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      "permlink": "steemitboard-notify-eyitayoadeyemi-20200312t204244000z",
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      "body": "Congratulations @eyitayoadeyemi! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@eyitayoadeyemi/birthday2.png</td><td>Happy Steem Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 2 years!</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@eyitayoadeyemi) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=eyitayoadeyemi)_</sub>\n\n\n**Do not miss the last post from @steemitboard:**\n<table><tr><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/downvote-challenge-add-up-to-3-funny-badges-to-your-board\"><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/64x128/https://steemitimages.com/0x0/![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmUuJkZdnSpHVWssxF82ntymqXg4Pvk6K6bYvckUYVRsnj/image.png)\"></a></td><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/downvote-challenge-add-up-to-3-funny-badges-to-your-board\">Downvote challenge - Add up to 3 funny badges to your board</a></td></tr></table>\n\n###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!",
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      "body": "Congratulations @eyitayoadeyemi! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@eyitayoadeyemi/birthday1.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 1 year!</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@eyitayoadeyemi) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](http://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=eyitayoadeyemi)_</sub>\n\n\n**Do not miss the last post from @steemitboard:**\n<table><tr><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/drugwars/@steemitboard/drugwars-early-adopter\"><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/64x128/https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmYGN7R653u4hDFyq1hM7iuhr2bdAP1v2ApACDNtecJAZ5/image.png\"></a></td><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/drugwars/@steemitboard/drugwars-early-adopter\">Are you a DrugWars early adopter? Benvenuto in famiglia!</a></td></tr></table>\n\n###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!",
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      "body": "thank you",
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      "body": "Hey @eyitayoadeyemi, great post! I enjoyed your content. Keep up the good work! It's always nice to see good content here on Steemit! Cheers :)",
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      "title": "Isn’t too difficult, you can start your cottage toothpaste production Today as a Nascent Entrepreneur.",
      "body": "**Introduction**\n\nThe development of toothpaste first started with the aim to remove debris from teeth but since then the demand from toothpaste has taken different transitions from prevention of dental caries to whitening of tooth, breath freshening and recently to prevention of bacterial infection (such as gingivitis and tooth decay), dental erosion, dentine hypersensitivity, oral cancer and gum bleeding, as well as to remove tartar/calculus and yellowness of tooth. This however is done by continuously changing the composition of the toothpaste.\n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmW3jmRAAkkvuTuB1eX1AdaoejTvwd3VoUUViGjw77r1bK/GEL1.JPG\n\n**IMAGE1: TOOTH DEBRIS**\n\nToothpaste has been classified into two basic types: the non-herbal and herbal toothpastes. Toothpastes can also exist in two forms: tooth powder and paste (i.e gel) which can be stored in can, jar and collapsible tube. Despite the benefits of most nonherbal toothpaste in aspect of dental anticaries, tooth whitening and antigingivitis/antitartar capacities, there is still looming challenges of chemical toxicities of the ingredients of this toothpaste that are claimed to be dangerous to oral health and aquatic life. \n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmeWKJje5z5EtC5a3B7zPWRLFEWn6ZcRmtUJhRKGJGC1Zp/gel.jpg\n**IMAGE2: GEL OR NONHERBAL TOOTHPASTE.** \n\nFurthermore, in the need to overcome the scorch of unemployment among the youth in the world, the science of toothpaste making can be practised for cottage industry but should be allowed to go through federal drug agency before being sold to the public. Here in this article, I addressed how to make toothpaste, toothpaste ingredients and their respective functions, manufacturers’ terminologies, challenges to be encountered in nonherbal toothpaste production and solutions, as well as anecdotal dangers associated with this said toothpaste and future perspectives.  I hope any reader will find it useful and interesting!!! \n\n**History** \n\nThe first dental cream was targeted at eliminating debris from teeth which constituted with powdered ashes from myrrh, oxen hooves, pumice and egg shell dissolved in water, and was developed by ancient Egyptians (between 3,000–5,000 BC). Also ancient Iran (around 1,000 BC) added to this concoction: herbs, honey, gypsum and burnt oyster and snail shells. Although the abrasive composition of the toothpaste increased with oyster shells and crushed bones by earliest Romans and Greeks, but the Romans further later added flavours to the toothpaste through less powdered charcoal and bark around 1000 years later in order to removing the bad breath with then toothpaste. The earliest Chinese used instead the herbal mints, salts and ginseng that looked like nowadays’ toothpastes. In the 18th century, powder toothpaste was emerged on the aim to clean the tooth and developed by medical and natural scientists. The former creamy toothpastes were too expensive and had high level of abrasiveness and poor taste; likewise the latter tooth powders were too harsh and abrasive to tooth owing to their composition such as crushed china, brick dust, cuttlefish and earthenware.\n\nHowever at the ends of 18th and 19th centuries, borax powder (sodium borate) and Glycerine were added to tooth powders to give the foaming effect and to turn it into a paste, make it more palatable and prevent the paste from evaporation respectively. Between these two periods, strontium and salts or soap of fatty acids such as sodium palmitate were constituted in toothpaste for strengthening and reduction of sensitivity of teeth, and for foaming respectively. Toothpaste was first sold in a jar and later in a collapsible tube by Colgate & Co (In 1873) and by Washington Sheffield (in 1892) respectively. \n\n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmUr1Ve3jK3kSMYJ1YzYf2qViWSGkRU1m288T4z2QtcLwk/GEL2.png\n\n**IMAGE3: INVENTION OF COLLAPSIBLE TOOTHPASTE BY Dr Washington Sheffield.**  \n\nThe use of fluorides (such as sodium or stannous fluoride) as dentifrice and anticaries in children by the British (between 1914 to1915) and its  fortification with calcium phosphate as abrasive and mass marketing by USA (in 1956) revolutionised toothpaste technology towards oral health and led to emergence of fluoride toothpaste (that actually legalised in 1960) around the world. Sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) was later emerged after World War II as a synthetic surfactant which is still in use today. \n\n**What are the types of toothpaste?**\n \nToothpastes are classified into different types depending on the state of the material composition and sources of the material composition. \nBase on the nature of the material, toothpastes can be (i) gel- or paste-typed and (ii) powder-type.\nBased on the sources of the material, toothpastes can be (i) artificially or chemically produced or non-herbal toothpaste, (ii) pure herbal or natural toothpaste and (iii) chemical-herbal mixture toothpaste. \n\nOther classifications of toothpaste depend on the objectives of the manufacturers which are consumer-driven and sometimes generally termed **designer toothpastes**. These include fluoridated, non-fluoridated, abrasive, clear coloured, colour-striped and white toothpastes etc. Also, many types of toothpaste have different trade names but their respective compositions determine whether they are herbal or nonherbal or both, hence emphasising the pertinence of toothpaste composition.\n\n**What is the gel or non-herbal toothpaste?**\n\nNonherbal toothpaste is made from synthetic chemicals and is classified into pure coloured gel or striped coloured toothpastes. The pure coloured can be pure white, red, blue etc., whereas striped coloured can have two or more colours in form a stripe coming out from the collapsible tube, all for the purpose of cosmetics and appeal to the sight to the consumers. Some gel toothpaste takes cognisance of the following characteristics of toothpaste such as abrasiveness, fluoride-fortified etc, and through this their compositions are continuously changing to suit the consumers’ choices.\n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmd7YBSa43Vt2j4Bjbh3WEfGQsoUybFKGMUetpo3BszwA9/gel3.jpg\n\n**IMAGE4: STRIPED COLOURED TOOTHPASTE** \n\n\n**What are the consumers-driven aims of the toothpaste manufacturers with their associated terminologies?**\n\nDifferent consumers have different choices for toothpaste they used. For example, toothpaste required of cigarette-smokers will have more abrasive and dentifrice material than general toothpaste.  Therefore, toothpaste production is consumers’ choice-driven. \n\nOther properties that toothpaste possesses that stimulate increase in sales depending on the choice of consumers include:\n**Soft abrasiveness,**  **better breath freshening,** **tooth whitening,** **improved stain removal,** **less expensiveness,** **ability to prevent and fight against varieties of oral diseases,** **capacity to improved oral health** and **cosmetic benefits.**\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmcoji3cwa9NV27XfDsyR6NbhVyos3k8kx9Q1zUiQwEqeB/gel4.jpg\n\n**IMAGE5: GEL TOOTHPASTE TARGETED FOR  CAVITY PROTECTION** \n\nHowever, the following terminologies are used in toothpaste technology and are of importance to the manufacturers in explaining the preparation of toothpaste, and compatibility and functions of the ingredients of the toothpaste, of some ingredients of toothpaste. \n\nThe major ingredient types include: the humectants or liquid base, abrasives or filler, rheology and viscosity modifier, surfactants or detergents, fluoridation or active ingredients, flavouring, sweeteners, colouring and preservatives, whereas some excipient ingredients such as antigingivitis and antiplaque agents, anti-malodour agents, antitartar/anticalculus agents, whitening agents, dentine desensitizers, erosion prevention agents, water, mica, herb, ethanol, vitamins, enzymes, allantoin, and polyethylene/polypropylene glycol which are added on the consumer requests and discretion of the manufacturers.\n\n**(i) Active Ingredients:** is the treatment of toothpaste with fluorides (such as **sodium or strontium fluorides or sodium monofluorophophate**) due to its anticaries and cariostatic property in children and dentifrice (tooth-cleaning) property. The safety dose for fluorides is between **(250–1,500 ppm) in EU and (250-1150) in USA.** Abrasives are problems of fluoridation because they will reduce the con¬centration of soluble fluoride (such as sodium or strontium fluorides) in formulation over time but the best fluoride is sodium monofluorophophate because of its (monofluorophophate) ion is compatible to many abrasives such as Ca, Mg or Al pyrophosphates.\n \nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmXznPewCEf5sD3puv7ZqqoG1xED3FM65CwzsCThJN7NiE/GEL5.jpg\n\n**IMAGE6: FLUORIDATED TOOTHPASTE IS TARGETED AT DENTAL CARIES**\n\n**(ii) Abrasives:** abrasives are harder ingredients in toothpaste that remove stains from the tooth without causing significant damage to the tooth surface. Factors that affect abrasiveness of toothpaste include particle hardness, shape, size, size distribution, concentration, applied load, toothbrush filament diameter, and shape during brushing. The abrasives used in toothpastes include **hydrated silica and calcium carbonate (both are most commonly used and used together at 8 and 20% w/w), dicalcium phosphate dehydrate and calcium pyrophosphate (both are used together), alumina and perlite (both are with high abrasiveness and used at approx. 