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{
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  "op": [
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    {
      "parent_author": "faiz07",
      "parent_permlink": "global-hunger-index",
      "author": "steemitboard",
      "permlink": "steemitboard-notify-faiz07-20191012t034615000z",
      "title": "",
      "body": "Congratulations @faiz07! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@faiz07/birthday1.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 1 year!</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@faiz07) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=faiz07)_</sub>\n\n\n**Do not miss the last post from @steemitboard:**\n<table><tr><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/steemfest/@steemitboard/the-new-steemfest-badge-is-ready\"><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/64x128/https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmRUkELn2Fd13pWFkmWU2wBMMx39EBX5V3cHBEZ2d7f3Ve/image.png\"></a></td><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/steemfest/@steemitboard/the-new-steemfest-badge-is-ready\">The new SteemFest⁴  badge is ready</a></td></tr></table>\n\n###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!",
      "json_metadata": "{\"image\":[\"https://steemitboard.com/img/notify.png\"]}"
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{
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  "timestamp": "2019-03-18T09:37:36",
  "op": [
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    {
      "from": "crypto.piotr",
      "to": "faiz07",
      "amount": "0.002 STEEM",
      "memo": "Dear @faiz07. Friend of mine published interesting publication about \"Cryptocurrencies, Blockchain and Value\". Perhaps you would like to share your own view on issue that intertest me particulary: how do you understand what VALUE is, and how explain it to others. I would love to hear your opinion. Yours, Piotr // LINK: https://steemit.com/steemromania/@crypto.piotr/re-lishu-cryptocurrencies-blockchain-and-value-20190318t085157536z"
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      "vesting_shares": "9784.627532 VESTS"
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}

{
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  "timestamp": "2019-02-01T15:34:18",
  "op": [
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    {
      "from": "crypto.piotr",
      "to": "faiz07",
      "amount": "0.003 STEEM",
      "memo": "Dear @faiz07, As every weekend I would like to introduce you to two great authors. Both very supportive and responsive here on Steemit. And creating high quality content. Im doing my best to support their work and I hope you will find those 2 authors interesting: @EDGARARE1 in his latest publication \"Treasures Found on the Edge of the Road\" shares his knowledge about benefits of meditation. At the same time @MAJES.TYTYTY wrote a great and very engaging piece: \"Bitcoin was NOT in a bubble ...\". Hope you will enjoy. I seriously did :) Yours, Piotr"
    }
  ]
}

{
  "trx_id": "4842954d055aea142aa2d2fcc2fc9ed3456252e3",
  "block": 29768322,
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  "timestamp": "2019-01-25T15:32:54",
  "op": [
    "transfer",
    {
      "from": "crypto.piotr",
      "to": "faiz07",
      "amount": "0.003 STEEM",
      "memo": "I hope you don't mind this memo. I promise not to spam your wallet and my only goal is to introduce you to my small non-profit initiative. For past few weeks I've been promoting quality content of those who I found very supportive and active here on Steemit. This week I wanted to help @achim03 and @blockshine to get some exposure to their latest publications. Check out @achim03 post \"How to use Steemit to make your website more visible on search engines\". And don't forget to visit also publication by Daniel from @blockshine as he is sharing his experience in blockchain industry. Yours, Piotr"
    }
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}

{
  "trx_id": "151dd3c350165d9fcc57aaf459a179cb024d5026",
  "block": 29502909,
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  "timestamp": "2019-01-16T10:07:42",
  "op": [
    "transfer",
    {
      "from": "crypto.piotr",
      "to": "faiz07",
      "amount": "0.003 STEEM",
      "memo": "Hi @faiz07, Once every week I'm trying to support quality content published by someone from our little crypto-community. And just yesterday friend of mine published interesting post about future of LCO, which he believe will be bigger than STO. I know you've some decent knowledge about crypto and blockchain and we were engaging already before so I figured that perhaps you could visit this post and share your view (read my comment as well) on that particular topic. Yours, Piotr // LINK: https://steemit.com/news/@blockshine/ico-s-in-turmoil-we-have-a-solution"
    }
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}

{
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  "timestamp": "2019-01-12T10:21:45",
  "op": [
    "transfer",
    {
      "from": "neavvy",
      "to": "faiz07",
      "amount": "0.002 STEEM",
      "memo": "Hi @faiz07. Have you ever wondered what is the future of internet? How Blockchain and AI can collaborate in order to make it a better place? If so, you may be interested in my latest post: https://steemit.com/cryptocurrency/@neavvy/is-this-the-end-of-the-internet-known-to-us-noia-network"
    }
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}

{
  "trx_id": "4fa465d7c05e26d7289d70e7f48614d7ba9fc0ba",
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  "timestamp": "2019-01-11T16:04:09",
  "op": [
    "transfer",
    {
      "from": "crypto.piotr",
      "to": "faiz07",
      "amount": "0.003 STEEM",
      "memo": "Perhaps I could ask you for little favour? Im helping a friend of mine who is trying to hire \"International Business Development Manager\". This post may not interest you directly but perhaps you could help and share it with friends and resteem it. Let's use our community to help people make business connections via Steemit. This is exactly what we need. So please check out link below and engage with my comment. I always reply :) Yours, Piotr // LINK: https://steemit.com/life/@blockshine/we-re-hiring"
    }
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}

{
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  "timestamp": "2019-01-05T03:19:09",
  "op": [
    "transfer",
    {
      "from": "crypto.piotr",
      "to": "faiz07",
      "amount": "0.002 STEEM",
