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      "author": "steemcleaners",
      "body": "Source: http://list25.com/25-biological-differences-between-men-and-women/\nNot citing sources is plagiarism, and copying pasting articles without permission is copyright infringement. If you want to share a news story, simply link to the source, and include your original commentary, and possibly small quotes from the source. \nCopy paste is discouraged by the community, and may result in action from the [cheetah bot](https://steemit.com/steemitabuse/@cheetah/cheetah-bot-explained).\n\nCreative Commons: If you are reposting under a Creative Commons license, please attribute and link according to the specific license. If you are reposting under CC0 please consider noting that at the end of your post.\n\nIf you are actually the original author, please do reply to let us know!\n\nThank You! ☙",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"science\"],\"links\":[\"http://list25.com/25-biological-differences-between-men-and-women/\",\"https://steemit.com/steemitabuse/@cheetah/cheetah-bot-explained\"]}",
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      "author": "steemcleaners",
      "body": "Source: http://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/news/201607_Nesta_Pearson\n\nNot citing sources is plagiarism, and copying pasting articles without permission is copyright infringement. If you want to share a news story, simply link to the source, and include your original commentary, and possibly small quotes from the source. \nCopy paste is discouraged by the community, and may result in action from the [cheetah bot](https://steemit.com/steemitabuse/@cheetah/cheetah-bot-explained).\n\nCreative Commons: If you are reposting under a Creative Commons license, please attribute and link according to the specific license. If you are reposting under CC0 please consider noting that at the end of your post.\n\nIf you are actually the original author, please do reply to let us know!\n\nThank You! ☙",
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      "author": "steemcleaners",
      "body": "Source: http://uk.businessinsider.com/how-much-does-a-bullet-ant-sting-hurt-most-painful-stings-2016-8?r=US&IR=T/#bullet-ant-9\n\nNot citing sources is plagiarism, and copying pasting articles without permission is copyright infringement. If you want to share a news story, simply link to the source, and include your original commentary, and possibly small quotes from the source. \nCopy paste is discouraged by the community, and may result in action from the [cheetah bot](https://steemit.com/steemitabuse/@cheetah/cheetah-bot-explained).\n\nCreative Commons: If you are reposting under a Creative Commons license, please attribute and link according to the specific license. If you are reposting under CC0 please consider noting that at the end of your post.\n\nIf you are actually the original author, please do reply to let us know!\n\nThank You! ☙",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"insects\"],\"links\":[\"http://uk.businessinsider.com/how-much-does-a-bullet-ant-sting-hurt-most-painful-stings-2016-8?r=US&IR=T/#bullet-ant-9\",\"https://steemit.com/steemitabuse/@cheetah/cheetah-bot-explained\"]}",
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      "author": "fluffy",
      "body": "Thanks you.",
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      "author": "mindhunter",
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      "author": "fluffy",
      "body": "We all know that men and women are different from each other. That much is solidly within the world of fact. And many of those differences stem from our biology (there are a good amount that could be chalked up to our environment, but that isn’t the subject of this article). We all know this, but what exactly are those biological differences, apart from the obvious ones? Well, fortunately for us, doctors and scientists study things such as these. In healthcare, it is critically important to distinguish between men and women because they need different types of attention. From drug doses to emotional support, there are varying needs in every department which is why doctors and scientists study this so thoroughly. They have to make sure that both men and women receive the best level of care.\n \nFor our purposes today, however, we’re more concerned with finding out what exactly those biological differences are. At least the less-known ones. These are the differences that you were never aware of. They’re not obvious, but they exist. And they define at least a little bit of the difference between male and female. So, without further ado, these are 25 Biological Differences Between Men And Women That Aren’t Commonly Known!\n# 25 Most babies born with birth defects are male. If a female has a defect, she still has another copy of that X chromosome.\nhttp://cdn3.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/25-52-610x360.jpg\n# 24 Veins in males tend to be larger\nhttp://cdn.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/24-50-610x360.jpg\n# 23 Males are 4 times more likely to be autistic than females.\nhttp://cdn4.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/23-54-610x360.jpg\n# 22 Females tend to have more vertical foreheads, while males' foreheads tend to be sloped.\nhttp://cdn3.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/22-53-610x360.jpg\n# 21 In males, fat gets deposited between organs. In females, it forms a ring around the abdomen. This is why you can typically tell someone's sex from an MRI, and why liposuction is easier in females.\nhttp://cdn.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/21-53-610x360.jpg\n# 20 Perhaps unexpectedly, males have longer eyelashes on average.