1–2% w/w), sodium bicarbonate (the lease abrasive and used in excess of 50% w/w), nano-hydroxyapatite and sodium metaphosphate.** Recall, calcium \ncarbon¬ate should not be formulated with sodium fluoride because it reduces fluoride bioavailability. \n\n**(iii) Surfactants or Detergent:** surfactants in toothpaste help in foaming action, intraoral dispersion and micellization of hydrophobic ingredients of the toothpaste. Surfactants can be anionic, cationic, nonanionic and amphoteric. The anionic and cationic are more irritant than amphoteric while non-ionic is the least irritant. Surfactants include **sodium dodecyl sulphate or SLS, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate and sodium cocoyl sarcosinate are anionic surfactants, while amphoteric surfactant include cocamidopropyl betaine, and nonanionic surfactants such as polyethylene glycol (i.e Steareth-30) and alkyl sulfonates (i.e sodium C14–16 olefin sulfonate and sodium C14–17 secondary alkyl sulfonate).** The anionic is the most forming surfactant, followed by the amphoteric but the non-anionic is the least of the foamers.  Surfactants are mostly utilized at con¬centrations of **0.5 to 2.5% w/w.**\n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmW4NxinjsHFQkA3C9vj513xrZkncrXdyyuWZGLL2WtNPa/GEL6.jpg\n\n**IMAGE7: GEL TOOTHPASTE COMPOSITION**\n\n**(iv) Viscosity and Rheology Modifiers:** viscosity is characterised with the thickness and stickiness of the toothpaste whereas rheology is the flow of the toothpaste from the tube. Therefore, viscosity and rheology modifiers help to produce a gel phase with a homogeneous distribution of all ingredients in toothpaste and to prevent these components from separating during duration of storage, as well as to produce an easy flow of toothpaste from the tube with a clear break without stringy appearance and a good ribbon stand-up when spread to a toothbrush. The most common viscosity and rheology modifiers are **carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carrageenan, xanthan gum, cellulose gum, and crosslinked polyacrylates** which are utilized at **concentrations of 0.5 to 2.0% w/w** and **thickening silica at approx. 10% w/w.**\n \n**(v) Humectants or liquid base:** the capacity of toothpaste to avoid being water-separated, drying out and losing texture and flavour at the point of dispensing is caused by the presence of humectants in it. The humectant also gives toothpaste its glossy and smooth appearance, and homogenous delivery pattern.  The commonly used humectants are **glycerine and sorbitol, typically between 20 and 30% w/w with sorbitol at higher concentration.** Glycerine cannot be used together with rheology and viscosity modifiers because the toothpaste suffers the risk of ingredient separation during long-term storage. Also, increase in sorbitol than glycerine suffers from drying out or ‘capping-off’ and stringy appearance. Therefore, most manufacturers prefer the formulations containing water, sorbitol and glycerine. \n\n**(vi) Flavouring:** the idea of adding flavours to toothpaste is to provide breath freshening, certain sensational (i.e cooling, tingling or heating) and conceal the unpleasant taste of surfactants. Most commonly use is the **mint flavour, and others are from herbs, lemons and cinnamon at concentration between 0.3 and 2.0% w/w.**  However, flavours are the most volatile and expensive ingredients in toothpaste. \n\n**(vii) Sweeteners:** these are added to toothpaste to make it tasty and kill the bitterness of surfactants and other ingredients. Artificial sugar **such as saccharin are mostly used but the rarely used is sucralose at concentration 0.2-0.5% w/w** and **Xylitol at concentration of approx. 10% w/w).**\n\n**(viii) Colouring:** is utilised for consumer acceptability. Therefore, toothpaste can be pure colour (i.e pure white, blue or reddish etc) and striped colour. **Artificial colorants (approx. 0.1% w/w) are added to get coloured stripes, while white colour is achieved by adding titanium dioxide (approx. 0.1-1% w/w).** Stripes can be introduced by (i) filling one or more striped core into different compartments of the tube or (ii) filling a single compartment tube simultaneously with striped cores of the same paste. The white toothpastes (of refractive index of approx. 1.45) can be realised by a certain humectant/water ratio and choice of abrasive (like silica). \n\n**(ix) Preservatives:** the aim is to prevent microbial growth during long storage. **Toothpaste with anionic surfactant may not need preservatives because anionic surfactants are inherently antimicrobial,** while **those without anionic surfactants required preservatives such as sodium benzoate and ethyl and methyl paraben at approx. 0.2% w/w.** Likewise, high humectant levels can also prevent microbial growth owing to the high osmotic pressure in the aqueous phase. \n\n**(x) Antigingivitis/Antiplaque Agents:** plaque is a film of bacteria that have built up and deposited on teeth surface and which majorly caused tooth decay and gum disease. Plaque can harden into tartar or calculus which is the organic material that is hardened and formed on the gum line and capable of causing tooth decay if not regularly scrapped off.  Gingivitis on the other hand is the inflammation of the gum which can be caused by plaque. The most commonly utilised and scientifically proven antiplaque/antigingivitis agents in toothpastes include **stannous chloride/fluoride, triclosan,** and **zinc citrate/chloride.** **The triclosan (0.3% w/w) is used together with Gantrez (2% w/w)** because the latter claimed to augment the intraoral substantivity of the former.  \n\n**(xi) Anti-malodour Agents:** volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) such as methyl mercaptan and hydrogen sulphide are products of bacterial fermentation that caused mouth odour and are the targets of the **anti-malodour agents such as  Zinc chlorides  and citrates, that convert them into non-volatile zinc sulphides.**\n\n**(xii) Antitartar/Anticalculus Agents:** calculus is the solidification of mineral salts around organic material found especially in hollow organs or ducts, while tartar is crust-like material that composed of plaque that has become more solidified by mineral salt deposition. Most commonly utilised antitartar/anticalculus agents in toothpastes are **condensed inorganic and organic phosphates such as sodium or potassium salts of the pyrophosphate, tripolyphosphate or hexametaphosphate ion (at 5–12% w/w).** Although zinc chlorides and citrates but not in the presence of condensed phosphates.\n\n**(xiii) Whitening Agents:** whitening is the ability of toothpaste to remove and prevent stains. Therefore, **whitening agents can be mechanical, optical and chemical** depending on their mode of actions. The chemical whitening agents include **condensed sodium or potassium salts of the pyrophosphate, tripolyphosphate or hexametaphosphate ion (at 5–12% w/w) as well as hydrogen peroxide (0.1%-1%).** Toothpaste with hydrogen peroxide does bleach the enamel, oxidise the stain molecules and change their absorption spectra which become invisible to the naked eyes. **Mechanical whitening agents** is simply the physical removal of extrinsic stains and **optical whitening agent such as blue covarine** which is claimed to stick to the tooth surface, thereby changing the optical properties of the teeth and causing whitening. However, hydrogen peroxide is hard to stabilize in toothpaste formulations.\n \n**(xiv) Dentine Desensitization:** Dentine Hypersensitivity is the abnormal feelings such as irritation, heat, shock and pains associated with toothpaste. Nerve desensitization can be achieved by **potassium citrate and nitrate (approx. 5% w/w), and others are strontium salts (acetate, chloride) (approx. 8% w/w), stannous fluoride, calcium sodium phosphosilicate (‘bioglass’) and arginine bicarbonate in mixture with calcium carbonate.** These salts add (bitter) tastes to the toothpaste, reduce fluoride bioavailability and may require non-aqueous formulation. \n\n**(xv) Erosion Prevention Agents:** dental erosion is the peeling off the enamel and dentine surface. These include the additions of **sodium fluoride and stannous fluoride or chloride** to remineralise the enamel and dentin surface by forming a protective layer on the dental hard tissues. \n\n**(xvi) Water:** is used to solubilise most inorganic active ingredients such as fluorides. Therefore, purified water should be utilised to prevent metal impurities such as calcium and other trace elements which can lower the bioavailability and stability of active ingredients in the toothpaste. \n\n**(xvii) other miscellaneous ingredients:** **mica** (i.e phyllosilicate mineral family) is utilised for  its polishing and sparkling impacts, **Sodium hydroxide** for pH,  **vitamins E and C** for antioxidant properties, **herbal extracts** for their antimicrobial properties, enzymes (such as **lactoperoxidase, lactoferrin, lysozyme and glucose oxidase**) for plaque growth prevention,  **ethanol** for solvent, **allantoin** for gum health and **polyethylene and polypropylene glycols** are utilised as dispersants, humectants, and to make xanthan gum (i.e bacteria-formed gum)evenly dispersed in toothpastes. \n\n**What are lethal dose, safety dose and recommended dose?**\n\nLethal dose is the dose of a synthetic chemical that can be harmful and deleterious to  the consumers or individuals.  Safety dose is the dose of a synthetic chemical that will less or no side-effects on the persons that consumed them. The recommended dose is a scientifically proven and guided dose of a synthetic chemical which is legally accepted to be used by chemical users that should be safe for consumption and it is control by federal drug agencies (FDA) of different countries.  \n\nTherefore, many gel toothpaste ingredients are considered as synthetic chemicals which thoroughly guided by FDA by ensuring the recommended dose of each ingredient is actually used for public safety. This is carried out by various lab testing or screenings such as antibacterial test, Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test, Storage test, Physicochemical test (i.e pH, Fluoride ion, Heavy metals etc),  , Sensory test. Importantly as a cottage manufacturer, all these pieces of information are required for your product to be accepted for sales. Please, with no reason you should sell any consumable product without inviting FDA for proper testing.\n\n**How can I produce nonherbal toothpaste?** \n\nYes, you can! What you just need is to follow the steps indicated below and also seek for more information from the internet if need be. \nAlthough toothpaste making process depend on the ingredient used and product types but a general process is highlighted as followed:\n\n**(i) First prepare your liquid base or humectant such as water, sorbitol and glycerine, and other liquid ingredients,\n(ii) Premix your Rheology modifiers with a non-aqueous liquid ingredient like glycerine or the flavouring oil or you may dry blended with other powdered ingredients to aid dispersion before adding to final mixture,\n(iii) You can now add your active ingredients such as sweetener and preservative and stir to disperse,\n(iv) Ensure your abrasives are make slurry with water before adding to the final mixture,\n(v) you can then add your colouring and flavour,\n(vi) Your detergent or surfactant is added last under slow speed agitation to reduce foaming.**  \n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmSYh3DqWZvPcxzXHs6TFogE7P4pa2BS8eoRCjd9hUC3UX/GEL7.jpg\n\n**VIDEO1: SHORT VIDEO FOR TOOTHPASTE MAKING.**\n\n**What are the problems associated with gel toothpaste production?**\n\n**(a) problem due to aeration:** this can be overcome by doing your mixing under a vacuum.\n**(b) problem by rheology modifier:** to avoid lumps formed by rheology modifier, please ensure you do your premixing with other liquid or powdered ingredients with high shear force mixer (or rotors if available) in order to save cost and time.\n**(c) problem of some ingredients such as hydrated silica** that can fail to incorporate should be premixed and heat a little to increase its dispersion before adding to the final mixture.