      "memo": "Good morning @faiz07. Allow me to continue in 2019 with my little program of supporting quality content created by members of our little community here on Steemit. I will share no more than one link a week (to avoid spamming your wallet with memos). This time my friend Robert started interesting discussion about censorship on social media and Steemit and I would love to hear your opinion on that issue. Yours, Piotr // LINK: https://steemit.com/steem/@robertoueti/the-past-we-had-internet-now-we-have-steem#@crypto.piotr/re-robertoueti-re-cryptopiotr-re-robertoueti-the-past-we-had-internet-now-we-have-steem-20190104t132759191z"
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}

{
  "trx_id": "18714986c384f79356ccc765773db7cc8518892c",
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  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-12-24T04:05:39",
  "op": [
    "transfer",
    {
      "from": "crypto.piotr",
      "to": "faiz07",
      "amount": "0.002 STEEM",
      "memo": "Dear @faiz07, This is my last publication in year 2018. Together with few Steemit friends we decided to use our influence and organize our first own support venture called \"Santa Venezuela\". We all hope that this project will be succesful and I would like to ask about your support // I hope you don't mind this memo. If you do then please let me know and I will remove you from my contact list. // Yours, Piotr. LINK: https://steemit.com/charity/@crypto.piotr/santa-and-piotr-visits-venezuela-join-us-today"
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}

{
  "trx_id": "eafad1bf625bacb2545957850e0fe78b05faf5df",
  "block": 28488170,
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  "timestamp": "2018-12-12T03:51:57",
  "op": [
    "transfer",
    {
      "from": "crypto.piotr",
      "to": "faiz07",
      "amount": "0.003 STEEM",
      "memo": "Dear friend. I just had a pleasure to read interesting post by @crypto.hype related to future of PRIVACY ON BLOCKCHAIN and I would like to share link to this publication with you. Hope you can share your thoughts on this particular subject, as I really would like to know what's your opinion. Especially Im curious if you would agree with my comment (ps. I'm reading all replies). Yours, Piotr.  LINK: https://steemit.com/cryptocurrency/@crypto.hype/the-truth-behind-decentralized-exchanges-and-the-ongoing-fight-against-mass-surveillance"
    }
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}

{
  "trx_id": "e431110d7d8d1df2024c116f71c079aa789c7df1",
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  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-12-09T08:25:57",
  "op": [
    "transfer",
    {
      "from": "crypto.piotr",
      "to": "faiz07",
      "amount": "0.003 STEEM",
      "memo": "Dear @faiz07, again I hope you don't mind this little mass-memo (if you do then please let me know and I will remove you from my contact list and I won't bother you ever again). Im sending it to you only because we've been engaging with each other and this is my little way of supporting valuable content on Steemit. OK. LET'S GET TO THE POINT: I would like to ask you to show your valuable support to @chbartist and @hatu since they both made my recent delegations possible. Visit their latests publications: 1) @chbartist just published great post \"Building Bridges; How Do We Make Valuable Connections in Life?\" and it's really worth to read it. 2) At the same time @hatu is doing some serious giveaway in his latest post. /// ps. I will do my best to read and reply to all your comments. Especially if you would mentioned my name (so I will receive notification). Let's build our strong little community together! :) Yours, Piotr"
    }
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}

{
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  "op_in_trx": 0,
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  "timestamp": "2018-12-06T18:32:27",
  "op": [
    "transfer",
    {
      "from": "crypto.piotr",
      "to": "faiz07",
      "amount": "0.002 STEEM",
      "memo": "This memo is part of my little campaign that aims to promote quality content of those who support me on daily basis. So, did you ever wonder what information Facebook knows about you, your life, friends, habbits etc? I really didn't pay much attention to this issue until I've read latest post by @vimukthi. (if you don't want receiving memos from me then please let me know). Visit his post, show your support and share your opinion. Does it scare you or perhaps you don't care. (I will read all comments on this subject). Yours, Piotr. LINK: https://steemit.com/dlike/@vimukthi/facebook-knows-a-lot-about-me--heres-everything-i-found-cnbc"
    }
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}

{
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  "timestamp": "2018-12-04T13:12:12",
  "op": [
    "transfer",
    {
      "from": "crypto.piotr",
      "to": "faiz07",
      "amount": "0.003 STEEM",
      "memo": "I hope you don't mind this memo. Good friend of mine (very young Polish blogger) published post about Security Tokens and Polymath. Im trying to help him get some exposure and I would be grateful if you could drop a comment (or two;). Yours,Piotr. LINK: https://steemit.com/crypto/@neavvy/running-security-token-on-polymath-is-it-a-revolution-tutorial-included"
    }
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}

{
  "trx_id": "ed99daed05305cf99a1365938936ebdb5c9f138a",
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  "timestamp": "2018-12-01T04:38:36",
  "op": [
    "transfer",
    {
      "from": "crypto.piotr",
      "to": "faiz07",
      "amount": "0.003 STEEM",
      "memo": "Hi @faiz07. I really hope you don't mind this little memo. Currently Im trying to find a ways to support crypto community here on Steemit and I decided to delegate 1200 SP to curators and solid bloggers. Perhaps this is something that you would find interesting. Please check out my latest post: https://steemit.com/steemit/@crypto.piotr/delegating-up-to-1200-steem-power-to-curators-and-solid-bloggers , Yours, Piotr"
    }
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      "title": "Ripples of discord: on gravitational waves",