\nhttp://cdn.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/20-52-610x360.jpg\n# 19 The first finger of a female's hand is usually longer than the third. With males, it's usually the other way.\nhttp://cdn.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/19-51-610x360.jpg\n# 18 Only females can pass mitochondrial diseases on to their offspring.\nhttp://cdn3.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/18-53-610x360.jpg\n# 17 Males are 3 to 10 times more likely to stutter.\nhttp://cdn2.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/17-52-610x360.jpg\n# 16 Although both sexes lose hearing on either end of the spectrum, males tend to lose more hearing of high pitched sounds, while females tend to lose more hearing of low pitched sounds. People have noted that as time goes on, males and females literally lose the ability to hear each other (it's a joke).\nhttp://cdn2.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/16-53-610x360.jpg\n# 15 Females are significantly better at distinguishing between shades of various colors than males.\nhttp://cdn.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/15-51-610x360.jpg\n# 14 Blood flow is more evenly distributed in the male body. In females it is concentrated around core organs and the pelvic region. \nhttp://cdn3.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/14-54-610x360.jpg\n# 13 There are about 1,000 genes that vary between males and females with regards to the liver. This is why the sexes process everything from alcohol to Tylenol at different rates.\nhttp://cdn4.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/13-53-610x360.jpg\n# 12 Females tend to have a broader face than males\nhttp://cdn2.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/12-51-610x360.jpg\n# 11 The external occipital protuberance (the bump on the back of your skull) is bigger in males than in females.\nhttp://cdn.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/11-53-610x360.jpg\n# 10 The male jaw bone is heavier than the female jaw bone.\nhttp://cdn2.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/10-53-610x360.jpg\n# 09 Some studies have found men to have more standard deviation in IQ. This has been spun by the media to partially account for why both more mentally handicapped individuals as well as geniuses tend to be male. (note: the media tends to draw more conclusions from inconclusive studies than scientists do.)\nhttp://cdn4.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/9-53-610x360.jpg\n# 08 Women tend to gather a greater proportion of their energy from aerobic respiration; men tend to spend more time in anaerobic respiration, relatively speaking.\nhttp://cdn3.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/8-53-610x360.jpg\n# 07 The top edge of the eye socket is much sharper in females than in males.\nhttp://cdn2.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/7-52-610x360.jpg\n# 06 Females have better peripheral vision than males, while males are typically better at scanning. This is thought to have evolutionary origins (hunters vs gatherers).\nhttp://cdn2.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/6-53-610x360.jpg\n# 05 During heart attacks, males experience the \"classic\" symptoms like chest and jaw pain, while for females the symptoms can be quite diverse. In fact, it can often be confused for heart burn.\nhttp://cdn4.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/5-53-610x360.jpg\n# 04 Females' blood contains more water and about 20% less red cells.\nhttp://cdn4.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/4-52-610x360.jpg\n# 03 Although female brains are better at many other tasks, male brains are geared towards giving them better spacial cognition.\nhttp://cdn3.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/3-52-610x360.jpg\n# 02 Females tend to get motion sickness more easily, especially if they are pregnant.\nhttp://cdn3.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/2-53-610x360.jpg\n# 01 Males die more from almost every disease except breast cancer, female reproduction disorders, and benign tumors.\nhttp://cdn.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/1-53-610x360.jpg",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"science\",\"medicine\",\"facts\",\"men\",\"women\"],\"image\":[\"http://cdn3.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/25-52-610x360.jpg\",\"http://cdn.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/24-50-610x360.jpg\",\"http://cdn4.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/23-54-610x360.jpg\",\"http://cdn3.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/22-53-610x360.jpg\",\"http://cdn.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/21-53-610x360.jpg\",\"http://cdn.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/20-52-610x360.jpg\",\"http://cdn.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/19-51-610x360.jpg\",\"http://cdn3.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/18-53-610x360.jpg\",\"http://cdn2.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/17-52-610x360.jpg\",\"http://cdn2.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/16-53-610x360.jpg\",\"http://cdn.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/15-51-610x360.jpg\",\"http://cdn3.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/14-54-610x360.jpg\",\"http://cdn4.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/13-53-610x360.jpg\",\"http://cdn2.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/12-51-610x360.jpg\",\"http://cdn.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/11-53-610x360.jpg\",\"http://cdn2.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/10-53-610x360.jpg\",\"http://cdn4.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/9-53-610x360.jpg\",\"http://cdn3.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/8-53-610x360.jpg\",\"http://cdn2.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/7-52-610x360.jpg\",\"http://cdn2.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/6-53-610x360.jpg\",\"http://cdn4.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/5-53-610x360.jpg\",\"http://cdn4.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/4-52-610x360.jpg\",\"http://cdn3.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/3-52-610x360.jpg\",\"http://cdn3.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/2-53-610x360.jpg\",\"http://cdn.list25.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/1-53-610x360.jpg\"]}",