\n**(d) problem with abrasive**such as calcium carbonate should be premixed into slurry before being added to the final mixture. \n**(e) Avoid the use of conventional agitator** when mixing powder ingredient. \n\n**Is giving trial in making non-herbal toothpaste as cottage industry a crime?**\n\nNo, isn’t a crime! But ensure it undergoes a thorough screening and approval by the FDA of your country before being sold to the public.\n\n**Is there any way I can pack the toothpaste in the absence of collapsible tube?**\n\nYes, there is! You can use a small jar or small container in the absence of collapsible tube to put your products provided it has a seal. \n \n**What are the anecdotal risks associated with non-herbal toothpaste?**\n\nSome of the nonherbal toothpaste ingredients have been claiming to pose danger to human oral health if continuously used for long time, and to aquatic life through water pollution. Bleach and peroxides has been claimed to cause irritation in skins and mouth even in small dose and severe chemical burn in large dose.  Artificial flavouring and scent has also fought against by being not safe. Also, preservatives such as EDTA (ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid) and formaldehyde utilised in some gel toothpaste are experimental pollutants. \n\nTriclosan used as antibacterial and antitartar in toothpaste has been claimed to cause water pollution when it combines with other chemical to form dioxin which is a dangerous pollutant. SLS (sodium lauryl sulphate) used as a foaming former in toothpaste has been implicated to cause skin and mouth irritations, canker sores or mouth ulcer, dirt to teeth if not thoroughly rinsed, severe burn (at 30%-40%), male and female infertility and breast cancer since it mimic oestrogen hormone in action, skin drying, mouth odour, allergy in some people. Fluorides have been argued to cause fluorosis at 5mg/kg per body weight especially in children less than 24 or 12 months.\n\n**What are future perspectives on toothpaste technology?**\n\nMany toothpaste manufacturers are drastically improved on the delivery of fluoride but to enhance fluoride bioavailability in fighting against dental caries are still a dilemma. The brands of toothpaste produced nowadays are consumer-driven, so manufacturers now moved from dental caries to other consumers’ needs such as whitening, breath freshening and preventions of bacterial infection (such as gingivitis and tooth decay), dental erosion, dentine hypersensitivity, oral cancer and gum bleeding, as well as to remove tartar/calculus and yellowness of tooth. \n\nThe recent up-roaring of side-effects and environmental pollution of nonherbal toothpaste is of great worries. This as a result may drive the consumers’ choice to the use of herbal toothpastes which are in different brands on the supermarket shelves. The claim of herbal toothpaste being anticaries, anti-gingivitis, anti-tartar and anticancer etc, as well as low cost, to mention a few has generated consumer interest and demand. However, the choice of toothpaste is now consumer-based.  \n\n\nREFERENCES\n\n**1:** https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwj5woGg5NnaAhVFPxQKHfwXDQQQjRx6BAgAEAU&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ivoriesdentalclinic.com%2Fphoto-gallery-dental-services.php%3Fid%3D7&psig=AOvVaw0Lg5b6wPEj2irfQQEMLfC7&ust=1524895399415560\n\n**2:** https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwj_7d3u4dnaAhUHcRQKHQSHC1QQjRx6BAgAEAU&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhatbhatenionline.com%2Ftooth-paste%2F5732-sensodyne-fresh-gel-toothpaste-130g.html&psig=AOvVaw2w3-7SGCND1YdxK3tICA_m&ust=1524894699711085\n\n**3:**https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiVyO2R6NnaAhVDVxQKHXt5A7sQjRx6BAgAEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fconnecticuthistory.org%2Faristocratic-dental-cream-gets-squeezed%2F&psig=AOvVaw3ZxvAufshRDlqhdV15_K-9&ust=1524896257038171\n\n**4:**https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjHmMDU69naAhULuRQKHRPSCXIQjRx6BAgAEAU&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegram.com%2Farticle%2F20140826%2Fcolumn83%2F308269982&psig=AOvVaw1gg_RBM5RI8gkMVCgTshDB&ust=1524897376415458\n\n**5:**https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwj5xtWU8dnaAhXDUhQKHQv2DlkQjRx6BAgAEAU&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailyrecords.com%2F2018-2019-2020-2021%2Fworld-famous-top-10-list%2Fhighest-selling-brands-products-companies-reviews%2Fbest-toothpaste-brands-world-whitening%2F6835%2F&psig=AOvVaw3eAnzowDyuWgITHYCz8t4w&ust=1524898724279456\n\n**6:** https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwi6_8fggdraAhWBkRQKHYzbBzMQjRx6BAgAEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DKZO6ikqZjdg&psig=AOvVaw1VDvcJyn3Xtr1-jiQ6_OrQ&ust=1524903332591018.\n\n**7:**https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjEhviR_tnaAhXD6RQKHdMxAOcQjRx6BAgAEAU&url=http%3A%2F%2Ftransformpilates.in%2Ftag%2Fexcipients-trisodium-phosphate%2F&psig=AOvVaw0XvSwG45kCfpYqn3rVNQDp&ust=1524900158139315\n\n**VIDEO**\n\n**1**https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=video&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiWoLqCgNraAhVUQ8AKHRSvC2IQuAIINDAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D1ILM4oQvsWA&usg=AOvVaw3i4T0Stx0UnL05gOYtkY5L",
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      "title": "DRUG ABUSE AND ADDICTION: CHALLENGES, RELAPSE, TREATMENT STRATEGIES AND SOCIOECONOMIC BENEFITS",
      "body": "@@ -610,16 +610,18 @@\n health. \n+%0A%0A\n Drug add\n@@ -1144,16 +1144,18 @@\n ug use.%0A\n+%0A%0A\n https://\n@@ -1253,30 +1253,31 @@\n TOMS OF \n-DRUG ADDICTION\n+QUITTING  DRUGS\n **%0A%0AThis\n@@ -1623,16 +1623,18 @@\n  field. \n+%0A%0A\n There ar\n@@ -2076,18 +2076,16 @@\n ity.  %0A%0A\n-**\n However,\n@@ -2222,18 +2222,79 @@\n  future?\n+ \n **\n+until you follow me in this another drug abuse article!!** %0A\n %0A%0A**DOES\n@@ -3694,24 +3694,25 @@\n /april2.jpg%0A\n+%0A\n **IMAGE3: DR\n@@ -5740,17 +5740,17 @@\n %0A**IMAGE\n-4\n+5\n : GROUP \n@@ -11829,17 +11829,17 @@\n %0A**IMAGE\n-5\n+6\n :EFFECTS\n@@ -15019,28 +15019,278 @@\n 4uQW2yn&ust=1523624334774804\n-\n \n+%0A%0A**6.**https://www.google.com.ng/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=&url=http%253A%252F%252Fneurowiki2013.wikidot.com%252Findividual%253Areward-pathway-and-behavior-in-addiction&psig=AOvVaw0XhKhbc9myMc0pjDc8JXCs&ust=1523663318171670\n",
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      "title": "DRUG ABUSE AND ADDICTION: CHALLENGES, RELAPSE, TREATMENT STRATEGIES AND SOCIOECONOMIC BENEFITS",
      "body": "**INTRODUCTION**\n\nAbusing of drug can be done unknowingly or knowingly, the addiction to drug is an event that take place after a very long drug use, especially illegal drugs (e.g heroin) although some prescription drugs ( e.g codeine) have also been abused at the same pace.https://steemitimages.com/DQmUw2gRzJHTqUJkJxKy3FXBn9LpbvGAkdJfjbyaksskBTG/april.jpg\n**IMAGE1: DRUG ADDICT PATIENT.** \nHowever, the problem among drug abusers initially is the assumption that they can have power over the drugs being continuously abused until the drugs overpower them and set them off onto partially permanent state of health. Drug addiction is simply the aftermath of drug abuse, the unprecedentedly irreversible damage it unleash to the brain called for concern and is the major challenge being faced by public health globally today. The changes drugs being abused cause to the brain after a prolonged use can continue even after the drug addict appears to abstained from drug use------a term called **withdrawal syndrome**. Even people who are physically dependent on drugs on medical basis could experience withdrawal syndrome after quitting of drug use.\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmQxb1YA3Gd241oS71MNKci4b3gKVFMtiPqjpZQfsWT5ie/APRIL1.jpg\n**IMAGE2. SYMPTOMS OF DRUG ADDICTION**\n\nThis withdrawal syndrome is characterised with many behavioural implications such as incapability to have power over the use of same drug irrespective of its negative effects, psychiatric, and psychological problems. Also the withdrawal syndrome is also the cause of relapse that always poses tremendous challenges to medical personnel in this field. There are many factors that can trigger this craving without the addict patient knowing which of these factors actually sparks up this event. These factors include family problem, work stress, psychiatric illness, social reminder that involved drug use, and smells associated with drug being abused etc. Therefore, the major of addiction treatment is to return people to psychological and productive functioning in workplace, family and community.  \n\n**However, can addict eventually be treated, what are the challenges and strategies being employed, and how can we be of help now and in the future?**\n\n**DOES DRUG ADDICTION TREATMENT WORTH IT?**\n\nDrug use can cost a nation a huge sum of financial loss than treating drug addiction itself. It costs united nation over 600 billion dollars annually. Likewise, maintaining the incarcerated drug addicts cost more than treating drug addiction. One year imprisonment can cost about 24,000 dollars per inmate whereas methadone treatment costs on the average 4,700 dollars per patient annually in the United States. Also, treatment of addiction reduces the rate of acquiring chronic infectious diseases such as HIVs, HCVs etc and social vices including crimes, rapes, thug rivalry etc.\n\n**DRUG ADDICTION TREATMENT**\n\nThis is a practice targeted at helping addict patient or individual in stopping compulsive drug craving, seeking and use. Drug addiction is a chronic psychological disorder depicted with an occasional relapse, therefore requires a prolonged treatment that involves multifactorial interventions and consistent supervision. \nTreating addiction involves the following:\n**(a) Behavioural Therapy,**\n**(b) Medication**\n**(c) Both**\n**(d)Other socio-environmental strategies** \n\nThe treatment types most time concertedly applied  and also depends on the **individual need of the patient** and on **the drug type being abused*** in order to have **an effective treatment.**\n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmYs48Cs6uveFmMZ2jwAaf1ujgbxWKHx7R1Vb1EcbL9AMe/april2.jpg\n**IMAGE3: DRUG ADDICTION TREATMENT.**\n\n**TREATMENT BY MEDICATION**\n\nThe following drugs are administered according to the patient’s drug abuse:\n1.**Varenicline, bupropione and nicotine preparations (including gum, patches, nasal spray and lozenges)** are used **for treating persons that are addicted to tobacco,**\n2.**II.Methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone** are administered **for treatment of opioids-addicted patients**, and\n3.**III.Acamprostate, naltrexone and disulfiram** are used **for treating alcohol-dependants.**\n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmeZFjpZVt2aDNdiS6anctzhVkjBBUkwsY1cFkWzuscnhE/april3.jpg\n**IMAGE4: PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF DRUG ADDICTION.**\n\nMore importantly, treatment for abused-prescription drugs (for e,g opioid pain-killer) may be similar with abused-illicit drugs (e.g heroines) if both have the same effects on the brain. Therefore, **buprenorphine** is used in both the **treatments of opioid pain-killer and heroines addictions.**\n\nHowever, not all drug addictions can be treated with medications **(e.g treatments of addictions by prescription drug stimulants and cocaine),** thus,  **behavioural therapy** actually serve significant purpose in this aspect.\n\n\n\n**BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY** \n\nThis therapy can **complement medication by motivating the patient to take his/her medications,** and can also **help to cope with drug craving, avoid addicted-drug use,  prevent and deal with relapse, improve communication, parenting and relationship skills, and finally improve on family dynamics.** \n\nBehavioural therapy commonly include **contingency management** and **cognitive-behavioural therapy.**Also, these two sections can be carried out **individually** or **in group** by trained counsellors or medical personnel. Unlike individual therapy, group therapy can lead to iatrogenic (or unintended harmful) effects in which highly delinquent youth triggers drug use and disrupts the objectives of the therapy.