      "body": "Introduction:\n\nWhat are Gravitational Waves?\nThese are ripples in the space-time structure that occur when black holes meet and stars explode. \"Gravitational waves are produced when objects accelerate.\nGravitational waves were first proposed 100 years ago by Albert Einstein as part of the theory of relativity.\nThe discovery can pave the way for testing the general theory of relativity so that we can look deeper and deeper into the universe. It also offers the possibility of detectors that can monitor the beginning of the universe.\n\nHow these Gravitational Waves have been Identified?\nOn February 11, 2016, scientists from the Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO), a laser interferometer, made history by announcing the first detection of gravitational waves.\nThe Nobel Prize in Physics 2017 has been awarded \"for his decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves\".\nThe waves detected by the laureates came from the collision of two black holes with a difference of 1,300 million light years. One light year is about 9.5 billion km.\nThe operation of LIGO has been one of the most electrifying announcements of recent years.\nAccording to the theory of general relativity, the pair of black holes that orbit each other has lost energy, due to the emission of gravitational waves.\nBlack holes are a region of spacetime. It has powerful gravitational effects, which prevent particles and electromagnetic radiation from escaping.\nIt acts as an ideal black body that does not reflect light. It continues growing by absorbing the mass of its surroundings.\n![Capture.PNG](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmfXJ3qsefwgJXpM56zae6Vv8tcvQ4NPnsXVNLDXf1VbLQ/Capture.PNG)\nWhy do gravitational waves matter to us?\nThe discovery is due to an extremely delicate experience. Einstein predicted gravitational waves almost 100 years ago. After about 50 years of experimentation, the waves were first detected in September 2015.\nDiscovery and repeated detection (four times now) have made astronomy into gravitational waves very real.\nGravitational wave astronomy is a way to trace some of the most violent processes in the universe, such as the black hole or fusion of neutron stars that can not be detected by light or conventional methods.\nGravitational waves carry energy in the form of gravitational radiation, a form of radiant energy similar to electromagnetic radiation.\nNewton's law of universal gravitation, which is part of classical mechanics, does not contemplate its existence since it is based on the assumption that physical interactions propagate instantaneously (at infinite speed).\nGravitational waves can penetrate into regions of space that electromagnetic waves can not. They can make it possible to observe the fusion of black holes and possibly other exotic objects in the distant universe.\n\nIn 2017, some group of scientists questioned the validity:\nThey argued that the two detectors belonging to LIGO were correlated, which led to a correlation of the noise factor. The elimination of signal noise is crucial in such an experiment.\nThis had not been done correctly in the framework of the scientific collaboration of LIGO (LSC). Since then, a version of his preprint has been published in the Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics.\nAfter a long silence, the LSC published a clarification on its website.\nBenefits for India of the LIGO-India project:\nThe project will offer scientists and engineers an unprecedented opportunity to deepen the field of gravitational waves and take the global leader in this new astronomical frontier.\nThe LIGO-India project will also provide significant opportunities for advanced technology for Indian industry, which will participate in the construction of the eight-kilometer ultra-vacuum beam tube on a flat surface.\nWith its creation, India will join the global network of gravitational wave detectors.\nThe establishment of an observatory in India is also of utmost importance, since the greater the distance between the observatories, the greater the precision of the location of the gravity waves.\nAdding a new detector to the existing network will increase the expected event rates, increase confidence in detecting new sources and improve the ability to locate GW sources in the sky. It will also have an aspiration value for young Indian scientists.\nLIGO can serve as a platform to solve the mysteries of the universe and the association of India with it will help us in the future.\n\nThings predicted by the General theory of relativity by Einstein include:\nAs the light approaches the sun, twice as much as classical physics predicts (the system used before general relativity) doubles towards the sun.\nThe redshift of gravity: when the light moves away from an object subjected to gravity (far from the center of the valley), it extends over longer wavelengths. This has been confirmed by the Pound-Rebka experiment.\nThe delay of Shapiro: the light seems to slow when it passes near a massive object. This was observed for the first time in the 1960s by space probes targeting the planet Venus.\nGravitational waves: they were observed for the first time on September 14, 2015.\nWay to follow in gravitational waves:\nThis is how science advances with giant steps, with reflexive criticisms and intermediate interventions.\nIn this case, the concomitant controversy has captured the very interest of those who are beyond the world of science. The LSC now plans to submit a document with detailed explanations.\nAt first, there is disagreement about Einstein's theory of relativity. But now, a consortium of astronomers has confirmed the prediction of Einstein's key relativity theory.\nEinstein had argued that significant gravitational forces could stretch the light, as well as the compression and stretching of the sound waves that we perceive with the change of tone of a passing train.\nIndia is also working to have its own detector under the INDIGO consortium.\nHowever, the success and the discovery of the gravitational waves of the Indian consortium require the cooperation of the whole world, because they can not be realized by a single country because of technical problems.\nIt is necessary to develop this to offer more opportunities of this kind to the Indian scientific community.",