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      "title": "25 Biological Differences Between Men And Women That Aren’t Commonly Known"
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      "author": "steemcleaners",
      "body": "Source- http://www.marketwatch.com/story/5-factors-that-could-turn-america-into-another-collapsed-empire-2016-06-06\n\nNot citing sources is plagiarism, and copying pasting articles without permission is copyright infringement.\n\n If you want to share a news story, simply link to the source, include your original commentary, and possibly small quotes from the source. \n\nCopy paste is discouraged by the community, and may result in action from the [cheetah bot](https://steemit.com/steemitabuse/@cheetah/cheetah-bot-explained).\n\nCreative Commons: If you are reposting under a Creative Commons license, please attribute and link according to the specific license. If you are reposting under CC0 please consider noting that at the end of your post.\n\nIf you are actually the original author, please do reply to let us know!",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"usa\"],\"links\":[\"http://www.marketwatch.com/story/5-factors-that-could-turn-america-into-another-collapsed-empire-2016-06-06\",\"https://steemit.com/steemitabuse/@cheetah/cheetah-bot-explained\"]}",
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      "body": "http://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/images/_cache/AdobeStock_1000366801_banner_sm.jpg\n\nMichael Osborne, Co-Director of the Oxford Martin Programme on Technology and Employment, has joined forces with learning company Pearson and innovation foundation Nesta for a new research partnership to provide businesses, governments and education experts with new insights and evidence about the skills and competencies which will be required in the future economy.  \n\nThrough ***Employment in 2030: Skills, Competencies & the Implications for Learning***, the research team will provide recommendations for how education, job training and other workforce development efforts in the US and UK can shift practice today in an attempt to better prepare the workforce of tomorrow.  \n\nAt the heart of the research are two cutting-edge methodologies that are rarely combined:\n\n* foresight exercises featuring sector experts who will examine the trends that will shape the jobs market in the future, how they will interact, and what that means for the demand for different types of jobs; and\n* a machine learning algorithm deployed on O*NET data (a US Department of Labor occupational database that offers a wealth of insights into the skills and competencies required for nearly 1000 occupations).\nThrough this novel methodology the research team will be able to predict the likely demand for different skills, and skill combinations, for the jobs economy of 2030. \n\nThe project builds on Carl Benedikt Frey and Osborne's seminal 2013 paper, The Future Of Employment, in which they predicted that up to about 47 percent of total US employment is at risk from computerisation.\n\n\"I am optimistic that there will still be plenty of good jobs available in fifteen years’ time, but it's clear that many of these will require mixes and depths of skills that are currently rare,\" said Associate Professor Osborne. \"To plan for this, we need greater insight into what these skill combinations will be. We also need learning - across ages and stages - to begin to prepare for these probable futures.\"\n\nThe partnership also extends the existing collaboration between Michael Osborne, Carl Benedikt Frey and Hasan Bakhshi, Senior Director of Creative Economy and Data Analytics at Nesta, who said the research would help answer \"some of the most pressing questions education faces.\"\n\nHe added: \"By extending beyond the effects of automation to examine the wider set of profound trends that will shape the demand for skills in 2030, and by coupling expert foresight exercises with machine learning, we will be able to surface novel insights that policy makers and practitioners can have the confidence to act on.” \n\nPearson and, Nesta and the Oxford Martin School will share the findings of this research publicly in order to facilitate dialogue with educators, policymakers and others who seek to understand the impact of technological advancements on the future jobs economy, and the implications for how education can best be organized to prepare learners today for the jobs of tomorrow.\n\nMichael Barber, Chief Education Advisor to Pearson, said: “Businesses, governments and schools are struggling to adapt to the pace of change required to prepare the workforce of tomorrow.  This world-class research partnership provides an opportunity for us to learn now about the skills and competencies that will be needed tomorrow - and to prepare accordingly.”",
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      "title": "What skills will you need to secure a job in 2030?"