\n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmYmg4nhTXA7xCcYc7keNBZnbHHggWwpBAtiA5JjBXUPyR/APRIL4.jpg\n**IMAGE4: GROUP COUNSELING AS DRUG ADDICTION THERAPY.**\n\nIf the addicted suffers from other issues such as health (e.g AIDS), social (e.g unemployment), legal and family issues, both the addiction problem and these issues are addressed concurrently. \n\nAlso, most addictions come with mental illness including anxiety disorder, depression, schizophrenia or bipolar disorder; even patients with severe addiction that abuse multiple drugs are treated for all disorders and substances respectively and simultaneously with the addiction.  \n\n**OTHER SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES** \n\nSome socio-environmental measures such as:\nI.\tIncentive strategies for drug addicts by government,\nII.\tProvision of employment and routine check for drug addict who can demonstrate abstinence,\nIII.\tLegal involvement through parole for abstinence, and addiction treatment in prisons,  \nIV.\tIncrease access to effective treatment, \nV.\tIncreased length of treatment (for at least 3 months) and \nVI.\treduced public stigma of drug addicts, \nVII.\tEncouraging insurance parity, \nVIII.\tIntensifying awareness among both healthcare professional and patients, as well as schools, homes and communities,\nIX.\tArresting of drug addicts not for incarceration but to connect them to appropriate treatment providers, \nX.\tEncouragement of sport and exercise,\nXI.\tIdentification of drug abusers before serious drug problems, \nXII.\tEstablishments of free medical cares and information centres to locate appropriate treatment by government any country,\nXIII.\tAvailability of social service agents, psychiatric personnel and medical doctors,  and \nXIV.\tEncouragement of family and friend therapies etc. \n\nAll these can motivate patients to stay away from abusing drugs; stay in drug treatment and drastically reduce illegal and prohibited drug use.\n\n**WHY ARE DRUG ADDICTION TREATMENTS IMPORTANT IN WOMEN, PREGNANT WOMEN AND ADOLESCENTS?**\n\nMany life circumstances do have more negative impacts on women than their male counterparts according to research. It has been evidenced that sexual and physical trauma that followed post-traumatic stress disorders is common in drug-abusing women than their male opponents seeking treatment.\n\nAbuse of drugs by pregnant does not only affect the mother but also the foetus. \n**(i) Alcohol** drinking during pregnancy **causes foetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)**.\n \n**(ii) smoking** may **lead to still-birth, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), low birth weight, premature birth, respiratory problem and slow foetal growth**.\n\n**(iii) opioid drug use** may **lead to withdrawal syndrome in new-born baby termed neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS).**\n\nHowever, most medications used in addiction treatment have the potential of causing NAS but with different degree. For example, **methadone causes more NAS in new-born than buprenorphine,** resulting in short hospital stay for treatment of withdrawal syndrome.\n \n**Adolescents** have  **(i)** immature psychosocial and neurocognitive tendency, **(ii)** are more impulsive than being more reasoned and reflective, and **(iii)**also have weak planning, judgement, decision-making and self-control because their brains are still under development.\n\nTherefore, their sensitivity to peer’s pressure and social cues is major factor that leads them to drug abuse. Parenting involvements, social engaging activists such as sports and schooling, case management, access to comprehensive assessment and family support services are part of behavioural therapy utilized for addict adolescents.\n\n**Buprenorphine** is the medication **suitable for opioid-addict adolescents** as young as 16 years old.\n\n\n**IS THERE ANY DIFFERENT BETWEEN PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE ON DRUG AND DRUG ADDICTION?**\n\n**Physical dependence** is when the body has adapted to or tolerates high dose of drugs in order to bring about certain effect in which discontinue of this drug (especially illicit drug) will lead to physical and mental symptoms. This dependence can happen owing to chronic use of many drugs, both illegal drugs and prescriptive drugs even if taken as instructed (especially at high dose). It can accompany addiction and differentiating it from addiction is very difficult. \n\n**Drug Addiction** is the compulsive drug use despite harmful effects that characterized by inability to stop using drug, tolerance, withdrawal, and failure to meet family, work and social obligations.\n\n**LIMBIC OR PLEASURE PATHWAY IN DRUG ADDICT AND DEPENDENT PATIENTS**\n\nThe feeling of reward or pleasure is as a result of activation of mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway. Natural reward or pleasure in the mid-brain area are caused by food or sex, as well as many drugs such as  cocaine, marijuana, amphetamine, alcohol, nicotine, opiates and caffeine that human abuse. These abused drugs that activate or inhibit different receptor system directly or indirectly in the mid-brain in order to increase the synaptic concentration of mesolimbic dopamine that binds to mesolimbic dopaminergic receptor and activates it to cause the pleasure or reward.\n    \nDrugs being abuse that directly amplifies the mesolimbic dopamine at the postsynaptic dopamine receptor include:\n\n(i) **Cocaine** caused the blockage of the presynaptic dopamine transporter that mops up the mesolimbic dopamine, and\n(ii) **Amphetamine** increased the release of mesolimbic dopamine from the synaptic vesicles of presynaptic neurones.\n\nDrugs being abuse that indirectly amplifies the mesolimbic dopaminergic cue through varieties of receptor system include:\n\n(i) **Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)** binds to cannabinoid receptors,\n(ii) **Opiates, such as heroin or morphine** bind to opioid receptors,\n(iii) **Caffeine** blocks adenosine A2 receptors,\n(iv) **Alcohol** allosterically facilitates GABAergic receptors and inhibits the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors,\n(v) **Phencyclidine** inhibits NMDA glutamate receptors, and\n(vi) **Nicotine derivative** such as cigarettes activates nicotinic cholinergic receptors.\n \nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmXakffRUqMUhrYyLFtntFuUwMmbDrirXXB1UhbAkneiyk/april6.jpg\n**IMAGE5:EFFECTS OF DRUG ADDICTION ON THE BRAIN (REWARD PATHWAY)**\n\n**ANHEDONIA OR DOPAMINE DEPLETION HYPOTHESIS**\n\nThis  hypothesis explains that the bid to increase mesolimbic dopamine and associated pleasure is the drive for continuous drug administration (i.e addictive behaviour), and also unrestricted use of drug such as cocaine that will later cause dopamine deficit state which in turn results in a **cocaine crash (i.e depression)** and **biological demand (i.e craving)** for more cocaine to replace the empty mesolimbic dopamine synapse. \n\n\n\n\n**CHALLENGES IN DRUG ADDICTION TREATMENT** \n\nIn contrast, relapse with symptom recurrent rates may occur like other chronic medical diseases such as diabetics, cancer etc, and this may make treatment a failure. Although failure to medication is not a treatment failure, but this is a signal for a need for readjustment of treatment and to remain in treatment for an adequate period (at least 3 months). Therefore, **the longer the longer is the duration of treatment the better the outcome of treatment.** \n\nLikewise, criminal involvement and severe mental disorders can cause a patient to drop out of treatment; therefore, intensive intervention should be encouraged to retain the patient. \n\nFurthermore, co-occurrence of mental disorder with drug addiction also poses challenge to treatment of addiction, and if treatment will take place it is done concurrently.\n\nEven, it is not all drug addiction cases medications can arrest.\n\n\n\nPLEASE, GIVE YOUR JUDGEMENT. THANK YOU FOR FLIPPING THROUGH!\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nReferences\n**1.** https://www.google.com.ng/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwj2tJG5z7TaAhUM8RQKHeU-BwoQjRx6BAgAEAU&url=%2Furl%3Fsa%3Di%26rct%3Dj%26q%3D%26esrc%3Ds%26source%3Dimages%26cd%3D%26cad%3Drja%26uact%3D8%26ved%3D2ahUKEwj2tJG5z7TaAhUM8RQKHeU-BwoQjRx6BAgAEAU%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.europharmforum.org%252Finternational-treatment-locators-european-drug-addicts%252F%26psig%3DAOvVaw2ucGRxETooaOXbiMRD8Tvt%26ust%3D1523618458346414&psig=AOvVaw2ucGRxETooaOXbiMRD8Tvt&ust=1523618458346414\n\n**2.**https://www.google.com.ng/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwj_sr7j4bTaAhXK7RQKHbCVB9UQjRx6BAgAEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinterest.com%2Fpin%2F71776187794013389%2F&psig=AOvVaw16gN2_QrxUGs9s-3QSwipw&ust=1523623346457634\n\n**3.**https://www.google.com.ng/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwi8xfnH6bTaAhWDtRQKHUKkALsQjRx6BAgAEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2Fsahyogclinic%2Fdrug-abuse-ppt-by-sahyog-clinic&psig=AOvVaw08OHF6iU5QZwDep4uQW2yn&ust=1523624334774804\n\n**4.**https://www.google.com.ng/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjflIrj67TaAhXCUBQKHXZcDyoQjRx6BAgAEAU&url=http%3A%2F%2Falcohol-drug-abuse-treatment.com%2Fwhat-to-expect-from-substance-abuse-treatment%2F&psig=AOvVaw08OHF6iU5QZwDep4uQW2yn&ust=1523624334774804\n\n**5.**https://www.google.com.ng/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwi8xfnH6bTaAhWDtRQKHUKkALsQjRx6BAgAEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2Fsahyogclinic%2Fdrug-abuse-ppt-by-sahyog-clinic&psig=AOvVaw08OHF6iU5QZwDep4uQW2yn&ust=1523624334774804",
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      "title": "The Addicted: Failure In The Upbringing VS Arresting Strategies At Young Age",
      "body": "**A TRUE LIFE STORY**\n\nCharles was a friend, but the last time I saw him was when he came back home to reunite with his old poverty-stricken mom. Everybody on the street was happy hearing the news of his transformation, but later on, story had it that he was later killed by his other addict gang when revisiting the slum he lived before he was discovered and transformed by the “rehab” people. His re-visitation was for positive mission in which he could use his new status to lure some of his addict friends to a new life he enjoyed.\nHowever, his straying started when he lost his father, who is the only benefactor to the family, at the tender age. While other children were in school Charles was on the street hawking. Through this means he was initiated and eventually left his mother into the street. The death of Charles was touchy and called for sober reflections among peoples in the neighbourhoods. I come to a conclusion that life may be unfortunately  miserable at time.\n \n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmTMafoySeJcBqFx3oMbv6428udw8tUwgxZ3QwMCskiAyG/drug%20addict.jpg\n**IMAGE1: FORMS OF DRUG**\n\n**INTRODUCTION**\n\nHowever, drug abuse and addiction is a public health menace all around the globe. Adolescents are becoming the major vulnerable in Nigeria and other parts of the continents, even in your own country as you are going through this article. The youngsters can either be initiated easily or partly when involved in drug trading in which they mostly lost their lives. In some countries, both in some parts of Africa and southern America the drug lords hijack the political, social and economic aspects of these countries because they become too powerful due  to the huge resources they control and let the up-coming adolescents see life not beyond drug business. \n\nIn school, students that do take drugs are being regarded as stronger, tougher and bolder by their peers; those that have low self-esteem fall into the web of drug abusers in order to be socially accepted by their peers, and some do drug in order for drive to heighten pleasures, coping with depression, curiosity, friend-do-it, sexual prowess, sport performance, enjoyment of social gathering, sound sleep, strive to pass examine and initiation to social class within the school. \n\n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmYXTdPXU8eAr3QVovk2qZWTM5ZfnsnfMFqdMvsS4jowF9/kano.jpg\n**IMAGE2: DRUG ABUSE IN KANO (NORTHERN PART OF NIGERIA)**\n\nSome school-going adolescents and teenagers have becoming affected, even addicted; thereby leading to insanity, maiming, street roaming, sentence to a life of delinquency, several maladjustments in school programmes and even dropping out of schools and premature death. Students that are addicted to marijuana in secondary in Nigeria are used to be indiscipline and confronting their tutors. Therefore, drug abuse has no bound to social class and it destroys the development of any society by being a threat to dignity, prosperity, life and health. \n\n\n>https://steemitimages.com/DQmPQoP3iJyjgxiJKGnC6rADedPfMKPA1moXq6P716Xda7k/addict.jpg\n**IMAGE3** DRUG SMOKING HIDEOUT FOR SOME ADOLESCENTS** \n\n\nThis event above may take different dimensions including\n\n**I. When parents have no time to supervise their children**\n**II. When parents have no or little time for interaction with their family members**\n**III. When parents do with pressurizing their children to pass exams or perform much better in their studies**\n**IV. Divorce** \n**V. Non-chastisement of youngsters and** \n**VI. Some social laws on child-abuse that prevents child chastisement etc.