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      "body": "![Capture.PNG](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZKHXYP2H45jN5xtaEKPv4XrRMihzQsTPT59MMky7a3CG/Capture.PNG)Introduction:\nMany scholars believe that fossil energy will drastically decrease by 2050. Others have questioned these conclusions, saying that Earth has enough resources to quench humanity's thirst for human development over the next centuries. arrived.\nAmong other sources of energy, shale gas and oil must be abundant and available.\nEssential characteristics of shale gas and oil:\nShale gas and oil are unconventional natural resources. They are between 2,500 and 5,000 meters below the surface of the Earth.\nThey are deeper than the conventional crude that is at 1,500 meters.\n\nThe oil and shale extraction process requires deep vertical drilling followed by horizontal drilling.\n\nThe most common method to extract shale gas is \"hydraulic fracturing\" (hydraulic fracturing). It is simply a matter of sending large amounts of water mixed with certain chemicals to break rocks and release trapped energy minerals.\n\nContext:\nIn August 2018, the central government approved an ambitious policy allowing private and government stakeholders to explore and exploit unconventional hydrocarbons (including shale gas) in contracted areas primarily for the extraction of hydrocarbons. conventional hydrocarbons.\n\nUnlike conventional hydrocarbons, which can be easily released by permeable rocks, shale gas is trapped in low permeability rocks.\n\nTherefore, a mixture of \"pressurized water, chemicals and sand\" (shale fluid) is needed to break up the slightly permeable rocks in order to unblock the shale gas reserves.\n\nThis process requires about 5 to 9 million liters of water per extraction activity, which represents a huge challenge for India's freshwater resources.\nHydraulic fracturing: the most common way of extracting shale gas:\nHydraulic well fracturing (\"fracturing\") involves pumping fluid into a well to create sufficient pressure to break or fracture the rock layer.\nFractures are created by pumping large quantities of fluids under high pressure into a well and into the target rock formation.\n\nIn general, the liquid contains a \"proppant\", such as sand, which helps keep the fractures open to allow the production of oil and gas in the well.\n\nGuidelines Issued on Environmental Management:\nThe Directorate General of Hydrocarbons (DGH) has published the guidelines on environmental precautions when extracting shale gas. He stated that \"the total volume of fracturing fluid is 5 to 10 times greater than that of conventional methods\".\n\nThe DGH notification indicates that these problems will be addressed when granting environmental authorizations in accordance with the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process.\n\nHowever, the EIA process does not differentiate between conventional and unconventional hydrocarbons.\n\nTherefore, it is likely that fracking activities deplete water sources and generate pollution due to the elimination of reflux water.\nNegative Consequences by using the Shale Gas:\nIt requires large amounts of water, on average 15,000 m3 / well.\nThis also requires a relatively larger area.\nThis will inevitably affect irrigation and other local needs.\n\n\nIn the USA UU., The experience of 260 chemicals shows that it has been identified that 58 represent a risk to human life and the environment, of which eight are carcinogenic and 17 are toxic to freshwater organisms.\nFracturing can cause tremors in the deepest regions of the earth, causing 25 to 90% of the fluid does not recover and it is possible that cracks will occur in the well, so there will be a risk of contamination in nearby groundwater.\nCases of underground contamination are reported in the United States and Canada.\nFracturing has other impacts, such as increased emissions to air, including greenhouse gases and seismic activity.\n\nConclusion:\nThe government implemented an oil shale gas and oil policy in 2013. It allowed national oil companies to practice fracking.\nDuring the first phase, shale gas blocks were identified in Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Tamil Nadu.\nEnvironmental groups say they have negative environmental effects. Even well-developed Western countries such as Germany and France and subnational governments like Scotland have banned fracking.\n\nWay to follow:\n\nIndian homes and irrigation thrive thanks to groundwater. The implementation of fracking processes without prior reflection, especially on the \"water use policy\", can lead to broader problems, which include water stress, groundwater contamination, and health risks. associated with it.\nBut in the current state of the process, we miss the opportunity to comprehensively regulate the fracturing process for a sustainable exploration of shale gas in India.\nAs a first step, a sectorial EIA manual on exploration and production of unconventional hydrocarbon resources may be a good idea.",
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      "body": "The real problem with Bitcoin is you\nYou, me, anyone who reads “you want to succeed in crypto” and thinks, “yep, that’s me.” We have several problems that run deeper than blockchain. Not problems of understanding, but of attitude. We’d better face them if we’re going to realize the true potential of this new technology.",
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      "body": "![Capture.PNG](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmbNkhZoEKSh9SV4boEeHuFzLJJritFZiV22LWvRAZwDVv/Capture.PNG)Context:\nThe Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has published a special report on global warming of 1.5 ° C compared to pre-industrial temperatures.\n\nThe IPCC explains in detail how it is necessary to strengthen the global response to climate change in the broader context of sustainable development and ongoing efforts to eradicate poverty.\n\nThe impacts of the 1.5 ° C warming and the possible development paths through which the world could pass are its main objective.\n\nIn 2015, during the climate conference in Paris, the world community concluded a pact to continue efforts to limit the warming to less than 1.5 ° C, half a degree compared to the previous year. Previous objective of 2 ° C.\n\nWith the increase of extreme events and the very survival of the small islands in play, the lower limit was received with surprise and enthusiasm.\n\nWhy there is so much concern between 1.5°C and 2°C:\nFor most people, the difference between 1.5 ° C and 2 ° C may seem trivial when daily temperatures fluctuate much more widely.\nHowever, reference is made to global average temperatures. Different regions of the earth will be heated at different speeds. For example, the Arctic is already warming several times faster than the global average.\n\n\nAccording to these reports, if the temperature exceeds 2 ° C, the effects of climate change could be irreversible and catastrophic.\n\n\nMainly, small island nations and less developed nations are likely to suffer more and therefore have asked for the goal of limiting the temperature rise, even to 1.5 ° C.\n\n\nSea level is expected to increase by an average of about 50 cm by 2100, when the world will warm up by 2 ° C.\nBut beyond 2100, the general propensity for a much greater increase in sea level is greater in the world of 2 ° C.