover is on the surface of the planet, you will find a suitable location to deploy the helicopter from the vehicle and place it on the ground. Then, the vehicle will move away from the helicopter at a safe distance from where it will transmit the commands. After their batteries are charged and a large number of tests are carried out, the controllers on Earth will order the Mars Helicopter to make its first autonomous flight into history.\n\n\"We do not have a pilot and the Earth will be several light-minutes away, so there is no way to control this mission in real time,\" Aung said. \"Instead, we have an autonomous capability that can receive and interpret commands from the ground, and then fly the mission by itself.\"\n\nThe complete 30-day flight test campaign will include up to five flights of progressively farther flight distances, up to a few hundred meters, and longer durations of up to 90 seconds, over a period. On its first flight, the helicopter will make a short vertical climb to 10 feet (3 meters), where it will travel for about 30 seconds.\n\nAs a technology demonstration, the Mars Helicopter is considered a high risk and high reward project. If it does not work, the mission of Mars 2020 will not be affected. If it works, helicopters can have a real future as low-flying explorers and aerial vehicles to access places not accessible by land.\n\n\"The ability to see clearly what lies beyond the next hill is crucial for future explorers,\" said Zurbuchen. \"We already have excellent views of Mars from both the surface and the orbit, with the additional dimension of a bird's eye view from a 'helicopter', we can only imagine what future missions will achieve.\"Mars 2020 will be launched on an Atlas V rocket from the United Launch Alliance (ULA) from Space Launch Complex 41 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida, and is expected to reach Mars in February 2021.\n\nThe rover will conduct geological assessments of its landing site on Mars, determine the habitability of the environment, look for signs of ancient Martian life and evaluate natural resources and hazards for future human explorers. The scientists will use instruments on the mobile phone to identify and collect samples of rock and earth, place them in sealed tubes and leave them on the surface of the planet for their possible return to Earth in a future mission to Mars.\n\nThe Mars 2020 Project at JPL in Pasadena, California, manages the development of the rover for the Scientific Mission Directorate at NASA Headquarters in Washington. The NASA Launch Services Program, based at the Kennedy Space Center of the agency in Florida, is responsible for managing the launch.\n\n>The record altitude for a helicopter here on Earth is around 12,200 meters. The atmosphere of Mars is 1 percent of that of the Earth, therefore, when our helicopter is on the surface, it will already be at the equivalent of 30,480 meters, \"Mimi Aung, project director, said in a statement. at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.\n\n<div class=”text-justify”>\n<div class=\"pull-left\"><center><img\nsrc=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/MarsRoverHelicopter-20150122.png/><a href=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/MarsRoverHelicopter-20150122.png>Pinture Credit:Artistic representation of the NASA Mars Helicopter Scout operating on the surface of Mars </a></center></div>\n<p><center><H3>Overview</H3></center><p>\nOverview\n\nFrom the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the California Institute of Technology at NASA has been exploring the potential of sending an airborne rover to accompany the Mars 2020 rover. The main objective of this helicopter is to explore the terrain in front of the vehicle to provide aerial images with a resolution approximately 10 times greater than the orbital images, and thus show the characteristics that can be occluded from the cameras on board.3 The exploration by the small helicopter-drone would allow the rover to go up to three times more per Martian day (sun) .4 The helicopter would fly approximately 3 minutes a day and cover a distance of about 600 m (2,000 feet) .5 It would use autonomous control and communicate with the rover directly after landing.\n</div>\n\n# Description\n\nThe helicopter uses counter rotating coaxial rotors approximately 1.1 m in diameter. Its payload would be a high resolution camera pointing downwards for navigation, landing and scientific topography of the terrain, and a communication system to relay data to the rover.The insufficient magnetic field of Mars does not allow the use of a compass for navigation, which would require a solar tracking camera integrated into the visual inertial navigation system of JPL. Some additional elements may include gyroscopes, visual odometry, tilt sensors, altimeter and hazard detectors, and use solar panels to recharge your batteries.\n\n\n## Bibliography :\n\n- «[NASA is developing a helicopter drone for the Mars 2020 Mission](https://www.business2community.com/space-science/nasa-is-developing-a-helicopter-drone-for-2020-mars-mission-01138799)». Business 2 Community. January 27, 2015.\n\n- Leone, Dan (November 19, 2015). «[Elachi Touts Helicopter Scout for Mars Sample-Caching Rover](http://spacenews.com/elachi-touts-helicopter-scout-for-mars-sample-caching-rover/)». SpaceNews Retrieved on November 20, 2015.\n\n- [Helicopter could be 'Scout' for Mars Rovers](https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/2015/01/22/helicopter-could-be-scout-for-mars-rovers/). News from NASA. January 22, 2015.\n\n- [Review on space robotics: towards first level science through space exploration](http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/841669/1/ScienceRobotics-SpaceRoboticsSurvey%20GaoChien_no%20figure_final.pdf) (PDF). And Gao, S Chien - Robotic Science, 2017.\n\n- «[Crazy Engineering Mars Helicopter Transcript](http://marsmobile.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/videos/movies/mars20150122/mars20150122.pdf)» (PDF). JPL - NASA. January 22, 2015. Retrieved on September 1, 2015.\n\n-Volpe, Richard. «[2014 Robotics Activities at JPL](https://www-robotics.jpl.nasa.gov/publications/Richard_Volpe/isairas%202014%20paper,%20volpe,%20v8.pdf)» (PDF). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved on September 1, 2015.\n\n- Estimation of course through Sun Sensing for autonomous navigation. Parth Shah. 2017\n\n- Dubois, Chantelle (November 29, 2017). «[Drones on Mars? NASA projects will soon be able to use drones for space exploration](https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/news/nasa-projects-may-soon-use-drones-for-space-exploration-mars/). \" Everything about the circuits.\n\n- Berger, Eric (May 24, 2016). \"[Four lawmakers of savage technologies want NASA to pursue them.](https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/05/four-wild-technologies-lawmakers-want-nasa-to-pursue/)\" ARS Technica. Retrieved on May 24, 2016.",
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2018/05/11 19:41:36
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2018/05/11 19:38:54
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2018/05/11 19:37:09
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bodyHi! I am a robot. I just upvoted you! I found similar content that readers might be interested in: https://www.wikihow.com/Calculate-the-Perimeter-of-a-Square
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2018/05/11 19:37:06
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2018/05/11 19:36:54
authorgeoestacion
bodyThe perimeter of a two-dimensional geometric shape is the total distance around that shape or the sum of the length of its sides. By definition, a square is a shape of four straight sides of equal length and four angles (90 degrees). Since the four sides have the same length, finding the perimeter of the square will be really simple! This article will show you how to calculate the perimeter of a square if you know the length of a side. Then it will show you the way to find the perimeter of a square if you only know its area and, finally, it will teach you to find the perimeter of a square that is inscribed in a circle with a known radius. ## Method 1 # Calculate the perimeter when the length of one side is known ![geometria8.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmYNWT9MLRdPAwyYm6xBNttC1G2PH7rq1EMxBvwRExSL9m/geometria8.png) <center>Image source(images edited with pait) [geometry.com](https://steemitimages.com/DQmYNWT9MLRdPAwyYm6xBNttC1G2PH7rq1EMxBvwRExSL9m/geometria8.png)</center> Remember the formula of the perimeter of a square. For a square whose length is L, the perimeter is simply four times the length of the side: P = 4L. ![geometria7.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmbD2EFZDNmTjtG955nUFxzwKoMHoTyycqxv6HAogHWHsU/geometria7.png) <center>Image source(images edited with pait) [geometry.com](https://steemitimages.com/DQmbD2EFZDNmTjtG955nUFxzwKoMHoTyycqxv6HAogHWHsU/geometria7.png)</center> Determine the length of one side and multiply it by 4 to find the perimeter. Depending on what you should do, you may need to measure the side with a ruler or see more information on the page to determine the length of the side. Here are some examples to calculate the perimeter: - If one side of the square has a length of 4, then P = 4 * 4 or 16. - If one side of the square has a length of 6, then P = 4 * 6 or 36. ## Method 2 # Calculate the perimeter when the area is known ![geometria6.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmSd1aSkqDskScRr6ChNQigZE5wgmUy2CGDFBhymp4235Q/geometria6.png) <center>Image source(images edited with pait) [geometry.com](https://steemitimages.com/DQmSd1aSkqDskScRr6ChNQigZE5wgmUy2CGDFBhymp4235Q/geometria6.png)</center> Know the formula for the area of a square. The area of any rectangle (remember, squares are special rectangles) is defined as its base by its height. [3] Since the base and the height of a square have the same length, the area of a square with the same length on all sides L is L * L or A = L2. ![geometria5.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmPcA3KFVcu77QSs4Y5HYhYpLgqGG6crdqGcs7PfSox7DT/geometria5.png) <center>Image source(images edited with pait) [geometry.com](https://steemitimages.com/DQmPcA3KFVcu77QSs4Y5HYhYpLgqGG6crdqGcs7PfSox7DT/geometria5.png)</center> Find the square root of the area. The square root of the area will give you the length of one of the sides of the square. For most numbers, you will need to use a calculator to find the square root by first writing the value of the area, followed by the square root sign (√). You can also learn to calculate a square root by hand! - If the area of the square is 20, then the length of the side L = √20 or 4.472. - If the area of the square is 25, then s = √25 or 5. ![geometria4.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmXApniMtkczLfdCw4t8CH8UvfiBEJWJEzuYvAKjKKAxM1/geometria4.png) <center>Image source(images edited with pait) [geometry.com](https://steemitimages.com/DQmXApniMtkczLfdCw4t8CH8UvfiBEJWJEzuYvAKjKKAxM1/geometria4.png)</center> Multiply the length of the side by 4 to find the perimeter. Take the length of the L side you just calculated and connect it to the perimeter formula, P = 4L. The result will be the perimeter of the square! - For a square with an area of 20 and a side length of 4,472, the perimeter P = 4 * 4,472 or 17,888. - For a square with an area of 25 and a side length of 5, P = 4 * 5 or 20. ## Method 3 # Calculate the perimeter of a square inscribed in a circle of known radius ![geometria3.