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      "body": "Early in his career, Justin Schmidt realized he had a problem.\nSchmidt, a budding entomologist, and his zoologist wife had just returned to the University of Georgia from a trip around the country.\nThey'd been collecting different species of harvester ants, \"nasty stinging insects whose venom chemistry was unknown,\" as he describes them in his fascinating new book, \"The Sting of the Wild.\"\nTo learn the details of the venom for his dissertation, they had to analyze incredibly large numbers of the creatures, which meant getting up close and personal with them.\nhttp://static5.businessinsider.com/image/57c04e1cb996eb5d128b49bc-1089/schmidt_justin_au.jpg\n*The Sting of the Wild/Johns Hopkins University Press*\n\nDebbie, Schmidt's wife, describes her first harvester sting in the book as a \"deep ripping and tearing pain, as if someone were reaching below the skin and ripping muscles and tendons; except the ripping continued with each crescendo of pain.\"\n\nAfter collecting buckets of the creatures, the plan was to analyze them and compare the venoms from different specimens. To assess venom, Schmidt needed to evaluate both toxicity and pain. Toxicity was straightforward — already existing measures could be used. But there was no existing scale to measure the pain of insect stings.\n\nThus was born the \"Schmidt Pain Scale for Stinging Insects.\" It was a four-point system, anchored by the well-known sting of a honey bee (rating a two), something people all over the world could be familiar with. To go up or down a full point, a sting had to be discernably more or less painful than the stings on another level. Half points could be used for pricks that fell somewhere between levels.\n\nOver the years, Schmidt added new species to the list. He mostly didn't try to get stung. It just happened, more than 1,000 times, from at least 83 different species that have been evaluated on the index.\n\nWe've picked out insects that will illustrate the full scope of the scale, including a few that demonstrate the worst of the worst:\n# Red fire ant\nhttp://static1.businessinsider.com/image/57c044deb996eb57128b49b1-1200/red-fire-ant.jpg\n\nScientific name: Solenopsis invicta\nRange: Native to South America\nDescription: \"Sharp, sudden, mildly alarming. Like walking across a shag carpet and reaching for the light switch.\"\nPain level: 1\n# Western cicada killer\nhttp://static2.businessinsider.com/image/57c0467db996eb98008b4a4d-1200/western-cicada-killer.jpg\n\nScientific name: Sphecius grandis\nRange: North America\nDescription: \"Pain at first sight. Like poison oak, the more your rub, the worse it gets.\"\nPain level: 1.5\n# Western honey bee\nhttp://static1.businessinsider.com/image/57c047e8b996eb26008b4a61-1200/western-honey-bee.jpg\n\nScientific name: Apis mellifera\nRange: Native to Africa and Europe\nDescription: \"Burning, corrosive, but you can handle it. A flaming match head lands on your arm and is quenched first with lye and then sulfuric acid.\"\nPain level: 2\n# Western yellowjacket\nhttp://static2.businessinsider.com/image/57c0488f09d29323008b4a35-1200/western-yellowjacket.jpg\n\nScientific name: Vespula pensylvanica\nRange: North America\nDescription: \"Hot and smoky, almost irreverent. Imagine W.C. Fields extinguishing a cigar on your tongue.\"\nPain level: 2\n# Fierce black polybia wasp\nhttp://static3.businessinsider.com/image/57c049df09d29324008b4a45-1200/fierce-black-polybia-wasp.jpg\n\nScientific name: Polybia simillima\nRange: Central America\nDescription: \"A ritual gone wrong, satanic. The gas lamp in the old church explodes in your face when you light it.\"\nPain level: 2.5\n# Velvet ant (technically a wasp)\nhttp://static6.businessinsider.com/image/57c060d009d293ce178b4a12-1200/velvet-ant-technically-a-wasp.jpg\n\nScientific name: Dasymutilla klugii\nRange: North America\nDescription: \"Explosive and long lasting, you sound insane as you scream. Hot oil from the deep frying spilling over your entire hand.\"\nPain level: 3\n# Florida harvester ant\nhttp://static1.businessinsider.com/image/57c04b6e09d293ce178b4982-1200/florida-harvester-ant.jpg\n\nScientific name: Pogonomyrmex badius\nRange: North America\nDescription: \"Bold and unrelenting. Somebody is using a power drill to excavate your ingrown toenail.\"\nPain level: 3\n# Tarantula hawk\nhttp://static5.businessinsider.com/image/57c04c71b996eb26008b4a7c-1200/tarantula-hawk.jpg\n\nScientific name: Pepsis spp.\nRange: North America, Central America, and South America\nDescription: \"Blinding, fierce, shockingly electric. A running hair dryer has just been dropped into your bubble bath.\"\nPain level: 4\n# Bullet ant\nhttp://static4.businessinsider.com/image/57c04de0b996eb0e228b48dd-1200/bullet-ant.jpg\n\nScientific name: Paraponera clavata\nRange: Central America and South America\nDescription: \"Pure, intense, brilliant pain. Like walking over a flaming charcoal with a 3-inch nail embedded in your heel.\"\nPain level: 4\n# Warrior (or armadillo) wasp\nhttp://static1.businessinsider.com/image/57c04be9b996eb93008b4a65-1200/warrior-or-armadillo-wasp.jpg\n\nScientific name: Synoeca septentrionalis\nRange: Central America and South America\nDescription: \"Torture. You are chained in the flow of an active volcano. Why did I start this list?