\n\n\nRisks to food security, health, fresh water, human security, livelihoods and economic growth are already increasing and will worsen in a world at 2 ° C.\nThe number of people exposed to complex and compound risks will also increase, most of the poorest countries in Asia and Africa will be the most affected.\nThis requires a massive deployment of financial and technological resources.\nIf countries do not react aggressively against climate change, average global temperatures, which have already exceeded 1 ° C, should cross the 1.5 ° C mark in 2040.\nThe window of opportunity to act is very small and closes quickly.\n\nSeveral mitigation pathways to achieve these reductions and all of them incorporate different levels of CO2 removal:\nThere are many synergies between achieving mitigation goals and achieving sustainable development goals.\n\nTo remain below 1.5 ° C, the transitions required by energy systems and human societies, in land use, transport and infrastructure, are expected to be rapid and of unprecedented scale with reductions in energy efficiency. emissions.\n\n\n\nHow will the remaining carbon budget, which is the space available in the atmosphere to contain more CO2, be shared between the different countries?\n\nThis is a difficult question to address. The United States also reiterated its intention to withdraw from the Paris Agreement. It has been reported, for example, that EE. UU They obstructed the deliberations of the recent meeting to determine the final text of this IPCC report.\n\nUS UU Contributions And Other Rich Countries To The Green Climate Fund And Other Financing Mechanisms For Mitigation And Adaptation Are Essential Even For Achieving The Goals Of The National Defined Contribution Commitments That Each Country Needs took before the Paris conference.\n\nEven if all the NDCs are implemented, the world should warm up to more than 3 ° C.\n\nThe IPCC report identifies two main strategies.\n\nThe first stabilizes the global temperature around 5 ° C with a limited overrun and\nThe second allows temperatures to temporarily exceed 1.5 ° C before going back down. The consequences of temporary overruns would have more serious consequences than the first approach.\nTo limit the warming to around 1.5 ° C with zero or no surplus, it is expected that the global net emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) will decrease by approximately 45% from 2010 levels by 2030 and reach a zero mid-year network. century.\n\nTo limit warming to the goal of reducing temperature, the world needs \"rapid and profound\" changes in energy systems, land use, urban and industrial design, transportation and the use of buildings. .\n\nThe emissions of other greenhouse gases, such as methane, will also decrease. Getting away quickly from fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas could be three to four times more expensive than the less ambitious target, but it would remove air from other pollutants.\n\nAnd this would have the advantage of avoiding more than 100 million premature deaths during this century, it is also mentioned in the IPCC report.\n\nIn comparison, to limit the heating to just under 2 ° C, the necessary reductions are around 20% by 2030 and reach a net zero around 2075.\n\nConclusion:\nThe IPCC report states that global warming should reach 1.5 ° C between 2030 and 2052 if it continues at the same rate.\n\nDisputes over the implementation of the Paris Agreement become relations between rich countries, emerging rights and less developed countries.\n\nFor more information, see \"Work Plan\" in the future. unprecedented \".\n\nThis special report discusses options for the global community of nations, the next conference of the parties.\n\nEveryone will have to decide whether to play a global political role for their own interests and to work together to protect the world and its systems as a whole. The way forward does not offer simple or easy solutions.",
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      "title": "Independence and accountability: on RBI",
      "body": "![Capture.PNG](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmSM8whzm3vMM5V8T9HegVFcStE9S6J6f9j9meN4ZK9riB/Capture.PNG)Introduction:\nThe Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the government give the impression that they are not on the same wavelength, even in terms of understanding their functions.\n\nThe RBI suggests that its independence is violated, while the government rationalizes its intervention according to its concern for the economy.\n\n\n\nDefine autonomy on the side of the central bank or the government:\n\nThe idea of ​​the independence of the central bank began to germinate about two decades ago, it was understood that it meant a \"functional\" independence.\n\nIn other words, the government would not limit its operation, which includes both the instruments it uses and the way in which it uses them.\n\nHowever, their autonomy did not extend to the independence of the \"objective\". What would the central bank's objectives be if they were elected by the government without reference to the bank?\nThe main problem in this case was whether the bank should focus only on inflation or also on the level of employment.\n\nDuring the ten years of this debate, it had been admitted that the focus would be exclusively on the former and that monetary policy was identified as \"directed towards inflation\".\n\n\n\nWhere is the RBI in terms of autonomy?\n\nAccording to an article published in 2014 in the International Journal of Central Banking, RBI was the least independent of the 89 central banks examined in the study.\n\nThese classifications have probably improved since the adoption of the inflation target in February 2015 and the formation of the Monetary Policy Committee in October 2016.\n\nHowever, the vacancies on the RBI board and the reluctance of the government to fill them raise questions about the decisions made and whether or not the appropriate deliberations on these decisions are being carried out.\n\nDuring the previous government, a legislative reform committee of the financial sector was formed. He has made several recommendations aimed at reducing the powers of the Central Bank.\n\nIn 2013, a financial sector supervisory body called the Financial Stability Development Board was created. It should be chaired by the Minister of Finance.\nIn essence, the RBI Act of 1934 does not give the RBI absolute autonomy. However, it enjoys a certain independence in the exercise of its regulatory and monetary functions.\n\n\n\nWhat is the RBI about?\n\nFirst, the Reserve Bank of India wants more powers to regulate public sector banks (PSB).