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmNpZdPXSnxZ3Sqm4QHjyGEvM4KQRi5xpHvVTQcYmtbi6s/geometria3.png) <center>Image source(images edited with pait) [geometry.com](https://steemitimages.com/DQmNpZdPXSnxZ3Sqm4QHjyGEvM4KQRi5xpHvVTQcYmtbi6s/geometria3.png)</center> Understand what is an inscribed square. Often, the inscribed forms are easily presented in standardized examples such as GMAT and GRE, so it is important to know what they are. A square inscribed in a circle is a square drawn inside the circle, so that the four vertices (corners) lie at the edge of the circle. ![geometria2.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmTsLHSnnwUq5n8y4JQ7bA2fGrwioHMTHWLcVobukeqRgr/geometria2.png) <center>Image source(images edited with pait) [geometry.com](https://steemitimages.com/DQmTsLHSnnwUq5n8y4JQ7bA2fGrwioHMTHWLcVobukeqRgr/geometria2.png)</center> Recognize the relationship between the radius of the circle and the length of the square side. The distance from the center of a square inscribed to each of its corners is equal to the radius of the circle. To find the length of L, we must first imagine that we cut the square in half on the diagonal to form two right triangles. Each of these triangles will have equal sides a and b plus a hypotenuse c, which we know is equal to twice the radius of the circle or 2r. ![geometria2.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmTsLHSnnwUq5n8y4JQ7bA2fGrwioHMTHWLcVobukeqRgr/geometria2.png) <center>Image source(images edited with pait) [geometry.com](https://steemitimages.com/DQmTsLHSnnwUq5n8y4JQ7bA2fGrwioHMTHWLcVobukeqRgr/geometria2.png)</center> Use the Pythagorean theorem to find the length of the side of the square. The Pythagorean theorem determines that for any right triangle with sides a and b, and a hypotenuse c, a2 + b2 = c2. [5] Since the sides a and b are equal (remember that we are still dealing with a square!) And we know that c = 2r, we can write down the equation and simplify it to find the length of the side in the following way: - a2 + a2 = (2r) 2 "', now simplify the expressions: - 2a2 = 4 (r) 2, now divide both sides by 2: - (a2) = 2 (r) 2, now take the square root of each side: - a = √ (2r). The length of the side s for the inscribed square = √ (2r). ![geometria1.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmXC6nieT3y4Y993C9Gdz9NPNuMkkM9zSN6G1XY1g7hUJ9/geometria1.png) <center>Image source(images edited with pait) [geometry.com](https://steemitimages.com/DQmXC6nieT3y4Y993C9Gdz9NPNuMkkM9zSN6G1XY1g7hUJ9/geometria1.png)</center> Multiply the length of the square side by four to find the perimeter. In this case, the perimeter of the square P = 4√ (2r). Due to the distributive properties of the exponents, which tells us that 4√ (2r) is equal to 4√2 * 4√r, we can simplify it to the following equation: the perimeter of any square inscribed in a circle with a radius r is defined as P = 5,657r!... <center>![geometria.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmUqgGCApTw9Lt98EmvxcERDU7u8tNM9YAyaYuv15itn12/geometria.png)</center> <center>Image source(images edited with pait) [geometry.com](https://steemitimages.com/DQmUqgGCApTw9Lt98EmvxcERDU7u8tNM9YAyaYuv15itn12/geometria.png)</center> Solve a model equation. Consider a square inscribed in a circle with a radius of 10. That means that the diagonal of this square = 2 (10) or 20. Using the Pythagorean theorem, we know that 2 (a2) = 202, so 2a2 = 400. Now divide both sides in half to find a2 = 200. Then take the square root of each side to find that a = 14.142. Multiply it by 4 and find the perimeter of the square: P = 56.57. - Keep in mind that you could have found the same by simply multiplying the radius (10) by 5,657. 10 * 5,567 = 56.57, but that might be hard to remember during an exam, so it's best to memorize the process we used in this article to find the answer.... ## References Bibliography : - https://www.mathsisfun.com/definitions/perimeter.html - http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/square - http://www.math.com/tables/geometry/areas.htm
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      "body": "The perimeter of a two-dimensional geometric shape is the total distance around that shape or the sum of the length of its sides. By definition, a square is a shape of four straight sides of equal length and four angles (90 degrees). Since the four sides have the same length, finding the perimeter of the square will be really simple! This article will show you how to calculate the perimeter of a square if you know the length of a side. Then it will show you the way to find the perimeter of a square if you only know its area and, finally, it will teach you to find the perimeter of a square that is inscribed in a circle with a known radius.\n\n## Method 1\n\n# Calculate the perimeter when the length of one side is known\n\n![geometria8.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmYNWT9MLRdPAwyYm6xBNttC1G2PH7rq1EMxBvwRExSL9m/geometria8.png)\n<center>Image source(images  edited with pait) [geometry.com](https://steemitimages.com/DQmYNWT9MLRdPAwyYm6xBNttC1G2PH7rq1EMxBvwRExSL9m/geometria8.png)</center>\n\n\nRemember the formula of the perimeter of a square. For a square whose length is L, the perimeter is simply four times the length of the side: P = 4L.\n\n![geometria7.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmbD2EFZDNmTjtG955nUFxzwKoMHoTyycqxv6HAogHWHsU/geometria7.png)\n<center>Image source(images  edited with pait) [geometry.com](https://steemitimages.com/DQmbD2EFZDNmTjtG955nUFxzwKoMHoTyycqxv6HAogHWHsU/geometria7.png)</center>\n\n\nDetermine the length of one side and multiply it by 4 to find the perimeter. Depending on what you should do, you may need to measure the side with a ruler or see more information on the page to determine the length of the side. Here are some examples to calculate the perimeter:\n- If one side of the square has a length of 4, then P = 4 * 4 or 16.\n- If one side of the square has a length of 6, then P = 4 * 6 or 36.\n\n\n## Method 2\n\n# Calculate the perimeter when the area is known\n\n![geometria6.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmSd1aSkqDskScRr6ChNQigZE5wgmUy2CGDFBhymp4235Q/geometria6.png)\n<center>Image source(images  edited with pait) [geometry.com](https://steemitimages.com/DQmSd1aSkqDskScRr6ChNQigZE5wgmUy2CGDFBhymp4235Q/geometria6.png)</center>\n\n\nKnow the formula for the area of a square. The area of any rectangle (remember, squares are special rectangles) is defined as its base by its height. [3] Since the base and the height of a square have the same length, the area of a square with the same length on all sides L is L * L or A = L2.\n\n![geometria5.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmPcA3KFVcu77QSs4Y5HYhYpLgqGG6crdqGcs7PfSox7DT/geometria5.png)\n<center>Image source(images  edited with pait) [geometry.com](https://steemitimages.com/DQmPcA3KFVcu77QSs4Y5HYhYpLgqGG6crdqGcs7PfSox7DT/geometria5.png)</center>\n\n\nFind the square root of the area. The square root of the area will give you the length of one of the sides of the square. For most numbers, you will need to use a calculator to find the square root by first writing the value of the area, followed by the square root sign (√). You can also learn to calculate a square root by hand!\n- If the area of the square is 20, then the length of the side L = √20 or 4.472.\n- If the area of the square is 25, then s = √25 or 5.\n\n![geometria4.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmXApniMtkczLfdCw4t8CH8UvfiBEJWJEzuYvAKjKKAxM1/geometria4.png)\n<center>Image source(images  edited with pait) [geometry.com](https://steemitimages.com/DQmXApniMtkczLfdCw4t8CH8UvfiBEJWJEzuYvAKjKKAxM1/geometria4.png)</center>\n\n\nMultiply the length of the side by 4 to find the perimeter. Take the length of the L side you just calculated and connect it to the perimeter formula, P = 4L. The result will be the perimeter of the square!\n- For a square with an area of 20 and a side length of 4,472, the perimeter P = 4 * 4,472 or 17,888.\n- For a square with an area of 25 and a side length of 5, P = 4 * 5 or 20.\n\n\n## Method 3\n\n# Calculate the perimeter of a square inscribed in a circle of known radius\n\n![geometria3.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmNpZdPXSnxZ3Sqm4QHjyGEvM4KQRi5xpHvVTQcYmtbi6s/geometria3.png)\n<center>Image source(images  edited with pait) [geometry.com](https://steemitimages.com/DQmNpZdPXSnxZ3Sqm4QHjyGEvM4KQRi5xpHvVTQcYmtbi6s/geometria3.png)</center>\n\n\nUnderstand what is an inscribed square. Often, the inscribed forms are easily presented in standardized examples such as GMAT and GRE, so it is important to know what they are. A square inscribed in a circle is a square drawn inside the circle, so that the four vertices (corners) lie at the edge of the circle.\n\n![geometria2.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmTsLHSnnwUq5n8y4JQ7bA2fGrwioHMTHWLcVobukeqRgr/geometria2.png)\n<center>Image source(images  edited with pait) [geometry.com](https://steemitimages.com/DQmTsLHSnnwUq5n8y4JQ7bA2fGrwioHMTHWLcVobukeqRgr/geometria2.png)</center>\n\n\nRecognize the relationship between the radius of the circle and the length of the square side. The distance from the center of a square inscribed to each of its corners is equal to the radius of the circle. To find the length of L, we must first imagine that we cut the square in half on the diagonal to form two right triangles. Each of these triangles will have equal sides a and b plus a hypotenuse c, which we know is equal to twice the radius of the circle or 2r.\n\n![geometria2.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmTsLHSnnwUq5n8y4JQ7bA2fGrwioHMTHWLcVobukeqRgr/geometria2.png)\n<center>Image source(images  edited with pait) [geometry.com](https://steemitimages.com/DQmTsLHSnnwUq5n8y4JQ7bA2fGrwioHMTHWLcVobukeqRgr/geometria2.png)</center>\n\n\nUse the Pythagorean theorem to find the length of the side of the square. The Pythagorean theorem determines that for any right triangle with sides a and b, and a hypotenuse c, a2 + b2 = c2. [5] Since the sides a and b are equal (remember that we are still dealing with a square!) And we know that c = 2r, we can write down the equation and simplify it to find the length of the side in the following way:\n- a2 + a2 = (2r) 2 \"', now simplify the expressions:\n- 2a2 = 4 (r) 2, now divide both sides by 2:\n- (a2) = 2 (r) 2, now take the square root of each side:\n- a = √ (2r). The length of the side s for the inscribed square = √ (2r).\n\n![geometria1.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmXC6nieT3y4Y993C9Gdz9NPNuMkkM9zSN6G1XY1g7hUJ9/geometria1.png)\n<center>Image source(images  edited with pait) [geometry.com](https://steemitimages.com/DQmXC6nieT3y4Y993C9Gdz9NPNuMkkM9zSN6G1XY1g7hUJ9/geometria1.png)</center>\n\n\nMultiply the length of the square side by four to find the perimeter. In this case, the perimeter of the square P = 4√ (2r). Due to the distributive properties of the exponents, which tells us that 4√ (2r) is equal to 4√2 * 4√r, we can simplify it to the following equation: the perimeter of any square inscribed in a circle with a radius r is defined as P = 5,657r!...\n\n\n<center>![geometria.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmUqgGCApTw9Lt98EmvxcERDU7u8tNM9YAyaYuv15itn12/geometria.png)</center>\n<center>Image source(images  edited with pait) [geometry.com](https://steemitimages.com/DQmUqgGCApTw9Lt98EmvxcERDU7u8tNM9YAyaYuv15itn12/geometria.png)</center>\n\nSolve a model equation. Consider a square inscribed in a circle with a radius of 10. That means that the diagonal of this square = 2 (10) or 20. Using the Pythagorean theorem, we know that 2 (a2) = 202, so 2a2 = 400. Now divide both sides in half to find a2 = 200. Then take the square root of each side to find that a = 14.142. Multiply it by 4 and find the perimeter of the square: P = 56.57.\n- Keep in mind that you could have found the same by simply multiplying the radius (10) by 5,657. 10 * 5,567 = 56.57, but that might be hard to remember during an exam, so it's best to memorize the process we used in this article to find the answer....\n\n\n## References Bibliography : \n\n-  https://www.mathsisfun.com/definitions/perimeter.html\n-  http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/square\n-  http://www.math.com/tables/geometry/areas.htm",