\"\nPain level: 4",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"insects\",\"nature\",\"science\"],\"image\":[\"http://static5.businessinsider.com/image/57c04e1cb996eb5d128b49bc-1089/schmidt_justin_au.jpg\",\"http://static1.businessinsider.com/image/57c044deb996eb57128b49b1-1200/red-fire-ant.jpg\",\"http://static2.businessinsider.com/image/57c0467db996eb98008b4a4d-1200/western-cicada-killer.jpg\",\"http://static1.businessinsider.com/image/57c047e8b996eb26008b4a61-1200/western-honey-bee.jpg\",\"http://static2.businessinsider.com/image/57c0488f09d29323008b4a35-1200/western-yellowjacket.jpg\",\"http://static3.businessinsider.com/image/57c049df09d29324008b4a45-1200/fierce-black-polybia-wasp.jpg\",\"http://static6.businessinsider.com/image/57c060d009d293ce178b4a12-1200/velvet-ant-technically-a-wasp.jpg\",\"http://static1.businessinsider.com/image/57c04b6e09d293ce178b4982-1200/florida-harvester-ant.jpg\",\"http://static5.businessinsider.com/image/57c04c71b996eb26008b4a7c-1200/tarantula-hawk.jpg\",\"http://static4.businessinsider.com/image/57c04de0b996eb0e228b48dd-1200/bullet-ant.jpg\",\"http://static1.businessinsider.com/image/57c04be9b996eb93008b4a65-1200/warrior-or-armadillo-wasp.jpg\"]}",
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      "author": "fluffy",
      "body": "http://mixednews.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/maxresdefault.jpg\n\nHave you ever met an Ottoman? Or a Habsburg? Neither have I.\n\nLike a chopped-up Magritte painting, all that is left of the Habsburgs is a homburg hat. Yet in the 1800s, the Ottoman and Habsburg Empires controlled a huge chunk of the modern world. One in 10 Americans can trace his or her heritage to Habsburg lands, which spanned most of middle Europe from Poland down to Dracula’s castle in Transylvania.\n\nMany people have written about poor countries that have fallen apart. But rich nations fall apart, too. In fact, nations are just as likely to unravel after periods of prosperity as after periods of depression. The 2016 presidential campaign appears so bitter precisely because so many Americans worry that the “other” party’s candidate will annihilate the nation.\n\nI have found five forces that undermine nations after they achieve economic success — and they are biting down on the U.S. today. We have little time to spare to renew the nation. Whichever candidate wins in November better come up with tough and effective solutions.\n\n# Falling birthrates\n\nAs countries grow rich, people have fewer babies. (The average American women now gives birth to just 1.89 children.) To keep up their lofty standard of living, citizens need new workers to serve them, whether as neurosurgeons in hospitals or as manicurists. This requires immigrants. But immigrants can splinter the dominant culture. So countries face either declining relative wealth or a fraying cultural fabric. Great empires of the past, from the Roman to the Venetian to the British, have faced this challenge — and failed to surmount it.\n\n# Globalized trade\n\nNations cannot grow and stay rich without trading. Countries that fold themselves into a self-contained bubble grow fetid, like a badly aerated terrarium. Or a dank prison, which pretty much describes North Korea. South Koreans, who believe in trade, are 17 times richer, live 10 years longer, and stand several inches taller than their neighbors. South Korea produces super-sharp Samsung flat screens, fine Hyundai cars and charismatic K-pop singers.\n\nBut there’s a downside to trade. It shakes the customs and character of the nation. Donald Trump has skillfully tapped into this anxiety and is right to ask whether trade deals like the Trans-Pacific Partnership are vigorously negotiated to boost the incomes of typical Americans, or simply to boost the ego of the president.\n#Rising debt loads\n\nAs countries grow richer, they build bigger bureaucracies and inflate their debts. Here’s a puzzle I call “The Paradox of Theft:” As a family grows wealthier, it is less likely to fall into deep debt, default and bankruptcy. But the opposite is true of individual countries — wealthier nations may pile up proportionately more debt than poorer nations.\n\nAmid the Great Recession of 2010, developing countries like Mexico and Russia had smaller debt burdens than Japan, the U.S. and the eurozone. Why do we borrow more? Because we can! And because today’s politicians aren't held responsible for the debts they leave for our children and grandchildren.\n\n# Eroding work ethic\n\nWhen a rich nation shatters, people don’t go hungry. They just stop waking up early. The proportion of adults who want to work has been sliding over the last 17 years. In West Virginia, only half of working-age adults have a job. Between 2000 and 2013, disability claims across the country surged 43%. Even though jobs have grown less dangerous, the chances of a judge approving a disability claim has jumped 50% since 1980.