**\n\nTherefore, when parents start detecting in their child the following signs:\n\n**i. He/she possesses drug related assorted objects (I.e paraphernalia) including small respiratory drugs, rolling paper and pipes,**\n\n**ii. He/she keeps drugs, seeds of leaves, special plants in containers for cigarette ash (i.e ashtrays) or pockets of his/her clothes,**\n\n**iii. His/her clothes start exuding smell of special incense, odours of drugs and other cover up scents,\nHe/she starts harbouring drug-related magazines, having slogans on his/her clothes and showing hostility when discussing drugs,**\n\n**iv. He/she begins to display distorted memory, difficulty in concentration, poor physical coordination and short attention span,**\n\n**v. Their child always starts looking unhealthy in appearance, having dilated pupils, bloodshot eyes and incoherent speech,**\n\n**vi. His/her behaviour drastically changed by having any of increased absenteeism, chronic dishonesty, stealing, lying, change in friends, cheating, law enforcement or police issues, increased and wrong hostility, anger and irritability, and\nreduced self-discipline, motivation, self-esteem and drive.**\n\nAny parent should start suspecting his/her child has started taking drugs if he/she detects two or more of these aforementioned signs.\n\n**What is Drug Abuse?**\n\nLogically, the use of drug correctly administered under medical prescription is a blessing and beneficial. But, paradoxically, chronic use of drugs is deleterious and detrimental. \nTherefore, **drug** is referred to a food or substance that causes changes such as **psychological** (i.e perception and cognition), **physiological** (i.e behaviour, mood and general body functions) and **psycho-social** changes of a person due to its chemical structures and biotransformation of the drugs by the liver. \n\n**Drug Abuse** is the excessive, chronic or persistent, maladaptive or addictive and or self-administration of drug for non-medical purpose. **Drug addiction**  is a state whereby someone is psycho-socially, psychologically and physiologically dependent on harmful drugs. \n\nAbused Drugs can be **in tablets,** **liquid,**  **syrup** and **powdery forms**\n\nThe illegal drugs are **taken into the body system through injection by syringe, applying to food, sniffing and smoking.**\n\nThe rate at which a person becomes addicted to drug depends on the \n**(i) type of drugs used**, **(ii) amount of drug used** **(iv) duration  of  drug usage** and **(iii) pattern of drug usage.** \n\nA person is said to abuse drug use when \n**(i) the drug is not for medical purpose, (ii) the drug is culturally or ethically unacceptable, (iii) the drug is self-prescribed without medical knowledge and (iv) the drug is legally prohibited.**\n\nIt is not only **adolescents or teenagers** that abuse drugs but also **house wives, married** and **unmarried adults** and **old people,** as well as **rich peoples and their children,** **police officers,**  **NDLEA agents,** **musicians and** **even pregnant women.** Thus,  **anybody can abuse drug unknowingly or knowingly** depending the person falls into the aforementioned four categories.\n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmU4i7ox9gDnUoRC37RNgnL41wUrzhzzYkY1utkvbnmqPp/DRUG%20WOMAN%20.jpg\n**IMAGE4: MARRIED AND SINGLE WOMEN WITH DRUG ADDICTION**\n\n**What are the categories of drug that are being abused?**\n\n**1.Stimulants:**  These are caffeine, crack-cocaine, Cocaine, Methamphetamine, MDMA, Amphetamines, Methylphenidate, Coca, Nicotine and tea substances. They stimulate the brains and spinal cords (CNS). They are used **because of their pleasant effect (i.e increased energy)**.\n\n**2.Hallucinogens:**  Include marijuana (street names: India hemp and cannabis), LSD or d-lysergic acid diethylamide, Psilocybin, Salvia divinorum, PCP and Peyote etc. They stimulate the sensory process unit of the brain. They are used **because of the belief that they bring inner joy**. **Other effects are distorted perception, sadness, and feeling of anxiety and euphoria.** \n\n**3.Narcotics:** These are Tramadol, Carfentanil, codeines, Meperidine, oxycodone, Fentanyl, Methadone, hydrocodone, heroines and opium. They are used **because they kill pains and cause drowsiness and sleeping.** **They block pain receptors in the brain, thereby  weakening the user's sense of feeling pains.**\n\n**4.Sedatives:**   They include alcohol, barbiturates, Amytal, chloroform, Seconal, promotazine, Numbutal, benzodiazepines, valium. They are used **because they believed they help users to forget problem, relieve anxiety and stress, and finally cause sleeping and relaxation since they slow down brain activity.**  **They slow down brain function or depress the brain.**\n\n**5.Tranquilizers:** They are in the categories of Seroquel, Librium, Zyprexa, Valium and Haldol etc. They are used**because of the belief that they cause calmness without drowsiness.**  **They slow down brain function or depress the brain.**\n\n**6.Miscellaneous:** They are volatile solvents and inhalants and include tube repair, paint thinners, glues, perfumes, spot removers, odours from suck-away, petrol odours, chemicals etc.**They are utilized because they believe that they produce extreme happiness (i.e euphoria) and strong emotion.** they act on the brain to cause mind-altering effects and intoxication, as well as other forms of brain effect similar to any of the aforementioned five.\n\n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmQV4WxAtywxVZhPeQ3idATNhVBXoNaFXbrhCCYsNaYdPL/brain%20.jpg\n**IMAGE5:THE BRAIN SECTION OF THE DRUG ABUSE PATIENT LACKING ENOUGH PERFUSED BLOOD (YELLOW COLOUR)AND NORMAL PATIENT WITH ENOUGH PERFUSED BLOOD (RED COLOUR).**\n\n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmVj1PYzEomwc8un6x47r9Gcu2R1jMwnQ6V2Dek2CVvNAB/abused%20drug.jpg\n**IMAGE 6: SCHEMATICS OF SOME STRUCTURES OF DRUGS BEING ABUSED.**\n\n\n**What are the theories underlying Drug Abuse?**\n\n**1. Learning Theory of Drug Abuse:** Came as result of all forms of learning such as social learning, instrumental learning and conditional learning.\n\n**2.Personality Theory of Drug Abuse:** Came as a result of certain innate characters in someone such as  low tolerance to frustration, poor impulse control, poor coping ability, high emotion dependence on other people, low self-esteem and inability to delay frustration.\n\n**3.Socio-cultural theory of Drug Abuse:** When some drugs are used as cultural item or are socio-culturally accepted. For example in Nigeria, **Ogogoro (i.e local dry gin)** and **Cigarettes smoking** are accepted in southern and northern parts of the country respectively.\n\n**4.Biological Thoery of Drug Abuse:** Came owing to genetic make-up  of some persons (i.e poor drug metabolizer) that cause them to be vulnerable because they have to take a particular drug at a high dose before working for them, by so doing causing these people to be addicted over time.  \n\n\n**What are the other causes of Drug Abuse apart from failure on the part of the parents?**\n\n**1.** The curiosity to experiment the use of harmful drugs\n\n**2.** The influence due to peer pressure as children want to be independent of their parent but dependent on their mates as they grow and want to be accepted into social group.\n\n**3.** The effect of socio-economic status such as poverty, unemployment and broken marriages that throw adolescents into the street, roaming aimlessly, begging and hawking etc, in the process becomes initiated.\n\n**4.** The need for power to work for longer time as for those teenage doing menial works.\n\n**5.** Indiscriminate selling and availability of drugs.\n\n**6** Inability of addicts to suppress occurrence of withdrawal syndrome (i.e urges the users had after stopping drug use).\n\n**Why are Drug Abuses and Addictions dangerous?**\n\n**1. Alcohol Abuse:** can cause\n\n(a) Pathological effects including peptic and pancreatic ulcer, liver cirrhosis, tuberculosis, hypertension, and neurological disorder;\n\n(b) Psychological effects such as deficiency and delayed motor development, and mental retardation of foetus,\n(c) Physical effects like limb abnormality, craniofacial abnormality and cardiac defects,\n\n(d) Psychiatric effects such as pathological drunkenness and suicide behaviour, and\n\n(e) Socially broken effects including increase in sexual offences, crime rate, sexual infectious diseases and homicide.\n \n**2. Stimulants:** can lead to exaggerated self-confidence, sleeplessness, lethargy, damage to lining of the nose, irritability and psychiatric complication,\n\n**3.Tobacco:*cause hypertension, cancer, bronchitis, strokes, heart attack, sinusitis, and delay growth of foetus,\n\n**4.Narcotics:**may lead to poor perception, cough, suppression, drowsiness, vomiting, sleepiness, constipation, unconsciousness and even death, and\n\n**5. Inhalants:** can cause kidney damage, anaemia and bleeding stomach.\n\n\n**What are the Strategies for Arresting Drug Abuse?**\n\n1. Every Family should encourage the teaching of drug abuse in their home.\n\n2. Every parent and adult should stop desist from using drug indiscriminately in the presence of children and youngsters.\n\n3. All parents should prevent their adolescents from socialising with unknown gangs or suspicious neighbourhood peer groups.\n\n4. Drug vendors and dealers should be investigated, trailed, arrested and prosecuted.\n\n5. Illegal drug factories should be searched for, closed down and confiscated.\n\n6. The sales of some legal drugs in the categories above should be monitored so that they should not be indiscriminately sold out to teenagers.\n\n7. There should be counselling centre for drug control in every community by government or private individuals.\n\n8. Qualified health counsellors should be employed in the counselling centre that will help the drug addict on how to go about withdrawing system.\n\n9. Ministry of education in both state and federal in every country should design curricula on drug education at all levels of education.\n\n10. National drug law enforcement agency (NDLEA) should be established or if established should help in intensifying campaign against drug abuse.\n\n11. Students should be provide with effective study habit through sufficient recreational activities, adequate resting and sleeping time and well planned time table.\n\n12. There should be creation of drug awareness units in the local, state and federal government levels.\n\n13. Government should strive more in rehabilitating drug addicts than trying them as criminals. \n\n14. The NDLEA agents expand their search operation to commercial buses, private cars, streets, schools, incomplete buildings, lonely areas and many suspicious places.\n\n15. Media encouragement, through music, prints and televisions, of drug usage should be censored and discouraged.\n\n16. Government should increase taxes on tobacco and alcohol industries.\n\n17. marketing of addictive substances in a way is appealed to adolescents should restricted.\n \n\n**I HOPE YOU HAVE LEARNT ONE OR TWO THINGS IN THIS PIECE OF INFORMATION.** \n                           **THANK YOU.