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2018/05/11 18:20:33
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2018/05/10 21:16:21
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2018/05/06 18:56:39
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2018/05/05 20:30:21
authorgeoestacion
body_Hello friends continuing with my publications regarding the animal label today I want to continue with part II of "A LOOK AT THE HISTORY OF ANIMALS WITHOUT COLOR", in this case today we will talk about the zebra a very important animal in history, which presents a great contrast for its various stripes as well as its evolution over time, I invite you to observe this interesting publication .._ # Introduction _The word "zebra" does not represent an entity from the evolutionary point of view, but is an artificial grouping of three species that have in common the coloration with white and black stripes, which is not a derivative character, but primitive. The stripes also appear to a greater or lesser extent in the legs and backs of donkeys and wild horses, and are more pronounced in hybrids, as is the case with mules, showing that the presence of rays is an ancient character within the Equus genus, and not a derivative of a subgroup within it. Zebras, simply, have gone a step further in the development of stripes they already possessed, while horses and donkeys have tended to lose them or, at least, to mask them._ <center>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Equus_burchelli_2.jpg</center> Image source:[https://upload.wikimedia.org](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Equus_burchelli_2.jpg) _Although the taxonomy of the zebras remains doubtful, certain studies, such as that of Debra K. Bennett (published under the expressive title "The stripes do not make the zebra"), indicate that the plain zebra and Grevy are sister species , but that the mountain zebra is more related to the horse than to these.In the current equidae, the traditional group formed by the African and Asian asses would be the only one with an evolutionary history behind it. The zebras are smaller than their relative the horse and very similar in appearance and in habits to the wild donkeys._ _Zebras are one of the best-known animals in Africa, where they live in a variety of ecosystems, such as grass plains, savannas, forested regions or with shrubs, mountains and coastal hills. They are especially famous for their characteristic black and white stripes, which not only vary between species but also from one individual to the other, and for their erect crème. Unlike their closest relatives, horses and donkeys, zebras have never been truly domesticated._ _With the exception of some common zebra populations that live in central Kenya, zebras live only in the southern half of the African continent. Although the regions of two different species may overlap, they do not cross because of the different number of chromosomes; Grevy's zebras are forty-six, common zebras forty-four and mountain zebras thirty-two._ <div class=”text-justify”> <div class="pull-right"><center><img src=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Beautiful_Zebra_in_South_Africa.JPG/><a href=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Beautiful_Zebra_in_South_Africa.JPG>Image Sorce:Zebra in the Matecaña Zoo (Pereira) </a></center></div> <p><center><H3> Morphology</H3></center><p> </div> _Although the black and white stripes presented by zebras is a common feature, the three species of zebra have no closer relationship with each other than they do with other animals of the genus Equus. In addition, the common feature of the stripes is not so definitive either; one of the subspecies of common zebra, the extinct quagga only had stripes on its neck. On the other hand, there are other perissodactyls that also have stripes on their legs._ _Although they have a morphology similar to that of horses, they are smaller, with an average size of 2.3 meters in length, 1.2-1.5 meters high on the cross and weighing approximately 300 kilograms , even though Grévy's zebras can weigh up to 450 kilograms. In the latter species, males and females are similar in size, but in common zebras and mountain zebras males are slightly larger._ _The zebras have a total of forty teeth: twelve incisors used to cut and tear off pieces of vegetation, four canines, twelve premolars and twelve molars, all used to grind the food before swallowing it._ _The zebras have an excellent sense of sight. It is believed that they can see in color. Like many ungulates, zebras have eyes on the sides of the head, giving it a wide visual angle. Zebras also have night vision, although it is not as advanced as that of most of its predators, but its good hearing makes up for it._ _Zebras have a great sense of hearing, and tend to have larger, rounder ears than horses. Like horses and other ungulates, zebras can turn their ears in almost any direction. In addition to good eyesight and hearing, zebras have a keen sense of taste and a sense of smell very sensitive to smoke, essential to survive fires._ _The average life expectancy of the zebras is about thirty years, although they can live up to forty years in captivity. In a natural state, where predators represent a constant threat to these animals, the average longevity is approximately twelve years._ # Evolution _For a long time it was believed that the first direct ancestor of the present equidae was Hyracotherium, a small perisodáctilo of the Eocene inferior and average of North America and Eurasia, but at the moment it has classified to him within the family of the paleotéridos, ancestors as much of the equidae as of the brontoterios, it was similar in size to the foxes (250-450 mm tall), with a relatively short head and neck and an arched back. He had forty-four teeth, with a dental formula typical of a mammal that feeds off the branches or top of the grass: three incisors, one canine, four premolars and three molars on each side of the maxilla. He used his teeth to grind the soft leaves and the fruits he fed on._ <center>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/HyracotheriumVasacciensisLikeHorse.JPG</center> Image source :[https://upload.wikimedia.org](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/HyracotheriumVasacciensisLikeHorse.JPG) _When the climate changed and the forests opened at the beginning of the Oligocene, plains of grass and meadows began to appear, and in response to the change of environment, the equids also changed and developed more robust teeth, increased the size of their bodies and that of its legs, becoming faster animals. The North American genus Mesohippus walked on three fingers on each leg; He still had the first and the fifth fingers, but he did not use them to walk. The third finger was stronger and heavier than the others. Its long and slender legs allow to deduce that it was an agile and fast animal. One of the innovations of Mesohippus was that it had six posterior teeth, a feature that all subsequent equids would retain._ <div class=”text-justify”> <div class="pull-left"><center><img src=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Mother_and_baby_zebra.jpg/><a href=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Mother_and_baby_zebra.jpg>Image soyrce:A mare and her foal </a></center></div> <p><center><H3>Reproduction</H3></center><p> _As in most animal species, females reach sexual maturity before males, and may have their first foal at the age of three. Males can not breed until they are five or six years old. Mares can give birth to a foal every twelve months, which is the length of gestation. They take care of the offspring for a maximum of one year. Like horses, zebras are able to stand, walk and nurse shortly after birth.At birth, a zebra foal is brown and white instead of black and white. Almost always a single colt is born, but on extremely rare occasions twins may be born._ _In the case of mountain zebras and common zebras, the foals are protected by their mother, as well as by the male and other mares of the group. On the other hand, Grévy's zebra foals only have their mother as their usual protector, since, as mentioned above, the groups of this species usually disperse after a few months. The protection of the foals is especially relevant for these animals, since the offspring are an easy prey for the predators and half of them do not survive the first year of life despite the efforts of their mother and the male of the group. Another danger to foals is that they have observed infanticide and feticide among zebras, although this behavior has only been observed in specimens in captivity._ </div> # Behavior _Like most equidae, zebras are highly sociable. Even so, its social structure depends on the species. Mountain zebras and common zebras live in groups, known as "harems", which consist of a male with up to six mares and their foals. Non-dominant males either live alone or with other non-dominant males, until they are large enough to challenge a dominant male. When a group of zebras is attacked by hyenas or wild dogs, the mares are grouped with the foals in the middle while the male tries to scare away the attackers._ _When a rival male tries to overthrow the dominant male, he challenges him by touching the opponent's nose with his or rubbing his back against his. This is a type of force demonstration designed to scare the opponent. If he does not give up, they start to fight, biting his neck and legs or, in extreme cases, kicking himself; These combats are more dangerous than most combats of this kind in the animal world, and a zebra can end up badly injured. The hierarchy of the group is reflected in the order in which its members walk; in front of everything, the oldest mare with her foals walks, then the other females come in order of age, also with their foals, and the male is the one who closes the group._ <center>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Tanzanian_Animals.jpg</center> Image