\n\nWe are seeing a structural shift: Millions have decided they just don’t care much for the idea of showing up for work in the morning and staying on the job until the end of the day.\n\nTo prod the unemployed back to work, I propose they receive a signing bonus if they accept a new job before their unemployment compensation payments run out.\n\n# The challenge of patriotism in a multicultural country\n\nUnless rich nations discover and embrace their national characters, they won't survive. In many schools, the Pledge of Allegiance and “My Country ’Tis of Thee” have been pushed aside in favor of self-esteem chants. Characters like Columbus, the Pilgrims and George Washington have been disdained as pillagers, rather than as symbols of exploration, religious freedom and courage.\n\nTo help ensure that all learn America’s story and values, all immigrants and any U.S. student applying for a federal loan be required to get their passports stamped at no fewer than five historical monuments or museums around the country.\n\n**Is it too late?**\n\nShould the U.S. and European nations simply hold a “going out of business sale” while the wealthiest individuals sneak off to private islands or to New Zealand? The odds are against us, as the Spartans, Romans, Ottomans, and Habsburgs would attest — if they were still around.\n\nBut as Bill Murray said in Stripes: “We’re not Watusi. We’re not Spartans. We’re Americans, with a capital ‘A”…that means that our forefathers were kicked out of every decent country in the world. We are the wretched refuse. We’re the underdog. We’re the mutts.”\n\nAnd we can win again.",
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      "body": "This is a great article. Happy to share on  [Twitter](https://twitter.com/StephenPKendal) and follow and read your posts. Cheers. Stephen",
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      "body": "https://fiatplanet.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/lgt-pic31.jpg?w=768\n\nThe history of fiat money, to put it kindly, has been one of failure. In fact, EVERY fiat currency since the Romans first began the practice in the first century has ended in devaluation and eventual collapse, of not only the currency, but of the economy that housed the fiat currency as well.\n\nWhy would it be different here in the U.S.? Well, in actuality, it hasn’t been. In fact, in our short history, we’ve already had several failed attempts at using paper currency, and it is my opinion that today’s dollars are no different than the continentals issued during the Revolutionary War. But I will get into that in a moment. In the meantime, I will show you that fiat currencies have not been successful, and the only aspect of fiat currencies that have stood the test of time is the inability of political systems to prevent the devaluation and debasement of this toilet paper money by letting the printing presses run wild.\n\nhttps://fiatplanet.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/denarius_1-art.jpg?w=768\n***Fiat Money**–Rome — The Denarius*\n\nAlthough Rome didn’t actually have paper money, it provided one of the first examples of true debasement of a currency. The denarius, Rome’s coinage of the time, was, essentially, pure silver at the beginning of the first century A.D. By A.D. 54, Emperor Nero had entered the scene, and the denarius was approximately 94% silver. By around A.D.100, the denarius’ silver content was down to 85%.\n\nEmperors that succeeded Nero liked the idea of devaluing their currency in order to pay the bills and increase their own wealth. By 218, the denarius was down to 43% silver, and in 244, Emperor Philip the Arab had the silver content dropped to 0.05%. Around the time of Rome’s collapse, the denarius contained only 0.02% silver and virtually nobody accepted it as a medium of exchange or a store of value.\nhttps://fiatplanet.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/26451_410798019135_291702994135_5191505_8033119_n.jpg?w=300&h=208\n***Fiat Money** -China — Flying Money*\n\nWhen the Chinese first started using paper money, they called it “flying money,” because it could just fly from your hands. The reason for the issuance of paper money is simple. There was a copper shortage, so banks had switched to the use of iron coinage. These iron coins became overissued and fell in value.\n\nIn the 11th century, a bank in the Szechuan province of China issued paper money in exchange for the iron coins. Initially, this was fine, because the paper money was exchangeable for gold, silver, or silk. Eventually, inflation began to take hold, as China was funding an ongoing war with the Mongols, which it eventually lost.\n\nGenghis Khan won this war, but the Mongols didn’t assume immediate control over China as they pushed westward to conquer more lands. Genghis Khan’s grandson Kublai Khan united China and assumed the emperorship. After running into some setbacks with paper currency, Kublai eventually had some success with fiat money. In fact, Marco Polo said of Kublai Khan and the use of paper currency:\n*“You might say that [Kublai] has the secret of alchemy in perfection…the Khan causes every year to be made such a vast quantity of this money, which costs him nothing, that it must equal in amount all the treasure of the world.”