** \n                                  \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n**REFERENCES**\n\n**1.** https://www.google.com.ng/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwivr9Pz-JraAhUFtRQKHVQjDeYQjRx6BAgAEAU&url=%2Furl%3Fsa%3Di%26rct%3Dj%26q%3D%26esrc%3Ds%26source%3Dimages%26cd%3D%26cad%3Drja%26uact%3D8%26ved%3D2ahUKEwivr9Pz-JraAhUFtRQKHVQjDeYQjRx6BAgAEAU%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fparoche.org%252Fexpert-raises-alarm-on-drug-abuse%252F%26psig%3DAOvVaw3HR4eOko-3rZWjqIq66-Tl%26ust%3D1522734669515461&psig=AOvVaw3HR4eOko-3rZWjqIq66-Tl&ust=1522734669515461\n\n**2.** https://www.google.com.ng/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjGiqCb85raAhWBUhQKHfyRCSIQjRx6BAgAEAU&url=http%3A%2F%2Fjaruma.net%2Fkano-poverty-parental-neglect-responsible-for-drug-crime-among-almajiris%2F&psig=AOvVaw3HR4eOko-3rZWjqIq66-Tl&ust=1522734669515461\n\n**3.** https://www.google.com.ng/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=&url=http%3A%2F%2Falcohol.addictionblog.org%2Ftop-10-effective-ways-to-reduce-teenage-drug-and-alcohol-abuse%2F&psig=AOvVaw3mkKnSaYF78bPwx_jXv7V2&ust=1522732990871684\n\n**4**https://www.google.com.ng/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjgiuOI_praAhVHsxQKHblJCE0QjRx6BAgAEAU&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hyve.ng%2F2017%2F12%2F03%2Fdrugs-kitchen-dangerous-addiction-housewives-youths-kano%2F&psig=AOvVaw3HR4eOko-3rZWjqIq66-Tl&ust=1522734669515461\n\n**5.**https://www.google.com.ng/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjDypj4nKHaAhXGXhQKHeYkCuoQjRx6BAgAEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbscs.org%2Fdrugabuse&psig=AOvVaw2vcRSzDE4wPQzJzqVswhnC&ust=1522951486545544\n\n**6.**https://www.google.com.ng/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiO-sOSrqHaAhXFthQKHUu6DqIQjRx6BAgAEAU&url=http%3A%2F%2Fteddysratlab.blogspot.com%2F2011%2F04%2F&psig=AOvVaw2kfRS3Z4UDTlT-c5MRNAlL&ust=1522956661167043",
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  "trx_id": "6a80a1845ab88aff940ffe4ea5faf78400d067db",
  "block": 21163603,
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  "timestamp": "2018-03-31T18:21:18",
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    {
      "parent_author": "",
      "parent_permlink": "science",
      "author": "eyitayoadeyemi",
      "permlink": "the-green-world-solution-how-can-we-sustain-our-existence",
      "title": "THE GREEN WORLD SOLUTION: HOW CAN WE SUSTAIN OUR EXISTENCE?",
      "body": "Taking a critical look at the nature of climate today, what will you have presumed will become the fate of the human race if the menaces of global warming continue? I think nobody can phantom it, but fundamentally, we all believe it will be highly disastrous and unprecedented. Also, this is going to affect all areas of human endeavors as it was projected in my previous article.\n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmcZGrQYvo2FVHdLQD6xvjNGHKyA9NdgfpyJDZADrERmDB/TREES.jpg\n**IMAGE1:THE GREEN WORLD**\n\nTherefore, what should we do? However, nothing exists without advantages and disadvantages. This in turn takes us into another aspect of climate change which is human dependent.\n\n**ADVANTAGES OF PRACTICE OF CLIMATE CHANGE REMEDIATION**\n\n**(i)** Drastic reduction in the use of fossil fuel.\n\n**(ii)** Sourcing for renewable and alternative sources of energy (i.e geothermal, wind, solar, biomass and hydro) (SEE IMAGE 2 AND 3).\n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmSJ1sifMVT8CgYyhN3gM5JdwFdsyJ6PjLsCPTFeAozRmu/SOLAR.jpg\n**IMAGE2: SOLAR ENERGY CAN CUT IT DOWN**\n\n**(iii)** Reforestation and afforestation practices should be promoted and supported.\n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmQbKXfKxejK6ZyN4GV8edW36e5qr1hSzEJvN3AWRcwnUD/WIND%20ENERGY.jpg\n**IMAGE3: WIND ENERGY IS ONE OF THE OPTIONS**\n\n**(iv)**There should be awareness of global warming and energy conservation by nongovernmental organizations\n (NGOs), many associations of environment-related sciences and environment-loving volunteers.\n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmQS7uuNngFxR4pAXMhnSRMLsdh9syedkbrS9zxdmp8kTJ/BIKE.jpg\n**IMAGE4: BICYCLING IS ONE OF THEM**\n\n**(v)** The developed countries that had already been successful in remediating practices should support the developing countries to carry out the same practices.\n\n**(vi)** Sustainable energy-improved engines or hybrid engines should be designed for cars, industries and factories.\n\n**(vii)** All greenhouse gases should be captured and chemically transformed into environmentally friendly end products before being emitted from machine and car engines.\n\n**(viii)** Countries may discourage or cut down the use of machines and cars that utilize fossil fuels.\n  \n**(ix)** The use of bicycle and public transport, as well as trekking should be encouraged (SEE IMAGE 4).\n\n**(x)** Well-inflated tyres should be encouraged to increase mileage, and the habit of frequently replacing air-filter should be enforced by road safety managements of all countries. \n\n**(xi)** People should be educated through the media of sharing with co-workers and friends in order to cut down the carbon emission by reducing the total number of vehicles engaging the roads.\n\n**(xii)** Awareness on educations of global warming and climate should be intensified by the social media and prints.\n\n**(xiii)** The use of rechargeable batteries should be promoted and encouraged but not the disposable ones.\n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmd3ZMJhJprbL31bWULc8jtBg8ZnUhfCKTcaa6eTWop1o1/LOW%20ENERGY%20BULB.png\n**IMAGE5: RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES PREVENT GLOBAL WARMING**\n\n**(xiv)** Low efficient carbon-emitting products should be discarded, otherwise recycled, and should not be allowed to come into many countries especially the developing countries.\n\n**(xv)** Shopping should be encouraged in local markets that does not require transportation.\n\n**(xvi)** Reduction in the use of thermostat during winter and using the compact florescent lamps, otherwise low-energy lamps in place of incandescent lamps should be promoted.\n\n**(xvii)** Activities such as bush burning, forest degradation and deforestation should be deterred at government level, otherwise under tight schedule be encouraged in sustainable manner in a way that reforestation and domestication of animals is encouraged with increasing human settlements (SEE IMAGE1).  \n \n**(xviii)** Preparing and responding to climate change in planned and unplanned manner should be put into research and be planned ahead of time.\n\n**(xix)** Large scale solar geo-engineering of earth may be encouraged in a sustainable manner.\n\n**(xx)** Ensure you regularly turn off your electricity when leaving your apartment and when you are using any appliance, especially in the sunny day when the sunlight can serve the purpose of electric lamp.\n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmT4Mob9bvQpLRjFZJLUJDuSgWBsCiDxrfWM2YpRnfxDDj/SUMMARY%20.jpg\n**6**IMAGE6: SUMMARY OF GLOBAL WARMING SOLUTIONS**\n\n\n**DISADVANTAGES OF PRACTICE OF CLIMATE CHANGE REMEDIATION**\n\n**(i)** High cost of production and installations of alternative source of energy.\n\n**(ii)** Lack of even distribution of experts globally.\n\n**(iii)** Increased number of poor countries especially developing countries.\n\n**(iv)** Increased Illiteracy of peoples in many developing countries.\n**(v)** There may be nuclear accidents in case of nuclear energy source.\n\n\n**CONCLUSION** \n\nHowever, considering the advantages and disadvantages we will infer that the advantages of climate change remediation overwhelm the disadvantages. Therefore, only what the world needs now is to\n\n(i) Increase human capital and promote education in this area,\n\n(ii) Intensify research that can alleviate the global warming,\n\n(iii) Plan on how to adapt for the unexpected odds in change of climate and\n\n(iv) Increase awareness of global warming and climate change to the later.\n\n\n**Thank you for completing this saga**\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n**REFERENCES**\n**1.**https://www.google.com.ng/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiacelebrating.com%2Fessay%2Fprevention-of-global-warming-essay%2psig=AOvVaw3Y9fCxo5pzmLnjTclfQKPh&ust=1522599654616983\n\n**2.**https://www.google.com.ng/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=&url=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2017-01-renewables-paris-climate-goals.html&psig=AOvVaw12FDEEOefeGuvRdhlD3sEb&ust=1522603254984735\n\n**3.**https://www.google.com.ng/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjwx73eh5faAhUDOBQKHZ-bCfUQjRx6BAgAEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffinancialtribune.com%2Farticles%2Fenergy%2F63183%2Fchina-leading-global-wind-energy-market&psig=AOvVaw2rNXdRUGWx9geotkQUhDNV&ust=1522602828752632\n\n**4.**https://www.google.com.ng/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwi-7c72i5faAhUIXhQKHR4aBnIQjRx6BAgAEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bikepgh.org%2F2017%2F02%2F14%2Fclimate-change-and-bicycling-how-advocates-can-help%2F&psig=AOvVaw1oG9vAXC6DI7BHKzYPj6c6&ust=1522603948157710\n\n**5**https://www.google.com.ng/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjNp8L9jZfaAhVGvBQKHYeBCx8QjRx6BAgAEAU&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earthtimes.org%2Fgreen-blogs%2Feco-friendly-gadgets%2Fusb-cell-rechargeable-batteries-17-May-11%2F&psig=AOvVaw0Mq9HQ-FEf-cFms3xGeR-h&ust=1522604510646969\n\n**6**https://www.pinterest.com/pin/795589090392613586/",
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      "permlink": "the-green-world-solution-how-can-we-sustain-our-existence",
      "title": "**THE GREEN WORLD SOLUTION: HOW CAN WE SUSTAIN OUR EXISTENCE?**",
      "body": "Taking a critical look at the nature of climate today, what will you have presumed will become the fate of the human race if the menaces of global warming continue? I think nobody can phantom it, but fundamentally, we all believe it will be highly disastrous and unprecedented. Also, this is going to affect all areas of human endeavors as it was projected in my previous article.\n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmcZGrQYvo2FVHdLQD6xvjNGHKyA9NdgfpyJDZADrERmDB/TREES.jpg\n**IMAGE1:THE GREEN WORLD**\n\nTherefore, what should we do? However, nothing exists without advantages and disadvantages. This in turn takes us into another aspect of climate change which is human dependent.\n\n**ADVANTAGES OF PRACTICE OF CLIMATE CHANGE REMEDIATION**\n\n**(i)** Drastic reduction in the use of fossil fuel.\n\n**(ii)** Sourcing for renewable and alternative sources of energy (i.e geothermal, wind, solar, biomass and hydro) (SEE IMAGE 2 AND 3).\n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmSJ1sifMVT8CgYyhN3gM5JdwFdsyJ6PjLsCPTFeAozRmu/SOLAR.jpg\n**IMAGE2: SOLAR ENERGY CAN CUT IT DOWN**\n\n**(iii)** Reforestation and afforestation practices should be promoted and supported.\n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmQbKXfKxejK6ZyN4GV8edW36e5qr1hSzEJvN3AWRcwnUD/WIND%20ENERGY.jpg\n**IMAGE3: WIND ENERGY IS ONE OF THE OPTIONS**\n\n**(iv)**There should be awareness of global warming and energy conservation by nongovernmental organizations\n (NGOs), many associations of environment-related sciences and environment-loving volunteers.\n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmQS7uuNngFxR4pAXMhnSRMLsdh9syedkbrS9zxdmp8kTJ/BIKE.jpg\n**IMAGE4: BICYCLING IS ONE OF THEM**\n\n**(v)** The developed countries that had already been successful in remediating practices should support the developing countries to carry out the same practices.\n\n**(vi)** Sustainable energy-improved engines or hybrid engines should be designed for cars, industries and factories.\n\n**(vii)** All greenhouse gases should be captured and chemically transformed into environmentally friendly end products before being emitted from machine and car engines.\n\n**(viii)** Countries may discourage or cut down the use of machines and cars that utilize fossil fuels.\n  \n**(ix)** The use of bicycle and public transport, as well as trekking should be encouraged (SEE IMAGE 4).