source :[https://upload.wikimedia.org](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Tanzanian_Animals.jpg) _Unlike the other zebra species, Grevy's zebras have no permanent social ties. Groups of this type of zebra rarely stay together for more than a few months. The young remain with their mother, while the adult males live alone. Even so, as in the other two species, non-dominant males are organized in groups. In cases of food shortages, many members of this species can congregate around a food source, giving the impression that they form a herd._ # Food _Zebras are exclusively herbivorous mammals that eat mostly in the morning and in the afternoon, replenishing at noon. They are animals that feed on coarse grass, leaves and buds, and eat bark and branches. Their well-adapted digestive system allows them to subsist on a diet of lower nutritional quality than that needed by other herbivores, but it is also less efficient, forcing zebras to spend more than half the time eating._ _Zebras can move about twenty kilometers in a day in search of food, but at the end of the day they usually return to their point of origin. Even so, the herds of zebras make a much more important annual migration, which coincides with the dry season and which many other African mammals also make and represent a movement of hundreds of thousands of animals at once._ </center>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/L15zebras.jpg</center> Image source:[https://upload.wikimedia.org](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/L15zebras.jpg ) ## Attempts of domestication _Zebras have been tried as riding animals, because they are more resistant to African diseases than horses. Even so, most of these attempts failed, due to the more unpredictable nature of the zebras and their tendency to panic when they get nervous. For this reason, it is preferred to the cebroides (crosses between any species of zebra and a horse, pony, donkey or donkey) instead of pure zebras._ _The fourth Mughal Emperor Jahangir (r. 1605-1627) commissioned a painting of zebras. In this painting, made by Ustad Mansur, the zebra is represented with stirrups. In England, the animal collector Lord Rothschild often used zebras to move his carriage. In 1907, Rosendo Ribeiro, the first doctor in Nairobi (Kenya), used a saddle zebra for home visits. In the mid-1800s, Governor George Gray imported zebras to New Zealand from his former South African jurisdiction, and used them to move his carriage to his private island, Kawau Island._ <center>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/WalterRothschildWithZebras.jpg</center> Image source: [https://upload.wikimedia.org](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/WalterRothschildWithZebras.jpg) _Captain Horace Hayes, in "Points of the Horse" (circa 1899), compared the usefulness of different zebra species. Hayes put a chair and a bridle on a mountain zebra in less than an hour, but he did not manage to feed it the two days he had it. He remarked that the zebra's neck was so stiff and strong that it was not able to twist it in any direction. Even though he taught her how to do what she wanted on a circus track, when she pulled it out she was unable to control it. He found the common zebra easy to tame and considered it ideal to domesticate it, as it is also immune to the bite of the tsetse fly. He considered the quagga easy to tame because it was stronger, meek and more like horses than the other zebras._ _In the chapter "9. Zebras and Unhappy Marriages" in his book "Weapons, germs and steel", J. Diamond also makes reference to the difficulty of domestication of the zebras:_ >Any species of mammal that is large enough is capable of killing a human being. However, some large animals have much more unpleasant dispositions and are more incurably dangerous than others.The four African zebra species are even worse. Attempts to domesticate went to the extreme of hooking them to cars: they were tested as draft animals in South Africa in the 19th century, the eccentric Lord Water Rothschild paraded through the streets of London in a carriage pulled by zebras. Unfortunately, zebras become terribly dangerous as they get older. [...] The zebra has the unpleasant habit of biting a person and not letting go. In the US, zebras injure more zookeepers every year than the tigers themselves. Zebras are also practically impossible to link with a rope -even for cowboys who win rodeo championships capturing with their bows to horses-, due to their ability to foolproof to observe the end of the rope flying towards them and then duck your head and dodge it. Hence, it has rarely (if ever) been possible to saddle or assemble a zebra, so the enthusiasm of the South Africans for their domestication disappeared. ## Previous article: [THE WHITE TIGER - A LOOK AT THE HISTORY OF ANIMALS WITHOUT COLOR - PART I](https://steemit.com/animal/@geoestacion/the-white-tiger-a-look-at-the-history-of-animals-without-color-part-i) ## Bibliography : - Jorge Hernández (January 9, 2.017). «What do zebras feed on?». Retrieved on February 15, 2017. - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Zebra -   «Plains Zebra Equus burchelli.». Archived from the original on January 24, 2009. Retrieved on July 17, 2008.   Evidence of infanticide and feticide by males of common zebra in captivity - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra -   Groves, C.P. & Bello, H.B. 2004. New investigations where the taxonomy of the zebras genus Equus, subgenus Hippotigris. Mammalian Biology, 69: 182-196.   «Hyracotherium». Florida Museum of Natural History. Retrieved on July 12, 2008.  - https://www.livescience.com/27443-zebras.html - https://www.britannica.com/animal/zebra - Hunt, Kathleen (1995). Horse Evolution. TalkOrigins Archive.   «Cenozoic Palaeos: Oligocene». Palaeos Archived from the original on June 16, 2008. Retrieved on July 13, 2008. - https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/p/plains-zebra/
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titleTHE ZEBRA: A LOOK AT THE HISTORY OF ANIMALS WITHOUT COLOR - PART II
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      "body": "_Hello friends continuing with my publications regarding the animal label today I want to continue with part II of \"A LOOK AT THE HISTORY OF ANIMALS WITHOUT COLOR\", in this case today we will talk about the zebra a very important animal in history, which presents a great contrast for its various stripes as well as its evolution over time, I invite you to observe this interesting publication .._\n\n\n# Introduction\n\n_The word \"zebra\" does not represent an entity from the evolutionary point of view, but is an artificial grouping of three species that have in common the coloration with white and black stripes, which is not a derivative character, but primitive. The stripes also appear to a greater or lesser extent in the legs and backs of donkeys and wild horses, and are more pronounced in hybrids, as is the case with mules, showing that the presence of rays is an ancient character within the Equus genus, and not a derivative of a subgroup within it. Zebras, simply, have gone a step further in the development of stripes they already possessed, while horses and donkeys have tended to lose them or, at least, to mask them._\n\n<center>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Equus_burchelli_2.jpg</center>\n Image source:[https://upload.wikimedia.org](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Equus_burchelli_2.jpg)\n\n\n_Although the taxonomy of the zebras remains doubtful, certain studies, such as that of Debra K. Bennett (published under the expressive title \"The stripes do not make the zebra\"), indicate that the plain zebra and Grevy are sister species , but that the mountain zebra is more related to the horse than to these.In the current equidae, the traditional group formed by the African and Asian asses would be the only one with an evolutionary history behind it. The zebras are smaller than their relative the horse and very similar in appearance and in habits to the wild donkeys._\n\n_Zebras are one of the best-known animals in Africa, where they live in a variety of ecosystems, such as grass plains, savannas, forested regions or with shrubs, mountains and coastal hills. They are especially famous for their characteristic black and white stripes, which not only vary between species but also from one individual to the other, and for their erect crème. Unlike their closest relatives, horses and donkeys, zebras have never been truly domesticated._\n\n_With the exception of some common zebra populations that live in central Kenya, zebras live only in the southern half of the African continent. Although the regions of two different species may overlap, they do not cross because of the different number of chromosomes; Grevy's zebras are forty-six, common zebras forty-four and mountain zebras thirty-two._\n\n<div class=”text-justify”>\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img\nsrc=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Beautiful_Zebra_in_South_Africa.JPG/><a href=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Beautiful_Zebra_in_South_Africa.JPG>Image Sorce:Zebra in the Matecaña Zoo (Pereira) </a></center></div>\n<p><center><H3> Morphology</H3></center><p>\n\n</div>\n\n_Although the black and white stripes presented by zebras is a common feature, the three species of zebra have no closer relationship with each other than they do with other animals of the genus Equus. In addition, the common feature of the stripes is not so definitive either; one of the subspecies of common zebra, the extinct quagga only had stripes on its neck. On the other hand, there are other perissodactyls that also have stripes on their legs._\n\n_Although they have a morphology similar to that of horses, they are smaller, with an average size of 2.3 meters in length, 1.2-1.5 meters high on the cross and weighing approximately 300 kilograms , even though Grévy's zebras can weigh up to 450 kilograms. In the latter species, males and females are similar in size, but in common zebras and mountain zebras males are slightly larger._\n\n_The zebras have a total of forty teeth: twelve incisors used to cut and tear off pieces of vegetation, four canines, twelve premolars and twelve molars, all used to grind the food before swallowing it._\n\n_The zebras have an excellent sense of sight. It is believed that they can see in color. Like many ungulates, zebras have eyes on the sides of the head, giving it a wide visual angle. Zebras also have night vision, although it is not as advanced as that of most of its predators, but its good hearing makes up for it._\n\n_Zebras have a great sense of hearing, and tend to have larger, rounder ears than horses. Like horses and other ungulates, zebras can turn their ears in almost any direction. In addition to good eyesight and hearing, zebras have a keen sense of taste and a sense of smell very sensitive to smoke, essential to survive fires._\n\n_The average life expectancy of the zebras is about thirty years, although they can live up to forty years in captivity. In a natural state, where predators represent a constant threat to these animals, the average