*\n\nEven Helicopter Ben would be impressed. Marco Polo went on to say:\n\n*“This was the most brilliant period in the history of China. Kublai Khan, after subduing and uniting the whole country and adding Burma, Cochin China, and Tonkin to the empire, entered upon a series of internal improvements and civil reforms, which raised the country he had conquered to the highest rank of civilization, power, and progress.”*\n\nWait a second, I thought we were bashing fiat currencies here…Can anyone say crackup boom? Since Marco Polo experienced this firsthand, and has been very helpful to us thus far, I think I will allow him to finish his analysis of China’s paper money experiment.\n\n*“Population and trade had greatly increased, but the emissions of paper notes were suffered to largely outrun both…All the beneficial effects of a currency that is allowed to expand with a growth of population and trade were now turned into those evil effects that flow from a currency emitted in excess of such growth. These effects were not slow to develop themselves…The best families in the empire were ruined, a new set of men came into the control of public affairs, and the country became the scene of internecine warfare and confusion.”*\n\nI wonder if Keynes read Marco Polo’s experiences with Chinese fiat currencies when he said that the U.S. government should just bury bottles full of money in old mine shafts to spur economic growth.\nhttps://fiatplanet.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/assigval.gif?w=768\n***Fiat Money** -France — Livres, Assignats, and Francs*\nThe French have been particularly unsuccessful in their attempts with fiat money.\n\nJohn Law was the first man to introduce paper money to France. The notion of paper money was greatly helped along by the passing of Louis XIV and the 3 billion livres of debt that he left.\n\nWhen Louis XV was old enough to make his own mistakes, he required that all taxes be paid in paper money. The currency was backed by coinage…until people actually wanted coins.\n\nThe theme of the day…the new paper currency rapidly became oversupplied until nobody wished to own the worthless junk anymore and demanded coinage for their currency.\n\nOops. It looks like Law didn’t think that anyone would actually want coins ever again. After making it illegal to export any gold or silver, and the failed attempts by the locals to exchange their paper currency for something of actual value, the currency collapsed.\n\nJohn Law became the most hated man in France and was forced to flee to Italy.\n\nIn the latter part of the 18th century, the French government again tried to give paper money another go. This time, the pieces of garbage they issued were called assignats. By 1795, inflation of assignats was running at approximately 13,000%. Oops.Then Napoleon stepped on the scene and brought with him the gold franc. One of the good things that Napoleon realized is that gold is the way of a stable currency, and that’s what pretty much ensued during his reign.\n\nAfter Waterloo had come and gone, the French gave it another go in the 1930s, this time with the paper franc. It took only 12 years for them to inflate their currency until it lost 99% of its value. History has proven a couple things about the French: 1) They are quick to surrender and 2) They are very talented at making worthless currency.\nhttps://fiatplanet.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/3215761873_8204419050_b.jpg?w=300&h=154\n**Weimar Germany — Mark**\nPost-World War I Weimar Germany was one of the greatest periods of hyperinflation that ever existed. The Treaty of Versailles was essentially a financial punishment placed on Germany to make reparations.\n\nThe sums of money to be paid by Germany were enormous, and the only way it could make repayment was by running the printing press. (Huge unpayable debt — that sounds familiar. I wonder what the solution in the U.S. will be.)\n\nInflation got so bad in this period that German citizens were literally using stacks of marks to heat their furnaces. Here is a brief timeline of the marks per one U.S. dollar exchange rate:\n*April 1919: 12 marks\n\nNovember 1921: 263 marks\n\nJanuary 1923: 17,000 marks\n\nAugust 1923: 4.621 million marks\n\nOctober 1923: 25.26 billion marks\n\nDecember 1923: 4.2 trillion marks*\nhttps://fiatplanet.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/b81ef2ddba500e2b87a302e3f9f4a13a.jpg?w=768\n***Fiat Money** -More Recent Times*\nIn recent times, fiat failures have become more common occurrences. For the sake of time, I won’t go into extensive details of all these examples of paper money failures, because there are SO many. But here you have it:\n\nIn 1932, Argentina had the eighth largest economy in the world before its currency collapsed. In 1992, Finland, Italy, and Norway had currency shocks that spread through Europe.\n\nIn 1994, Mexico went through the infamous “Tequila Hangover,” which sent the peso tumbling and spread economic hardships throughout Latin America.\n\nIn 1997, the Thai baht fell through the floor and the effects spread to Malaysia, the Philippines, Indonesia, Hong Kong, and South Korea.