\nSecondly, he believes that the government should not dictate the amount of its surplus that can be paid in the form of an annual dividend.\nAnd third, it is unhappy that the Center has suggested the creation of a separate payments regulator.\nRBI governor Urjit Patel told a parliamentary panel in June that he did not have enough powers over the PSB. But the RBI has appointed directors to the boards of banks.\n\nLead physical inspection in banks and financial audits. He also orchestrated bank mergers when a bank was about to collapse (for example, Global Trust Bank merged with Oriental Bank of Commerce).\n\nAs a result, the RBI has adequate control over the BSP, but may not fully exercise it.\n\nWAy Forward;\nThe government's concern for the health of small and medium-sized enterprises is well-founded.\n\nAfter all, they were among the most affected sections after the demonetization of 2016.\n\nIf, in a spirit of contradiction, the government wishes to address them, it would be prudent to grant a subsidy to the interest rate instead of forcing the RBI to change its credit standards.\n\nThere is a serious lack of judgment on the part of lenders who promise a fine online in less than an hour. The political economic cycle is mentioned. A government is trying to boost the economy before the elections.\n\nThe resistance of the RBI to this desperate action must be understandable.\n\nConclusion;\nThe monopoly of interpretation and the choice of intervention instruments will always be debated in an uncertain economy.\n\nIt is necessary to pay due attention to both autonomy and responsibility. There must be a forum within our democratic structure where the RBI is obliged to explain and defend its position.\n\nDifferent countries have taken different routes and, in general, each model fits perfectly into their specific contexts.\n\nThe frequently quoted American example is a good model to use.\n\nThe Federal Reserve Chairman's presentation to Congress makes the public more public and transparent, but that does not detract from autonomy.",
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      "body": "Hi! I am a robot. I just upvoted you! I found similar content that readers might be interested in:\nhttps://www.livemint.com/Opinion/wNYS0WfLeUIDPcFddJL84K/The-importance-of-blockchain-for-India.html",
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      "title": "The importance of blockchain for India",
      "body": "Introduction: what blockchain is?\n\nBlockchain is a public ledger, an ordered and time-stamped record of transactions.\n\nThis system is used to protect against double spending and modification of previous transaction records where transactions are recorded and confirmed anonymously.\n\nIn common words, it’s a record of events that is shared among many parties (nodes). More importantly, once information is entered, it cannot be altered. Each full node in the network independently stores a block chain containing only blocks validated by that node.\n\nWhen several nodes all have the same blocks in their block chain, they are considered to be in consensus. The validation rules these nodes follow to maintain consensus are called “consensus rules.”\n\n \n\n \n\nBlockchain transforms Internet of Information to Internet of Value:\n\nBlockchain is the promise of completely new Internet, the Internet of Value. Blockchain’s economic impact is projected to exceed $3 trillion in the next decade.\n\nInternet is going to transform from Internet of Information to Internet of Value.\n\nThe ownership of digital assets of any type, say money, deeds, Government records, financial instruments or art can be securely stored, transacted and tracked.\n\nIt is considered revolutionary for its ability to enable the secure movement of assets without intermediaries. The true value lies in creating consensus and trust between the strangers.\n\nThat creates trusted transaction networks between entities that do not know or trust each other.\n\n \n\nIndia’s Position in Blockchain Technology:\n\nGlobally, we are still in an exciting but nascent stage of blockchain’s evolution as it moves from the protocol stage to infrastructure, before mass consumer interfaces and application layers.\n\nThis is the perfect juncture for a rising power such as India to pay careful attention and capitalize on the enormous opportunities of this new Internet.\n\nSectors such as financial services, agriculture, healthcare, real estate and utilities all crucial for an emerging economy like India can see tremendous benefits from the application of blockchain technology.\n\n \n\nGains for India: Blockchain is now the fastest-growing skill set demanded on job sites, with job growth rates at 2,000-6,000% and salaries for blockchain developers 50-100% higher than regular developer jobs.\n\nThe decentralized nature of projects with distributed teams can translate into lakhs of high-paying jobs from all over the world being available to Indian developers.\n\nWith its strong IT ecosystem, India can become a leading blockchain development hub and a major net beneficiary of global capital inflows.\n\n \n\nSolving Indian problems: Decentralized applications on public blockchains can solve myriad Indian problems, such as eliminating middlemen, providing data security, reducing corruption and tampering of financial ledgers, and improving the speed of service delivery by governments and corporations.\n\n \n\nIndia’s global positioning as a technology powerhouse: Different emerging technologies, such as blockchain, artificial intelligence, and the internet of things will not work in silos but will converge. That is the space where the next Googles and Amazons of the world will get created.\n\nBlockchain is a foundational data/transaction layer and missing out on it will hurt India’s overall tech competitiveness.\n\n \n\nRegulation in India: The current debate in India has, unfortunately, focused too heavily on trading and speculation, looking at cryptocurrencies as an investment tool, rather than understanding the potential of core blockchain technology and the basic role of cryptocurrencies as an incentive mechanism to secure decentralized transactions.\n\n \n\nThere are sufficient global examples of countries that have taken nuanced and cautious steps in regulating the technology, and are focusing on stopping illegal activity without hurting innovation.\n\nAs core developers/shapers of this technology in India, all citizens should fully cognizant and sympathetic to government concerns of money laundering, tax evasion, investor protection and capital flight.