longevity is approximately twelve years._\n\n# Evolution\n\n_For a long time it was believed that the first direct ancestor of the present equidae was Hyracotherium, a small perisodáctilo of the Eocene inferior and average of North America and Eurasia, but at the moment it has classified to him within the family of the paleotéridos, ancestors as much of the equidae as of the brontoterios, it was similar in size to the foxes (250-450 mm tall), with a relatively short head and neck and an arched back. He had forty-four teeth, with a dental formula typical of a mammal that feeds off the branches or top of the grass: three incisors, one canine, four premolars and three molars on each side of the maxilla. He used his teeth to grind the soft leaves and the fruits he fed on._\n\n<center>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/HyracotheriumVasacciensisLikeHorse.JPG</center>\nImage source :[https://upload.wikimedia.org](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/HyracotheriumVasacciensisLikeHorse.JPG)\n\n_When the climate changed and the forests opened at the beginning of the Oligocene, plains of grass and meadows began to appear, and in response to the change of environment, the equids also changed and developed more robust teeth, increased the size of their bodies and that of its legs, becoming faster animals. The North American genus Mesohippus walked on three fingers on each leg; He still had the first and the fifth fingers, but he did not use them to walk. The third finger was stronger and heavier than the others. Its long and slender legs allow to deduce that it was an agile and fast animal. One of the innovations of Mesohippus was that it had six posterior teeth, a feature that all subsequent equids would retain._\n\n<div class=”text-justify”>\n<div class=\"pull-left\"><center><img\nsrc=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Mother_and_baby_zebra.jpg/><a href=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Mother_and_baby_zebra.jpg>Image soyrce:A mare and her foal </a></center></div>\n<p><center><H3>Reproduction</H3></center><p>\n\n\n_As in most animal species, females reach sexual maturity before males, and may have their first foal at the age of three. Males can not breed until they are five or six years old. Mares can give birth to a foal every twelve months, which is the length of gestation. They take care of the offspring for a maximum of one year. Like horses, zebras are able to stand, walk and nurse shortly after birth.At birth, a zebra foal is brown and white instead of black and white. Almost always a single colt is born, but on extremely rare occasions twins may be born._\n\n_In the case of mountain zebras and common zebras, the foals are protected by their mother, as well as by the male and other mares of the group. On the other hand, Grévy's zebra foals only have their mother as their usual protector, since, as mentioned above, the groups of this species usually disperse after a few months. The protection of the foals is especially relevant for these animals, since the offspring are an easy prey for the predators and half of them do not survive the first year of life despite the efforts of their mother and the male of the group. Another danger to foals is that they have observed infanticide and feticide among zebras, although this behavior has only been observed in specimens in captivity._\n</div>\n\n# Behavior\n\n_Like most equidae, zebras are highly sociable. Even so, its social structure depends on the species. Mountain zebras and common zebras live in groups, known as \"harems\", which consist of a male with up to six mares and their foals. Non-dominant males either live alone or with other non-dominant males, until they are large enough to challenge a dominant male. When a group of zebras is attacked by hyenas or wild dogs, the mares are grouped with the foals in the middle while the male tries to scare away the attackers._\n\n_When a rival male tries to overthrow the dominant male, he challenges him by touching the opponent's nose with his or rubbing his back against his. This is a type of force demonstration designed to scare the opponent. If he does not give up, they start to fight, biting his neck and legs or, in extreme cases, kicking himself; These combats are more dangerous than most combats of this kind in the animal world, and a zebra can end up badly injured. The hierarchy of the group is reflected in the order in which its members walk; in front of everything, the oldest mare with her foals walks, then the other females come in order of age, also with their foals, and the male is the one who closes the group._\n\n<center>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Tanzanian_Animals.jpg</center>\nImage source :[https://upload.wikimedia.org](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Tanzanian_Animals.jpg)\n\n_Unlike the other zebra species, Grevy's zebras have no permanent social ties. Groups of this type of zebra rarely stay together for more than a few months. The young remain with their mother, while the adult males live alone. Even so, as in the other two species, non-dominant males are organized in groups. In cases of food shortages, many members of this species can congregate around a food source, giving the impression that they form a herd._\n\n# Food\n\n_Zebras are exclusively herbivorous mammals that eat mostly in the morning and in the afternoon, replenishing at noon. They are animals that feed on coarse grass, leaves and buds, and eat bark and branches. Their well-adapted digestive system allows them to subsist on a diet of lower nutritional quality than that needed by other herbivores, but it is also less efficient, forcing zebras to spend more than half the time eating._\n\n_Zebras can move about twenty kilometers in a day in search of food, but at the end of the day they usually return to their point of origin. Even so, the herds of zebras make a much more important annual migration, which coincides with the dry season and which many other African mammals also make and represent a movement of hundreds of thousands of animals at once._\n\n</center>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/L15zebras.jpg</center>\nImage source:[https://upload.wikimedia.org](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/L15zebras.jpg\n)\n\n## Attempts of domestication\n\n_Zebras have been tried as riding animals, because they are more resistant to African diseases than horses. Even so, most of these attempts failed, due to the more unpredictable nature of the zebras and their tendency to panic when they get nervous. For this reason, it is preferred to the cebroides (crosses between any species of zebra and a horse, pony, donkey or donkey) instead of pure zebras._\n\n_The fourth Mughal Emperor Jahangir (r. 1605-1627) commissioned a painting of zebras. In this painting, made by Ustad Mansur, the zebra is represented with stirrups. In England, the animal collector Lord Rothschild often used zebras to move his carriage. In 1907, Rosendo Ribeiro, the first doctor in Nairobi (Kenya), used a saddle zebra for home visits. In the mid-1800s, Governor George Gray imported zebras to New Zealand from his former South African jurisdiction, and used them to move his carriage to his private island, Kawau Island._\n\n<center>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/WalterRothschildWithZebras.jpg</center>\nImage source: [https://upload.wikimedia.org](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/WalterRothschildWithZebras.jpg)\n\n_Captain Horace Hayes, in \"Points of the Horse\" (circa 1899), compared the usefulness of different zebra species. Hayes put a chair and a bridle on a mountain zebra in less than an hour, but he did not manage to feed it the two days he had it. He remarked that the zebra's neck was so stiff and strong that it was not able to twist it in any direction. Even though he taught her how to do what she wanted on a circus track, when she pulled it out she was unable to control it. He found the common zebra easy to tame and considered it ideal to domesticate it, as it is also immune to the bite of the tsetse fly. He considered the quagga easy to tame because it was stronger, meek and more like horses than the other zebras._\n\n_In the chapter \"9. Zebras and Unhappy Marriages\" in his book \"Weapons, germs and steel\", J. Diamond also makes reference to the difficulty of domestication of the zebras:_\n\n>Any species of mammal that is large enough is capable of killing a human being. However, some large animals have much more unpleasant dispositions and are more incurably dangerous than others.The four African zebra species are even worse. Attempts to domesticate went to the extreme of hooking them to cars: they were tested as draft animals in South Africa in the 19th century, the eccentric Lord Water Rothschild paraded through the streets of London in a carriage pulled by zebras. Unfortunately, zebras become terribly dangerous as they get older. [...] The zebra has the unpleasant habit of biting a person and not letting go. In the US, zebras injure more zookeepers every year than the tigers themselves. Zebras are also practically impossible to link with a rope -even for cowboys who win rodeo championships capturing with their bows to horses-, due to their ability to foolproof to observe the end of the rope flying towards them and then duck your head and dodge it. Hence, it has rarely (if ever) been possible to saddle or assemble a zebra, so the enthusiasm of the South Africans for their domestication disappeared.\n\n## Previous article:\n\n[THE WHITE TIGER - A LOOK AT THE HISTORY OF ANIMALS WITHOUT COLOR - PART I](https://steemit.com/animal/@geoestacion/the-white-tiger-a-look-at-the-history-of-animals-without-color-part-i)\n## Bibliography :\n\n- Jorge Hernández (January 9, 2.017). «What do zebras feed on?». Retrieved on February 15, 2017.\n\n- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Zebra\n-   «Plains Zebra Equus burchelli.». Archived from the original on January 24, 2009. Retrieved on July 17, 2008.\n  Evidence of infanticide and feticide by males of common zebra in captivity\n\n- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra\n-   Groves, C.P. & Bello, H.B. 2004. New investigations where the taxonomy of the zebras genus Equus, subgenus Hippotigris. Mammalian Biology, 69: 182-196.\n  «Hyracotherium». Florida Museum of Natural History. Retrieved on July 12, 2008.\n\n - https://www.livescience.com/27443-zebras.html\n- https://www.britannica.com/animal/zebra\n - Hunt, Kathleen (1995). Horse Evolution. TalkOrigins Archive.\n  «Cenozoic Palaeos: Oligocene». Palaeos Archived from the original on June 16, 2008. Retrieved on July 13, 2008.\n\n- https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/p/plains-zebra/",
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2018/05/05 20:28:36
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body@minnowbooster this is very good content, especially very educational
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2018/05/05 11:58:12