\n\nThe Russian ruble was not the currency you wanted your investments denominated in in 1998, after its devaluation brought on economic recession. In the early 21st century, we have seen the Turkish lira experience strokes of hyperinflation similar to that of the mark of Weimar Germany.\n\nIn present times, we have Zimbabwe, which was once considered the breadbasket of Africa and was one of the wealthiest countries on the continent. Now Mugabe’s attempts at price controls, combined with hyperinflation, have the nation unable to supply the most basic essentials such as bread and clean water.\nhttps://fiatplanet.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/hanke-20080721-1.gif?w=768\n***Fiat Money** -Lessons to Be Learned*\nHere in the U.S., I should say the lessons were not learned. There are many consistencies from the above-mentioned stories that led up to the eventual collapse of the currencies.\n\nThe scary thing is that the U.S. has some of these above-mentioned characteristics, the ones that lead to toilet paper money becoming just that. More on that in just a second. I would first like to give a brief look at the U.S. attempts with paper money in our short history.\n\nThe first attempt with paper money came in 1690 with the issuance of Colonial notes. The first Colonial notes were issued in Massachusetts and were redeemable for gold, silver, corn, cattle and other commodities.\n\nThe other Colonies quickly jumped on the toilet paper money bandwagon and began issuing their own paper currencies. Like a broken record, the money quickly became overissued. The lessons of John Law and others were definitely not learned. It is not good enough just to say that a currency is backed by commodities. It actually HAS to be backed by commodities. Essentially, it was still a fiat money, and in a short period of time, Colonials became as good as toilet paper.\n\nThe next experiment came during the Revolutionary War. Big surprise — the issuance of paper money was used to finance the war efforts. This time, the currency was called a continental.\n\nThe crash of the continental was spectacular, and the phrase “not worth a continental” was coined. This brought on a large distrust for paper currency, and until 1913, toilet paper money in the U.S. wasn’t used. Enter the infamous Federal Reserve and its monopoly on money and interest rates. Now we have the greenback.\n\nAlthough the money was “officially” backed by a gold standard until 1971, it wasn’t a true gold standard. When the government found it inconvenient to have a gold standard, it just made it illegal for U.S. citizens to hold gold or exchange dollars for gold.\n\nAs reported on Strike-the-root.com:\n\n*“Under the infallible leadership of President Franklin Roosevelt, it was made illegal to own gold. On March 11, 1933, he issued an order forbidding banks to make gold payments. On April 5, Roosevelt ordered all citizens to surrender their gold — no person could hold more than $100 in gold coins, except for collector’s coins. He also made it unlawful to export gold for payment abroad, unless done through the Treasury. The penalty for defying Roosevelt was 10 years in prison and a $250,000 fine.”*\n\nBut the official demise of the dollar was locked into place in 1971 when “Tricky Dick” Nixon completely severed all ties between the dollar and the gold standard. During the decade that followed, the U.S. experienced some of the worst inflation in its history, only matched by today’s U.S. monetary and fiscal irresponsibility.\n\nThe U.S. of A. has all the characteristics set in place that have led to the collapse of every other fiat currency money in history.\n\nWe are currently at war, and the financing of this war is extremely inflationary. In fact, if you look back at our history, since 1914, the U.S has engaged in 16 military conflicts. We have been involved in some form of violent international accord in 44 of the past 93 years. The overwhelming majority of military conflicts result in monetary inflation.\n\nThe U.S. has a debt similar to that of Weimar Germany. All though the reasons for the debt are completely different, it appears thatthis Mount Everest of IOUs is going to be impossible to pay back. I guess the U.S. could just print 10 trillion dollar bills and hand them out, but the implications of such actions are obvious.\nWe are currently increasing the supply of dollars at a rate of 13% per annum. This overissuance of a currency has been the leading indicator of a currency on the brink.\n\nSo what’s in the future for the dollar?\n\nSome, myself included, might say that the dollar has already failed. It has lost over 92% of its value since its initial issuance in 1913. After the revaluation in 1934, the dollar dropped another 41%. In my opinion, it already is toilet paper money, but for the above-mentioned characteristics, which are alarmingly similar to the circumstances that led up to the eventual collapse of the dollar’s toilet paper predecessors, I believe that we have seen only the tip of the iceberg of the dollar’s inevitable path toward becoming toilet paper money.",
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