\n\n \n\nConclusion:\n\nPublic blockchains offer tremendous opportunity for India across four dimensions, jobs, capital, solutions to India’s problems and global strategic positioning.\n\n \n\nBlockchain is a digital technology for recording and verifying transactions.\n\nThe distributed ledger is a permanent, secure tool that makes it easier to create cost-efficient business networks without requiring a centralized point of control.\n\nThe application of this emerging technology is showing great promise in the enterprise.\n\nWith the noble intentions of Start-up India and Digital India, blockchain technology can be an effective way to achieve the goals of the initiatives and ease the business in India.\n\nBlockchain technology has been proven and provides all the required security features to implement the solution quickly.\n\n \n\nWay Forward:\n\nIn the current regulatory environment, Indian developers do not have to ability to develop open blockchain solutions at scale.\n\nSerious blockchain professionals are migrating rapidly to countries with more friendly regulations.\n\nAs a result, India’s ability to benefit from jobs, capital, local innovation and positioning is all curtailed without the talent ecosystem in place.\n\n \n\nThe government has legitimate concerns around money laundering, tax evasion and capital flight using cryptocurrencies. However, regulating the space is not too difficult with a light touch and intelligent policies.",
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      "body": "Hi! I am a robot. I just upvoted you! I found similar content that readers might be interested in:\nhttp://www.insightsonindia.com/2018/11/08/insights-into-editorial-preserving-the-taboo-on-nuclear-arms-control/",
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      "body": "![Capture.PNG](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmcekuZ6V4RhDCK4kHYSiExpQ8cr3D86P9sjsffQdU2PCC/Capture.PNG)Context of Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty:\n\nU.S. President Donald Trump declared that the U.S. is quitting the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty, a bilateral agreement with Russia signed in 1987.\n\nThe decision was not unexpected since the U.S. has long maintained that Russia has been violating the treaty and Mr. Trump has been critical of arms control agreements because, according to him, other countries cheat putting the U.S. at a disadvantage.\n\n \n\nIntermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty:\n\nThe Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF Treaty, formally Treaty Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Elimination of Their Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles) is a 1987 arms control agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union.\n\nUnder the INF Treaty, the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. agreed to eliminate within three years all ground-launched-missiles of 500-5,500 km range and not to develop, produce or deploy these in future.\n\nThe U.S. destroyed 846 Pershing IIs and Ground Launched Cruise Missiles (GLCMs) and the U.S.S.R., 1,846 missiles (SS-4s, SS-5s and SS-20s), along with its support facilities.\n\n \n\nImportance of the Intermediate Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty in U.S.-Russia relations:\n\nUnder the Treaty, the two parties agreed that a whole important class of nuclear weapons would be removed from Europe, and only tactical nuclear weapons (TNW) or short-range missiles mostly deployed on the territory of Germany would remain.\n\nThe INF Treaty for years served to mitigate fears of both parties in relation to possibility of military escalation, operational miscalculation, and helping to shift the logic of MAD [mutually assured destruction] to the higher “more sensitive” political level.\n\n \n\nAdverse consequence of the present decision by Mr.Trump:\n\nMr. Trump’s decision has generated dismay and concern that this will trigger a new nuclear arms race in Europe and elsewhere.\n\nWhat it ignores is that the INF Treaty reflected the political reality of the Cold War of a bi-polar world with two nuclear superpowers no longer consistent with today’s multi-polar nuclear world.\n\nThe greater challenge today is to understand that existing nuclear arms control instruments can only be preserved if these evolve to take new realities into account.\n\n \n\nWhat is the impact of U.S. withdrawal from the INF Treaty on China? \n\n \n\nIntermediate-range missile systems and cruise missiles would considerably enrich U.S. capabilities in a potential clash over Taiwan or other contentious strategic issue.\n\nAs the PLA of China has a variety of cruise missiles that can be launched from land, air, sea, and sub-surface platforms, returning to intermediate-range systems would equip American forces with the capability to strike targets that are highly difficult to penetrate for conventional weapons at present.\n\nMeanwhile, vectoral enhancement of political relations with states all over the world, particularly those that are economically and politically affiliated to China, with possible shows of economic might and deeper engagement on the field of security.\n\nAll this will serve as a catalyst of economic allegiance and a probe of America’s security creed, especially in the region of the Pacific and Asia.\n\nNevertheless, joining the arms race in Asia may lead China into a trap of “competitive strategy.”\n\n \n\nForeign and Security policy consequences for U.S. nuclear deterrence in the absence of the INF treaty:\n\nLeaving the INF Treaty would allow the U.S. to balance the military technology gap with these assets, which has grown since 1980, especially between U.S. and China.\n\nIn harmony with the Limited Test Ban Treaty of the 1960s, SALT [Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty] and START [Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty], the INF has had a codifying effect on the two superpowers’ strategic relations.\n\nWashington’s leaving the ABM [Anti-Ballistic Missile] and INF Treaty creates a formal agreement to vertical proliferation of WMD and gives higher status to the concept of power in international politics.\n\n \n\nConclusion:\n\nIn today’s return of major power rivalry, it is no longer a bi-polar world, and nuclear arms control is no longer governed by a single binary equation.\n\nThere are multiple nuclear equations — U.S.-Russia, U.S.-China, U.S.-North Korea, India-Pakistan, India-China, but none is standalone.\n\nTherefore, neither nuclear stability nor strategic stability in today’s world can be ensured by the U.S. and Russia alone and this requires us to think afresh.\n\nThe most important achievement of nuclear arms control is that the taboo against use of nuclear weapons has held since 1945.\n\nPreserving the taboo is critical but this needs realisation that existing nuclear arms control has to be brought into line with today’s political realities.",