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body_Hello friends continuing with my publications regarding the animal label today I want to continue with part II of "A LOOK AT THE HISTORY OF ANIMALS WITHOUT COLOR", in this case today we will talk about the zebra a very important animal in history, which presents a great contrast for its various stripes as well as its evolution over time, I invite you to observe this interesting publication .._ # Introduction _The word "zebra" does not represent an entity from the evolutionary point of view, but is an artificial grouping of three species that have in common the coloration with white and black stripes, which is not a derivative character, but primitive. The stripes also appear to a greater or lesser extent in the legs and backs of donkeys and wild horses, and are more pronounced in hybrids, as is the case with mules, showing that the presence of rays is an ancient character within the Equus genus, and not a derivative of a subgroup within it. Zebras, simply, have gone a step further in the development of stripes they already possessed, while horses and donkeys have tended to lose them or, at least, to mask them._ <center>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Equus_burchelli_2.jpg</center> Image source:[https://upload.wikimedia.org](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Equus_burchelli_2.jpg) _Although the taxonomy of the zebras remains doubtful, certain studies, such as that of Debra K. Bennett (published under the expressive title "The stripes do not make the zebra"), indicate that the plain zebra and Grevy are sister species , but that the mountain zebra is more related to the horse than to these.In the current equidae, the traditional group formed by the African and Asian asses would be the only one with an evolutionary history behind it. The zebras are smaller than their relative the horse and very similar in appearance and in habits to the wild donkeys._ _Zebras are one of the best-known animals in Africa, where they live in a variety of ecosystems, such as grass plains, savannas, forested regions or with shrubs, mountains and coastal hills. They are especially famous for their characteristic black and white stripes, which not only vary between species but also from one individual to the other, and for their erect crème. Unlike their closest relatives, horses and donkeys, zebras have never been truly domesticated._ _With the exception of some common zebra populations that live in central Kenya, zebras live only in the southern half of the African continent. Although the regions of two different species may overlap, they do not cross because of the different number of chromosomes; Grevy's zebras are forty-six, common zebras forty-four and mountain zebras thirty-two._ <div class=”text-justify”> <div class="pull-right"><center><img src=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Beautiful_Zebra_in_South_Africa.JPG/><a href=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Beautiful_Zebra_in_South_Africa.JPG>Image Sorce:Zebra in the Matecaña Zoo (Pereira) </a></center></div> <p><center><H3> Morphology</H3></center><p> </div> _Although the black and white stripes presented by zebras is a common feature, the three species of zebra have no closer relationship with each other than they do with other animals of the genus Equus. In addition, the common feature of the stripes is not so definitive either; one of the subspecies of common zebra, the extinct quagga only had stripes on its neck. On the other hand, there are other perissodactyls that also have stripes on their legs._ _Although they have a morphology similar to that of horses, they are smaller, with an average size of 2.3 meters in length, 1.2-1.5 meters high on the cross and weighing approximately 300 kilograms , even though Grévy's zebras can weigh up to 450 kilograms. In the latter species, males and females are similar in size, but in common zebras and mountain zebras males are slightly larger._ _The zebras have a total of forty teeth: twelve incisors used to cut and tear off pieces of vegetation, four canines, twelve premolars and twelve molars, all used to grind the food before swallowing it._ _The zebras have an excellent sense of sight. It is believed that they can see in color. Like many ungulates, zebras have eyes on the sides of the head, giving it a wide visual angle. Zebras also have night vision, although it is not as advanced as that of most of its predators, but its good hearing makes up for it._ _Zebras have a great sense of hearing, and tend to have larger, rounder ears than horses. Like horses and other ungulates, zebras can turn their ears in almost any direction. In addition to good eyesight and hearing, zebras have a keen sense of taste and a sense of smell very sensitive to smoke, essential to survive fires._ _The average life expectancy of the zebras is about thirty years, although they can live up to forty years in captivity. In a natural state, where predators represent a constant threat to these animals, the average longevity is approximately twelve years._ # Evolution _For a long time it was believed that the first direct ancestor of the present equidae was Hyracotherium, a small perisodáctilo of the Eocene inferior and average of North America and Eurasia, but at the moment it has classified to him within the family of the paleotéridos, ancestors as much of the equidae as of the brontoterios, it was similar in size to the foxes (250-450 mm tall), with a relatively short head and neck and an arched back. He had forty-four teeth, with a dental formula typical of a mammal that feeds off the branches or top of the grass: three incisors, one canine, four premolars and three molars on each side of the maxilla. He used his teeth to grind the soft leaves and the fruits he fed on._ <center>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/HyracotheriumVasacciensisLikeHorse.JPG</center> Image source :[https://upload.wikimedia.org](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/HyracotheriumVasacciensisLikeHorse.JPG) _When the climate changed and the forests opened at the beginning of the Oligocene, plains of grass and meadows began to appear, and in response to the change of environment, the equids also changed and developed more robust teeth, increased the size of their bodies and that of its legs, becoming faster animals. The North American genus Mesohippus walked on three fingers on each leg; He still had the first and the fifth fingers, but he did not use them to walk. The third finger was stronger and heavier than the others. Its long and slender legs allow to deduce that it was an agile and fast animal. One of the innovations of Mesohippus was that it had six posterior teeth, a feature that all subsequent equids would retain._ <div class=”text-justify”> <div class="pull-left"><center><img src=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Mother_and_baby_zebra.jpg/><a href=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Mother_and_baby_zebra.jpg>Image soyrce:A mare and her foal </a></center></div> <p><center><H3>Reproduction</H3></center><p> _As in most animal species, females reach sexual maturity before males, and may have their first foal at the age of three. Males can not breed until they are five or six years old. Mares can give birth to a foal every twelve months, which is the length of gestation. They take care of the offspring for a maximum of one year. Like horses, zebras are able to stand, walk and nurse shortly after birth.At birth, a zebra foal is brown and white instead of black and white. Almost always a single colt is born, but on extremely rare occasions twins may be born._ _In the case of mountain zebras and common zebras, the foals are protected by their mother, as well as by the male and other mares of the group. On the other hand, Grévy's zebra foals only have their mother as their usual protector, since, as mentioned above, the groups of this species usually disperse after a few months. The protection of the foals is especially relevant for these animals, since the offspring are an easy prey for the predators and half of them do not survive the first year of life despite the efforts of their mother and the male of the group. Another danger to foals is that they have observed infanticide and feticide among zebras, although this behavior has only been observed in specimens in captivity._ </div> # Behavior _Like most equidae, zebras are highly sociable. Even so, its social structure depends on the species. Mountain zebras and common zebras live in groups, known as "harems", which consist of a male with up to six mares and their foals. Non-dominant males either live alone or with other non-dominant males, until they are large enough to challenge a dominant male. When a group of zebras is attacked by hyenas or wild dogs, the mares are grouped with the foals in the middle while the male tries to scare away the attackers._ _When a rival male tries to overthrow the dominant male, he challenges him by touching the opponent's nose with his or rubbing his back against his. This is a type of force demonstration designed to scare the opponent. If he does not give up, they start to fight, biting his neck and legs or, in extreme cases, kicking himself; These combats are more dangerous than most combats of this kind in the animal world, and a zebra can end up badly injured. The hierarchy of the group is reflected in the order in which its members walk; in front of everything, the oldest mare with her foals walks, then the other females come in order of age, also with their foals, and the male is the one who closes the group._ <center>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Tanzanian_Animals.jpg</center> Image source :[https://upload.wikimedia.org](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Tanzanian_Animals.jpg) _Unlike the other zebra species, Grevy's zebras have no permanent social ties. Groups of this type of zebra rarely stay together for more than a few months. The young remain with their mother, while the adult males live alone. Even so, as in the other two species, non-dominant males are organized in groups. In cases of food shortages, many members of this species can congregate around a food source, giving the impression that they form a herd._ # Food _Zebras are exclusively herbivorous mammals that eat mostly in the morning and in the afternoon, replenishing at noon. They are animals that feed on coarse grass, leaves and buds, and eat bark and branches. Their well-adapted digestive system allows them to subsist on a diet of lower nutritional quality than that needed by other herbivores, but it is also less efficient, forcing zebras to spend more than half the time eating._ _Zebras can move about twenty kilometers in a day in search of food, but at the end of the day they usually return to their point of origin. Even so, the herds of zebras make a much more important annual migration, which coincides with the dry season and which many other African mammals also make and represent a movement of hundreds of thousands of animals at once._ </center>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/L15zebras.jpg</center> Image source:[https://upload.wikimedia.org](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/L15zebras.jpg ) ## Attempts of domestication _Zebras have been tried as riding animals, because they are more resistant to African diseases than horses. Even so, most of these attempts failed, due to the more unpredictable