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      "author": "faiz07",
      "permlink": "another-warning-on-warming",
      "title": "Another warning on warming",
      "body": "Context:\n\nThe Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has released a special report on global warming of 1.5°C over pre-industrial temperatures.\n\nIPCC provides details on how the global response to climate change needs to be strengthened within the broader context of sustainable development and continuing efforts to eradicate poverty.\n\nThe impacts of 1.5°C of warming and the possible development pathways by which the world could get there are its main focus.\n\nIt was in 2015, at the Paris climate conference, that the global community made a pact to pursue efforts to limit warming to within 1.5°C — half a degree below the previous target of 2°C.\n\nWith the increase in extreme events and the very survival of small islands at stake, the lower limit was greeted then with surprise and enthusiasm.\n\n \n\nWhy there is so much concern between 1.5°C and 2°C:\n\nFor most people, the difference between 1.5°C and 2°C may seem trivial when daily temperatures fluctuate much more widely.\nHowever, the reference here is to global average temperatures. Different regions of the earth will warm at different rates. For instance, the Arctic is already experiencing warming that is many times higher than the global average.\n \n\nAs per those reports, if the temperature goes beyond 2°C, then, the impacts of climate change could be irreversible and catastrophic.\n \n\nMainly, small island nations and least developed nations are likely to suffer the most and hence, they asked for the goal to restrict the temperature rise to even within 1.5°C.\n \n\nThe sea levels are expected to rise on an average by about 50 cms by 2100, when the World is warmer by 2°C.\nBut, beyond 2100, the overall propensity for much higher sea level rise is greater in 2°C World.\n \n\nThe risks to food security, health, fresh water, human security, livelihoods and economic growth are already on the rise and will be worse in a 2°C World.\nThe number of people exposed to complex and compounded risks will also increase, mostly poorer countries in Asia and Africa will suffer the worst.\n \n\nThis requires massive deployment of financial and technological resources.\nIf nations do not mount a strenuous response against climate change, average global temperatures, which have already crossed 1°C, are likely to cross the 1.5°C mark around 2040.\nThe window of opportunity to take action is very small and closing fast.\n \n\nSeveral mitigation pathways to achieve these reductions and all of them incorporate different levels of CO2 removal:\n\nThere are many synergies between achieving mitigation targets and fulfilling Sustainable Development Goals.\n\nTo stay below 1.5°C, the transitions required by energy systems and human societies, in land use, transport, and infrastructure, would have to be rapid and on an unprecedented scale with deep emission reductions.\n\n \n\nHow is the remaining carbon budget, that is the room available in the atmosphere to safely contain more CO2, going to be shared among different countries?\n\nThis is a difficult question to address. The U.S. also reiterated its intent to pull out of the Paris Agreement. It has been reported, for instance, that the U.S. has been obstructionist in the deliberations at the recent meeting to determine the final text of this IPCC report.\n\nContributions from the U.S. and other rich countries to the Green Climate Fund and other funding mechanisms for the purpose of mitigation and adaptation are vital even to reach the goals of the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) commitments that each country made prior to the Paris conference.\n\nEven if all the NDCs are implemented, the world is expected to warm by over 3°C.\n\n \n\nPathways and polices in Way Ahead:\n\nThe IPCC report identifies two main strategies.\n\nThe first stabilises global temperature around the 5°C mark with limited overshoot and\nThe second permits temperatures to exceed 1.5°C temporarily before coming back down. The consequences of the temporary overshoot would cause worse impacts than the first approach.\nTo limit warming to around 1.5°C with no or limited overshoot, global net carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions need to decline by about 45% from 2010 levels by 2030 and reach net zero around mid-century.\n\nTo limit warming to the lower temperature goal, the world needs “rapid and far-reaching” changes in energy systems, land use, city and industrial design, transportation and building use.\n\nEmissions of other greenhouse gases, such as methane, also will have to drop. Switching away rapidly from fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas to do this could be three to four times more expensive than the less ambitious goal, but it would clean the air of other pollutants.\n\nAnd that would have the side benefit of avoiding more than 100 million premature deaths through this century, the IPCC report mentioned this also.\n\nIn comparison, to limit warming to just below 2°C, the reductions needed are about 20% by 2030 and reach net zero around 2075.\n\n \n\nConclusion:\n\nThe IPCC report stated that Global warming is likely to reach 1.5°C between 2030 and 2052 if it continues to increase at the current rate.\n\nDisputes over the implementation of the Paris Agreement at numerous meetings depict the deep divides among rich countries, emerging economies and least developed countries.\n\nFor scientists there is a bit of “wishful thinking” that the report will spur governments and people to act quickly and strongly, one of the panel’s leaders, German biologist Hans-Otto Portner, said, “If action is not taken it will take the planet into an unprecedented climate future.”\n\nThis special report (IPCC report) poses options for the global community of nations, which they will have to contend with in Poland, the next Conference of the Parties.\n\nEach will have to decide whether to play politics on a global scale for one’s own interests or to collaborate to protect the world and its ecosystems as a whole. The path forward offers no simple or easy solutions.![Capture.PNG](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmR2XdjiGQpnLGHU8kUVNaaz9GyHMaDCCNabmDs8LvqtJK/Capture.PNG)",
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