nature of the zebras and their tendency to panic when they get nervous. For this reason, it is preferred to the cebroides (crosses between any species of zebra and a horse, pony, donkey or donkey) instead of pure zebras._ _The fourth Mughal Emperor Jahangir (r. 1605-1627) commissioned a painting of zebras. In this painting, made by Ustad Mansur, the zebra is represented with stirrups. In England, the animal collector Lord Rothschild often used zebras to move his carriage. In 1907, Rosendo Ribeiro, the first doctor in Nairobi (Kenya), used a saddle zebra for home visits. In the mid-1800s, Governor George Gray imported zebras to New Zealand from his former South African jurisdiction, and used them to move his carriage to his private island, Kawau Island._ <center>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/WalterRothschildWithZebras.jpg</center> Image source: [https://upload.wikimedia.org](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/WalterRothschildWithZebras.jpg) _Captain Horace Hayes, in "Points of the Horse" (circa 1899), compared the usefulness of different zebra species. Hayes put a chair and a bridle on a mountain zebra in less than an hour, but he did not manage to feed it the two days he had it. He remarked that the zebra's neck was so stiff and strong that it was not able to twist it in any direction. Even though he taught her how to do what she wanted on a circus track, when she pulled it out she was unable to control it. He found the common zebra easy to tame and considered it ideal to domesticate it, as it is also immune to the bite of the tsetse fly. He considered the quagga easy to tame because it was stronger, meek and more like horses than the other zebras._ _In the chapter "9. Zebras and Unhappy Marriages" in his book "Weapons, germs and steel", J. Diamond also makes reference to the difficulty of domestication of the zebras:_ >Any species of mammal that is large enough is capable of killing a human being. However, some large animals have much more unpleasant dispositions and are more incurably dangerous than others.The four African zebra species are even worse. Attempts to domesticate went to the extreme of hooking them to cars: they were tested as draft animals in South Africa in the 19th century, the eccentric Lord Water Rothschild paraded through the streets of London in a carriage pulled by zebras. Unfortunately, zebras become terribly dangerous as they get older. [...] The zebra has the unpleasant habit of biting a person and not letting go. In the US, zebras injure more zookeepers every year than the tigers themselves. Zebras are also practically impossible to link with a rope -even for cowboys who win rodeo championships capturing with their bows to horses-, due to their ability to foolproof to observe the end of the rope flying towards them and then duck your head and dodge it. Hence, it has rarely (if ever) been possible to saddle or assemble a zebra, so the enthusiasm of the South Africans for their domestication disappeared. ## Previous article: [THE WHITE TIGER - A LOOK AT THE HISTORY OF ANIMALS WITHOUT COLOR - PART I](https://steemit.com/animal/@geoestacion/the-white-tiger-a-look-at-the-history-of-animals-without-color-part-i) ## Bibliography : - Jorge Hernández (January 9, 2.017). «What do zebras feed on?». Retrieved on February 15, 2017. - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Zebra -   «Plains Zebra Equus burchelli.». Archived from the original on January 24, 2009. Retrieved on July 17, 2008.   Evidence of infanticide and feticide by males of common zebra in captivity - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra -   Groves, C.P. & Bello, H.B. 2004. New investigations where the taxonomy of the zebras genus Equus, subgenus Hippotigris. Mammalian Biology, 69: 182-196.   «Hyracotherium». Florida Museum of Natural History. Retrieved on July 12, 2008.  - https://www.livescience.com/27443-zebras.html - https://www.britannica.com/animal/zebra - Hunt, Kathleen (1995). Horse Evolution. TalkOrigins Archive.   «Cenozoic Palaeos: Oligocene». Palaeos Archived from the original on June 16, 2008. Retrieved on July 13, 2008. - https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/p/plains-zebra/
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      "body": "_Hello friends continuing with my publications regarding the animal label today I want to continue with part II of \"A LOOK AT THE HISTORY OF ANIMALS WITHOUT COLOR\", in this case today we will talk about the zebra a very important animal in history, which presents a great contrast for its various stripes as well as its evolution over time, I invite you to observe this interesting publication .._\n\n\n# Introduction\n\n_The word \"zebra\" does not represent an entity from the evolutionary point of view, but is an artificial grouping of three species that have in common the coloration with white and black stripes, which is not a derivative character, but primitive. The stripes also appear to a greater or lesser extent in the legs and backs of donkeys and wild horses, and are more pronounced in hybrids, as is the case with mules, showing that the presence of rays is an ancient character within the Equus genus, and not a derivative of a subgroup within it. Zebras, simply, have gone a step further in the development of stripes they already possessed, while horses and donkeys have tended to lose them or, at least, to mask them._\n\n<center>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Equus_burchelli_2.jpg</center>\n Image source:[https://upload.wikimedia.org](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Equus_burchelli_2.jpg)\n\n\n_Although the taxonomy of the zebras remains doubtful, certain studies, such as that of Debra K. Bennett (published under the expressive title \"The stripes do not make the zebra\"), indicate that the plain zebra and Grevy are sister species , but that the mountain zebra is more related to the horse than to these.In the current equidae, the traditional group formed by the African and Asian asses would be the only one with an evolutionary history behind it. The zebras are smaller than their relative the horse and very similar in appearance and in habits to the wild donkeys._\n\n_Zebras are one of the best-known animals in Africa, where they live in a variety of ecosystems, such as grass plains, savannas, forested regions or with shrubs, mountains and coastal hills. They are especially famous for their characteristic black and white stripes, which not only vary between species but also from one individual to the other, and for their erect crème. Unlike their closest relatives, horses and donkeys, zebras have never been truly domesticated._\n\n_With the exception of some common zebra populations that live in central Kenya, zebras live only in the southern half of the African continent. Although the regions of two different species may overlap, they do not cross because of the different number of chromosomes; Grevy's zebras are forty-six, common zebras forty-four and mountain zebras thirty-two._\n\n<div class=”text-justify”>\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img\nsrc=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Beautiful_Zebra_in_South_Africa.JPG/><a href=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Beautiful_Zebra_in_South_Africa.JPG>Image Sorce:Zebra in the Matecaña Zoo (Pereira) </a></center></div>\n<p><center><H3> Morphology</H3></center><p>\n\n</div>\n\n_Although the black and white stripes presented by zebras is a common feature, the three species of zebra have no closer relationship with each other than they do with other animals of the genus Equus. In addition, the common feature of the stripes is not so definitive either; one of the subspecies of common zebra, the extinct quagga only had stripes on its neck. On the other hand, there are other perissodactyls that also have stripes on their legs._\n\n_Although they have a morphology similar to that of horses, they are smaller, with an average size of 2.3 meters in length, 1.2-1.5 meters high on the cross and weighing approximately 300 kilograms , even though Grévy's zebras can weigh up to 450 kilograms. In the latter species, males and females are similar in size, but in common zebras and mountain zebras males are slightly larger._\n\n_The zebras have a total of forty teeth: twelve incisors used to cut and tear off pieces of vegetation, four canines, twelve premolars and twelve molars, all used to grind the food before swallowing it._\n\n_The zebras have an excellent sense of sight. It is believed that they can see in color. Like many ungulates, zebras have eyes on the sides of the head, giving it a wide visual angle. Zebras also have night vision, although it is not as advanced as that of most of its predators, but its good hearing makes up for it._\n\n_Zebras have a great sense of hearing, and tend to have larger, rounder ears than horses. Like horses and other ungulates, zebras can turn their ears in almost any direction. In addition to good eyesight and hearing, zebras have a keen sense of taste and a sense of smell very sensitive to smoke, essential to survive fires._\n\n_The average life expectancy of the zebras is about thirty years, although they can live up to forty years in captivity. In a natural state, where predators represent a constant threat to these animals, the average longevity is approximately twelve years._\n\n# Evolution\n\n_For a long time it was believed that the first direct ancestor of the present equidae was Hyracotherium, a small perisodáctilo of the Eocene inferior and average of North America and Eurasia, but at the moment it has classified to him within the family of the paleotéridos, ancestors as much of the equidae as of the brontoterios, it was similar in size to the foxes (250-450 mm tall), with a relatively short head and neck and an arched back. He had forty-four teeth, with a dental formula typical of a mammal that feeds off the branches or top of the grass: three incisors, one canine, four premolars and three molars on each side of the maxilla. He used his teeth to grind the soft leaves and the fruits he fed on._\n\n<center>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/HyracotheriumVasacciensisLikeHorse.JPG</center>\nImage source :[https://upload.wikimedia.org](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/HyracotheriumVasacciensisLikeHorse.JPG)\n\n_When the climate changed and the forests opened at the beginning of the Oligocene, plains of grass and meadows began to appear, and in response to the change of environment, the equids also changed and developed more robust teeth, increased the size of their bodies and that of its legs, becoming faster animals. The North American genus Mesohippus walked on three fingers on each leg; He still had the first and the fifth fingers, but he did not use them to walk. The third finger was stronger and heavier than the others. Its long and slender legs allow to deduce that it was an agile and fast animal. One of the innovations of Mesohippus was that it had six posterior teeth, a feature that all subsequent equids would retain._\n\n<div class=”text-justify”>\n<div class=\"pull-left\"><center><img\nsrc=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Mother_and_baby_zebra.jpg/><a href=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Mother_and_baby_zebra.jpg>Image soyrce:A mare and her foal </a></center></div>\n<p><center><H3>Reproduction</H3></center><p>\n\n\n_As in most animal species, females reach sexual maturity before males, and may have their first foal at the age of three. Males can not breed until they are five or six years old. Mares can give birth to a foal every twelve months, which is the length of gestation. They take care of the offspring for a maximum of one year. Like horses, zebras are able to stand, walk and nurse shortly after birth.At birth, a zebra foal is brown and white instead of black and white. Almost always a single colt is born, but on extremely rare occasions twins may be born._\n\n_In the case of mountain zebras and common zebras, the foals are protected by their mother, as well as by the male and other mares of the group. On the other hand, Grévy's zebra foals only have their mother as their usual protector, since, as mentioned above, the groups of this species usually disperse after a few months. The protection of the foals is especially relevant for these animals, since the offspring are an easy prey for the predators and half of them do not survive the first year of life despite the efforts of their mother and the male of the group. Another danger to foals is that they have observed infanticide and feticide among zebras, although this behavior has only been observed in specimens in captivity._\n</div>\n\n# Behavior\n\n_Like most equidae, zebras are highly sociable. Even so, its social structure depends on the species. Mountain zebras and common zebras live in groups, known as \"harems\", which consist of a male with up to six mares and their foals. Non-dominant males either live alone or with other non-dominant males, until they are large enough to challenge a dominant male. When a group of zebras is attacked by hyenas or wild dogs, the mares are grouped with the foals in the middle while the male tries to scare away the attackers._\n\n_When a rival male tries to overthrow the dominant male, he challenges him by touching the opponent's nose with his or rubbing his back against his. This is a type of force demonstration designed to scare the opponent. If he does not give up, they start to fight, biting his neck and legs or, in extreme cases, kicking himself; These combats are more dangerous than most combats of this kind in the animal world, and a zebra can end up badly injured. The hierarchy of the group is reflected in the order in which its members walk; in front of everything, the oldest mare with her foals walks, then the other females come in order of age, also with their foals, and the male is the one who closes the group._\n\n<center>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Tanzanian_Animals.jpg</center>\nImage source :[https://upload.wikimedia.org](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Tanzanian_Animals.jpg)\n\n_Unlike the other zebra species, Grevy's zebras have no permanent social ties. Groups of this type of zebra rarely stay together for more than a few months. The young remain with their mother, while the adult males live alone. Even so, as in the other two species, non-dominant males are organized in groups. In cases of food shortages, many members of this species can congregate around a food source, giving the impression that they form a herd._\n\n# Food\n\n_Zebras are exclusively herbivorous mammals that eat mostly in the morning and in the afternoon, replenishing at noon. They are animals that feed on coarse grass, leaves and buds, and eat bark and branches. Their well-adapted digestive system allows them to subsist on a diet of lower nutritional quality than that needed by other herbivores, but it is also less efficient, forcing zebras to spend more than half the time eating._\n\n_Zebras can move about twenty kilometers in a day in search of food, but at the end of the day they usually return to their point of origin. Even so, the herds of zebras make a much more important annual migration, which coincides with the dry season and which many other African mammals also make and represent a movement of hundreds of thousands of animals at once._\n\n</center>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/L15zebras.jpg</center>\nImage source:[https://upload.wikimedia.org](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/L15zebras.jpg\n)\n\n## Attempts of domestication\n\n_Zebras have been tried as riding animals, because they are more resistant to African diseases than horses. Even so, most of these attempts failed, due to the more unpredictable nature of the zebras and their tendency to panic when they get nervous. For this reason, it is preferred to the cebroides (crosses between any species of zebra and a horse, pony, donkey or donkey) instead of pure zebras._\n\n_The fourth Mughal Emperor Jahangir (r. 1605-1627) commissioned a painting of zebras. In this painting, made by Ustad Mansur, the zebra is represented with stirrups. In England, the animal collector Lord Rothschild often used zebras to move his carriage. In 1907, Rosendo Ribeiro, the first doctor in Nairobi (Kenya), used a saddle zebra for home visits. In the mid-1800s, Governor George Gray imported zebras to New Zealand from his former South African jurisdiction, and used them to move his carriage to his private island, Kawau Island._\n\n<center>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/WalterRothschildWithZebras.jpg</center>\nImage source: [https://upload.wikimedia.org](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/WalterRothschildWithZebras.jpg)\n\n_Captain Horace Hayes, in \"Points of the Horse\" (circa 1899), compared the usefulness of different zebra species. Hayes put a chair and a bridle on a mountain zebra in less than an hour, but he did not manage to feed it the two days he had it. He remarked that the zebra's neck was so stiff and strong that it was not able to twist it in any direction. Even though he taught her how to do what she wanted on a circus track, when she pulled it out she was unable to control it. He found the common zebra easy to tame and considered it ideal to domesticate it, as it is also immune to the bite of the tsetse fly. He considered the quagga easy to tame because it was stronger, meek and more like horses than the other zebras._\n\n_In the chapter \"9. Zebras and Unhappy Marriages\" in his book \"Weapons, germs and steel\", J. Diamond also makes reference to the difficulty of domestication of the zebras:_\n\n>Any species of mammal that is large enough is capable of killing a human being. However, some large animals have much more unpleasant dispositions and are more incurably dangerous than others.The four African zebra species are even worse. Attempts to domesticate went to the extreme of hooking them to cars: they were tested as draft animals in South Africa in the 19th century, the eccentric Lord Water Rothschild paraded through the streets of London in a carriage pulled by zebras. Unfortunately, zebras become terribly dangerous as they get older. [...] The zebra has the unpleasant habit of biting a person and not letting go. In the US, zebras injure more zookeepers every year than the tigers themselves. Zebras are also practically impossible to link with a rope -even for cowboys who win rodeo championships capturing with their bows to horses-, due to their ability to foolproof to observe the end of the rope flying towards them and then duck your head and dodge it. Hence, it has rarely (if ever) been possible to saddle or assemble a zebra, so the enthusiasm of the South Africans for their domestication disappeared.\n\n## Previous article:\n\n[THE WHITE TIGER - A LOOK AT THE HISTORY OF ANIMALS WITHOUT COLOR - PART I](https://steemit.com/animal/@geoestacion/the-white-tiger-a-look-at-the-history-of-animals-without-color-part-i)\n## Bibliography :\n\n- Jorge Hernández (January 9, 2.017). «What do zebras feed on?». Retrieved on February 15, 2017.\n\n- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Zebra\n-   «Plains Zebra Equus burchelli.». Archived from the original on January 24, 2009. Retrieved on July 17, 2008.\n  Evidence of infanticide and feticide by males of common zebra in captivity\n\n- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra\n-   Groves, C.P. & Bello, H.B. 2004. New investigations where the taxonomy of the zebras genus Equus, subgenus Hippotigris. Mammalian Biology, 69: 182-196.\n  «Hyracotherium». Florida Museum of Natural History. Retrieved on July 12, 2008.\n\n - https://www.livescience.com/27443-zebras.html\n- https://www.britannica.com/animal/zebra\n - Hunt, Kathleen (1995). Horse Evolution. TalkOrigins Archive.\n  «Cenozoic Palaeos: Oligocene». Palaeos Archived from the original on June 16, 2008. Retrieved on July 13, 2008.\n\n- https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/p/plains-zebra/",
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2018/04/30 00:48:39
authorsteemgridcoin
bodyThank you for your contribution. Dont forget to link references and sources when applicable! ======================================================================================= ======================================================================================= This post was upvoted and resteemed by Steemgridcoin with the aim of promoting discussions surrounding [**Gridcoin**](https://gridcoin.us/) and **science**. This service is free. You can learn more on how to help [here](https://steemit.com/gridcoin/@steemgridcoin/i-created-this-account-to-promote-discussions-within-the-community-and-perhaps-other-related-categories). Have a nice day. :)
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      "body": "Thank you for your contribution. Dont forget to link references and sources when applicable!\n=======================================================================================\n=======================================================================================\nThis post was upvoted and resteemed by Steemgridcoin with the aim of promoting discussions surrounding [**Gridcoin**](https://gridcoin.us/) and **science**.\n\nThis service is free. You can learn more on how to help [here](https://steemit.com/gridcoin/@steemgridcoin/i-created-this-account-to-promote-discussions-within-the-community-and-perhaps-other-related-categories).\n\nHave a nice day. :)",
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2018/04/29 19:31:21
authorgeoestacion
permlinkthe-white-tiger-a-look-at-the-history-of-animals-without-color-part-i
voterminnowsunite
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #21999430/Trx 4275b5a3e2016f0017bcfbf2e0061fdd3d678986
View Raw JSON Data
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Account Metadata

POSTING JSON METADATA
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JSON METADATA
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Auth Keys

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Single Signature
Public Keys
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Active
Single Signature
Public Keys
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Posting
Single Signature
Public Keys
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Memo
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Witness Votes

0 / 30
No active witness votes.
[]