\n\n**(x)** Well-inflated tyres should be encouraged to increase mileage, and the habit of frequently replacing air-filter should be enforced by road safety managements of all countries. \n\n**(xi)** People should be educated through the media of sharing with co-workers and friends in order to cut down the carbon emission by reducing the total number of vehicles engaging the roads.\n\n**(xii)** Awareness on educations of global warming and climate should be intensified by the social media and prints.\n\n**(xiii)** The use of rechargeable batteries should be promoted and encouraged but not the disposable ones.\n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmd3ZMJhJprbL31bWULc8jtBg8ZnUhfCKTcaa6eTWop1o1/LOW%20ENERGY%20BULB.png\n**IMAGE5: RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES PREVENT GLOBAL WARMING**\n\n**(xiv)** Low efficient carbon-emitting products should be discarded, otherwise recycled, and should not be allowed to come into many countries especially the developing countries.\n\n**(xv)** Shopping should be encouraged in local markets that does not require transportation.\n\n**(xvi)** Reduction in the use of thermostat during winter and using the compact florescent lamps, otherwise low-energy lamps in place of incandescent lamps should be promoted.\n\n**(xvii)** Activities such as bush burning, forest degradation and deforestation should be deterred at government level, otherwise under tight schedule be encouraged in sustainable manner in a way that reforestation and domestication of animals is encouraged with increasing human settlements (SEE IMAGE1).  \n \n**(xviii)** Preparing and responding to climate change in planned and unplanned manner should be put into research and be planned ahead of time.\n\n**(xix)** Large scale solar geo-engineering of earth may be encouraged in a sustainable manner.\n\n**(xx)** Ensure you regularly turn off your electricity when leaving your apartment and when you are using any appliance, especially in the sunny day when the sunlight can serve the purpose of electric lamp.\n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmT4Mob9bvQpLRjFZJLUJDuSgWBsCiDxrfWM2YpRnfxDDj/SUMMARY%20.jpg\n**6**IMAGE6: SUMMARY OF GLOBAL WARMING SOLUTIONS**\n\n\n**DISADVANTAGES OF PRACTICE OF CLIMATE CHANGE REMEDIATION**\n\n**(i)** High cost of production and installations of alternative source of energy.\n\n**(ii)** Lack of even distribution of experts globally.\n\n**(iii)** Increased number of poor countries especially developing countries.\n\n**(iv)** Increased Illiteracy of peoples in many developing countries.\n**(v)** There may be nuclear accidents in case of nuclear energy source.\n\n\n**CONCLUSION** \n\nHowever, considering the advantages and disadvantages we will infer that the advantages of climate change remediation overwhelm the disadvantages. 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      "parent_permlink": "health",
      "author": "eyitayoadeyemi",
      "permlink": "part-ii-on-climate-change-presence-and-future-pitfalls-of-climate-change",
      "title": "**Part II on Climate Change: Presence and Future Pitfalls of Climate Change**",
      "body": "In the previous episode of climate change saga, it was deduced that climate change was caused just by a degree Celsius (1 oC) rise in average global temperature, and human-induced greenhouse gases are the major causes of climate change of the 20th and 21st century, and the effect of global warming is climate change.  However, the 3 basic theories by which global warming are caused are by: \n(i) Entrapment and reflection of infra-red radiations into the earth surface by atmospheric greenhouse gases,\n(ii) Depletion of ozone layer by chlorine radicals released by halocarbon derivatives and\n(iii)  Deforestation of trees and clearing of land vegetation.\n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmPQ16HKc2pdakXGZ8z8WMT4mSEgP4o2F8JPAE1dm2UW8S/fulani-herdsmen.jpg\n** IMAGE 1: FULANI-HERDSMEN AND CROP FARMER CONFLICT IN NIGERIA DUE TO DROUGHT AND DESERTIFICATION.\n\nFurther, global warming involved the increase of the average global temperature as a result of the 3 aforementioned factors, most especially the atmospheric CO2 which is heavily liberated into the atmosphere through the incomplete combustion of organic matter such as fossil fuel, wood, plastics, nylons, and coal etc. Therefore, increased average global temperature is absorbed by the bodies of land, sea and ice. Especially the ice bodies such as Antarctica polar ice, land, river and sea polar ice, mountain ice sheets and snow are the receiving ends of the increased global temperature, thereby causing their melting, disappearance, shrinking and extrusion of their waters into the oceans and sea, hence increasing the sea level than usual level.\n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmX82n6Ez27B4N87ZvEyrbcoY3c8KEVhfkTVr38HAMvfEP/GLOBAL%20WARMIN%20PIC.jpg\n**IMAGE 2: THE SUMMARY OF PATHWAYS LEADING TO GLOBAL WARMING-INDUCED CLIMATE CHANGE AND CLIMATE CHANGE EVENTS**\n\nMore rises in sea level implies more energy transfer into the atmosphere in the form of water vapour and more heavy rainfall in a torrential manner, likewise more high energy storms such as hurricane, cyclones, tornado etc that extract energy from the sea with increased temperature. Areas with low rainfall will be suffered with drought, desertification, bush fires, sand storm and heat waves in response to increased global temperature. Coastal areas such as delta, island and riverine areas will be prone to extreme flood, thereby causing damage to life and properties, as well as relocations of dweller to alpine settlement as the sea level rises due to seepage of melted polar ice water into the sea. Food, water and health security become threatened with drought, desertification and heat waves; the ecosystem will not be safe anymore because of acidified sea water due to increase in the dissolution of atmosphere CO2, permafrost breakage and precipitation of sea’s sinking CO2 that will lead to reduced coral shell formation, increased coral death and fish migration from their natural niches, and also because of tree falling that will expose some animals to more danger with humans etc. The low yield of crops will be common in area with low rain fall especially during drought season in Sahel and Sudan tropical Savannah, hence causing pastoralists migrations to areas of green pastures for their cattle which might eventually lead to farmers and herdsmen clashes that results to loss of lives and properties (SEE FIG. 1). \n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmNUhHS5ayrHcNan8qBYf4ZfrTHhMp6432n1MZCU2zBiUA/Fulani.jpg\n**IMAGE3** HERDSMEN MIGRATION DUE TO DROUGHT AND DESERTIFICATION.\n\nHowever, the aforesaid effects may be cascaded in a concerted manner with regional and local variability, depending on the prevailing micro-climate conditions of different areas and continents. Although as the effects are negative, there are also positive impacts in some areas with increased atmospheric CO2 to have increased food production due to CO2 fertilization, and much colder and snowed areas to have a reduced cooling and cold-related diseases.  Therefore, we can then come to conclusion that as global warming causes some ill-effects, there are positive effects of this climate change. This article is directed to look at both the positive and negative consequences of presence and future of climate change due to global warming, as well as some pictorial and past real life evidences.\n\n**THE POSITIVE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE**\n\n(i) It was believed that area of the world with increased atmosphere CO2, though will have surface temperature, but will have also an increased agricultural yield due to CO2 fertilization if they increase their practice of agriculture since plants utilise CO2 to produce food, thereby increasing food security.\n\n(ii) Areas in Europe, Asia, America and Australia with snows are prone to many cold-related diseases, therefore by the advent of global warming; the climate change event will result into less cold scenario, as a result reducing the prevalence of these cold-related diseases, vulnerability of patients and the number of people leaving the country due to winters.\n\n(iii) Increased sea level will lead to increased fresh water through overflowing flood and lateral seepage; this will help in hydroelectric generation.\n\nTHE UNDESIRABLE CONSEQUENCES OF CLIMATE CHANGE\n\n**SEA LEVEL RISE **\n\n\tsaline water invasion into nearby fresh water bodies, hence reducing fresh water availability for domestic use,\n\n\ttorrential rainfall and coastal flooding to coastal areas such as islands, deltas and riverine settlements, thereby destroying lives and infrastructures,\n\n\tmigrations of some aquatic organisms from area of water body with high temperature to a colder temperature zone,\n\n\tacidification of ocean water due to the dissolution of atmosphere CO2 and precipitation of sea’s sinking CO2 that will lead to reduced coral shell formation and increased death death,\n\n\tshrinking, falling and disappearance of glaciers and polar ice sheets on land, sea and mountain, and\n \n\textraction of energy by storms such as hurricane, cyclone and tornado etc from the increased ocean temperature, will  wretch havoc on ships, nearby coastal settlements and infrastructures\n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmVqrysjzEBCLpRJeoeLpsxEzFCHRJkvFrK1vd9tRZWgAo/SEA%20RISE.jpg\n**IMAGE 4: INVASIVE FLOODING OWING TO RISING SEA LEVEL BUCK LANDS BEACH IN NEW ZEALAND.\n\n**DROUGHT** \n\nThis dry weather event may lead to: desertification in most arid areas, reduce agricultural yield, increased heat waves, increased sand storms, increased emigration of pastoralists to more greenish zones, green-zone population pressure and communal clashes of herdsmen and residential farmers due intrusion of cattle on farmlands, lack of fresh water for hydroelectric power generation and human consumption, wild bush-fire and migration of some animals from northern to southern zone, and finally spores of vectors and parasites are conveyed to different southern areas by storms, as well as human migration, can generate a rare episode of diseases (SEE IMAGE 1 & 3).\n\n**OUT-BURST OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE AND VECTOR-CARRYING PARASITES**\n\n\tThere is now a possibility that some seasons will be longer than usual due to global warming, therefore increasing the associated infectious diseases (e.g protozoan, virus and bacteria)  and vector-borne diseases (malaria, yellow fever and dengue fever), since they required the increased temperature for their incubation period,\n\n\tSome displaced vector such as rats and bats etc as well as some average small animals such as monkeys can be a point of zoonotic transmissions of infectious diseases as their habitats have been destroyed by industrial encroachment, agriculture and resettlement due to global warming which in turn expose them to danger of being killed and consumed by men,\n\n\tGeographical range of certain infectious diseases and their vectors that carry them will increase as their spores and the whole organisms can be supported by heat-waves and winds, thereby causing their occurrences in many areas of the world where they had previously being eradicated and where they had not witnessed before,\n\n\tAlso as people migrated from one locality, region, country and continent to another, due to unexpected global warming-induced intensity and severity of natural disasters such as floods, hurricanes etc that claim lives and infrastructures, there is possibility of distribution of and cross missing of rare infectious disease into the new locations as well as spontaneity of new diseases as these people intermarried.   \n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmXv5BJ3ZRxo6s4JXoGkXcaRWD6bLrKZ693BgJMTztBbJK/Mosquito.jpg\n**IMAGE 5: MOSQUITOES EXTENDING THEIR GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS**\n\nHEAT WAVES\n\n\tInduce certain homeostatic disorders on dwellers such as dehydration, gastroenteritis and kidney stones,\n\n\tTransfer many spores of infectious disease-causing viruses and bacteria to beyond their geographical range, thereby increasing the death toll of which the heat wave itself caused if proper treatments are not administered and under poor medical facility,\n\n\tCan lead to drought, desertification and finally low food security in an area of low rain water,\n\n\tBush fires that are uncontrollable will be common because the vegetation is so dried that it can serve as fuel to increase the energy of the fires and this can extend in destroying infrastructures and lives if spontaneous and planned measures are not taken when there is a sign of heat waves,  \n\n\tReduce the availability of drinkable fresh water bodies in an area of high rainy season since the water will be so hot from the heat absorbed by the heat waves and may induce eutrophication (i.e bacterial proliferation in standing water bodies with high nutrient content) provided there is seepage of nutrients into it from industrial effluent and undiscriminating waste dropping and\n \n\tReduce the availability of enough water bodies to drive hydroelectric power, thereby causing electric power shortage and reducing the electric supply to demands by customers that needed it to power their air-conditions.  \n\n**BUSH FIRES** \n\nThe current increase in surface temperature has spontaneously ignited an intense wild fire in many parts of Europe and America owing to over-dried vegetation and forest and of which the ultimate effort to extinguish it has many time proven abortive. This uncontrollable could last for days or weeks, thereby claiming lives, destroying infrastructures and properties worth billions of dollars depending on the duration of the fires, as well as damage to the ecosystems and underlying soils, and displacement of animals from their habitats .\n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmTmwqmkTESLH7MAkqKdPorLYmDSKgNuFXXX8TGE867Nrg/WILDFIRES.jpg\n**IMAGE6: WILDFIRE DESTROYING ECOSYSTEM AND DISPLACING ANIMALS FROM THEIR HABITAT**\n\n**INFRASTRUCTURES**\n \nMany high-cost facilities have been engulfed by floods and wild fires, as well as hurricanes, cyclones, tornado and earth quake as a result of frequency and severity of these natural disasters which are common in places like Asia, Europe, America and Australia. Recently, there are growing evidences of the correlation of increased climate change to these spontaneous occurrences that have also claimed lives and properties in a whopping economical loss.  Likewise, permafrost can flake away, thereby causing collapse of buildings and bulging of roads.  \n\n**TORRENTIAL RAINFALL AND FLOODING**\n\n\tCoastal dwellers such as those residents on the island, delta and riverine settlements, since the floods will claim lives and properties, which will in turn causing their resettling to areas high far higher than the sea level such as alpine settlement, which may also generate new episodes of infectious diseases as the people interbreed to one another,\n\n\tAgricultural farms bed at the banks of the rivers will be prone to invasive erosion by energized flood from the downpour, therefore reducing food security,\n\n\tInfectious diseases (e.g cholera etc) and vector-borne diseases (such as malaria, sleeping sickness etc) that go with presence of water bodies flies etc will be on the rampage, and coupled with low immunity in dwellers as a result of low agricultural products for consumption, hence causing increased number of sick people and influx of patients into health service centers,\n\n\tPlaces with low rainfall will experience heavy precipitations with high severity in a short duration, that will destroy lives and properties, and also in an irregular manner that will affect agricultural or planting patterns to weathers, thereby destroying crops and reducing agricultural yields \n\n\tThe torrential rains may associate with some natural disasters such as hurricanes, cyclone and tornado that are capable of wrecking ships with high exported goods, terminating lives on ships and on lands and destroying infrastructures and\n\n\tAquatic organisms may be displaced and go into by other aquatic lives carried by high-energy flood due to lateral seepage into fresh water at the water-shed or the new aquatic fishes may die as a result of inability to adapt to the physio-chemical parameters of the new environment.\n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmYk2BJ15TRMFmSxABXvE6AwbrCQuaLyCvevDLAuTcEzfW/suleja%20.jpg\n**VIDEO 1: TORRENTIAL RAINFALL AND FLOODING CLAIMING LIVES AND PROPERTIES AT SULEJA (NORTH-CENTRAL) NIGERIA.\n\n**SOCIOECONOMIC LOSS**\n\nThis can be inferred in the aspects of economic loss of high-asset infrastructures and facilities due to floods, hurricanes and the likes, and bush fires as a result of a degree rise in surface temperature of the globe. Therefore, this could lead many countries to poverty because more debts will be incurred in order to rebuild the destroyed infrastructures, which will in turn cause some countries to seek international aids for survival. Likewise, many lives and properties will be prone to destruction due to current and impending herdsmen and farmers’ clashes as a result of diminishing green folders for cattle consumption, as well as meat production and meat derivative products will scares and expensive(SEE IMAGE 1). \n\n**ECOSYSTEM**\n\nThe flora and fauna will continuously be brought into constant instability as a result of climate change such as floods, bush fires and relative disasters, thereby causing some organisms to go into extinctions as they find it difficult to adapt to the new prevailing environment. Thus, continuous reduced biodiversity can lead to loss of evolutionary trend and loss of vital organisms (i.e plants and animals) as source of medicinal requirements. Likewise, this event can also bring some new organisms as a result of interbreeding that can be deleterious or advantageous to human existence.     \n\n**SECONDARY EFFECTS**\n \nIt is very possible that global warming effects cause by highly industrialized countries may be felt in developing countries in Africa and also other climate-regulated developed countries, provided the former doesn't put check and balance in the manner of their greenhouse emissions. Countries that are wealthy and scientifically aware of climate change will be able to adapt to this global menace for several years by putting up sustainable measures to tackle it but developing countries that are poor and academically disadvantaged will be at the receiving ends, thereby impinging burdens on the developed countries for emergency aids.\n\n**REAL LIFE EVIDENCES OF CLIMATE CHANGE**\n\n**HEAT WAVES**\n\n\tIn July to August of 2003, the summer looked exactly what were experienced 500 years ago, killing at least up to 27, 000 people in Europe, and the associated drought and wildfires coupled with the heat caused the continent’s economies more than 14.7 billion dollars (i.e 13 billion euro) in electric polar, forestry and agriculture sectors. \n\n\tAlso, in July of 1995, a five-day heat waves of temperature 41oC (106oF) in Chicago killed 525 peoples.\n\n\t3,028 people were caused death by heat waves that struck India in April to June of 1998.\n\n**TORRENTIAL RAINFALL AND FLOODING**\n\n\t30,000 death tolls were recorded due to a heavy monthly rainfall with severe land slides and flooding in Venezuelan in December of 1999.\n\n\tThe south – eastern part of the Nigeria had been severally embattled with gully erosion which had destroyed many buildings and farmlands, hence resulting in relocations and poverty.\n\n\tBetween 2012 to 2017 years, there was increasing flood experience that swept houses, farms, farm products, properties and even human beings in both the southern and part of north central in Nigeria.\n\n** DROUGHT, BUSH FIRE AND FOREST PESTS**\n \n\tAlaska experienced its warmest and 3rd driest summer which coupled with abnormal wildfires that engulfed a larger chunk of Maryland’s forest in 2004.\n\n\tIn the 90s in Russia, the area of the forest burned for at least three times compared with previous 20 years back. \n \n\tAlso, Alaska had its world’s worst records of outbreak of spruce bark beetles in the 1990s.\n\n\tIn 1991, in Yobe and Borno states which encompassed the southern part of Lake Chad, the section of it that was within Nigerian territory, dried up and causing southern migration from the north-east towards the greener plateau and middle belt regions.\n\n**ELEVATION SEA LEVEL**\n\n\tSince 1938 about 1/3rd of the marsh at the National Wildlife Refuge’s black water in the Chesapeake Bay in the eastern U.S had started sinking.\n\n\t28% of the biologically-rich marsh of about four hundred thousand hectares in Louisiana has been lost to the invading sea since 1932.\n\n\tThe Thames Flood Barrier that was used to protect the London city from Atlantic storm surges was used once annually in the 80s has now been utilized more than 6 times annually since 1990s.  \n\n\tCoastal regions of Nigeria were threatened by rising sea level, especially oil-rich Niger-delta, apart from oil pollution, hit by this effect due to its low-lying terrain and crisscross of waterways.\n\n** DISAPPEARING GLACIERS AND RETREATING SNOW PACK**\n\n\tSix glaciers of Venezuela in 1972 had recently declined to two. \n\n\tApart of 82% of the ice on the Mount Kilimanjaro that had been varnished in 1912, 1/3rd of the remaining ice had been disappearing since 1993.\n\n\tIn the western United States, from 1950 to 1997 there has been reduction in Spring snow pack of about three-quarters of the mountainous areas. \n\n ** FLAKING POLAR ICE AND THAWING PERMAFROST**\n\n\tThe Larsen B ice shelf, which appeared offshore of the Peninsula and served as a dam for land glaciers, broke down in only 35 days in 2002 and caused an increased in-flow of glacier into the ocean and resultive rise in sea level.\n\n\tIn the spring and summer of 2003 the Ward Hunt Ice Shelf disintegrated into two.\n\n\tThe gaping hole of ice-free water at the North Pole appeared in 2000 and 2001 indicated that Arctic sea ice did no longer serve as extensive and solid as it was.\n\n** ECOLOGICAL IMPACT**\n\n Hawaii experienced its first bleaching event that caused damage to coral reefs in early year of 1996.\n\n\t13 species have shifted northward and six species have swum into deeper, cooler water but 2 species shifted southward out of 36 species of fishes in the North Sea found between Norway and Great Britain since 1980 in response to warming waters.\n\n\tPolar bears were listed among the Endangered Species Act as a petition by the environment scientists in the U.S. in 2005.\n\n\tThe golden toads, harlequin frogs and mountain amphibians inhabiting the hilly lands in central and southern America, as well as survival rates of embryos of western toads and cascades frogs in Northwest of United states, had been diminishing markedly.\n\n**DAMAGE TO INFRASTRUCTURE**\n\n\tLiquefaction of permafrost (I.e permanently frozen land) has been the cause of sinking and breakdown of buildings and bulging of road in Alaska recently.\n\n\tPeople permanently residing in Eskimo village (i.e Shishmaref) that had occurred for 4,000 years on the island of the Alaska’s coast had to relocate due to underlying melting permafrost and invasive sea waves as the sea ice melted and replaced by water.\n\n\tIncreasing desertification had driven thousands of Fulani herdsmen to migrate to the south and middle belt resulting to clashes with indigenous crops farmers ending in destruction of life and properties. \n\n**EPIDEMICS OF VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES**\n \n\tMosquitoes (Aedes aegypti) that transmitted dengue fever and yellow fever which are generally limited to lower altitudes are now found in higher altitudes in Columbia, North of Mexico and some parts of Rwanda. \n\n\tAfter 6 years of drought followed by heavy spring rains in south west of United states In 1993, there was an out-burst of deer mouse, which happen to be vectors (i.e carriers) of hantavirus, and are zoonotic to man, hence causing headache, nausea and vomiting. \n \n**FUTURE CONSEQUENCES OF CLIMATE CHANGE**\n\nConsidering the future assessment forecast by the groups of the IPPC (the latest report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) that the continuous change in the climate will affect the welfares and health of many people around the globe, but the severity of the impacts will depend on the extent of warming. Therefore, the common probable effects include:\n\n\tMore repeated droughts, heat waves, fires, coastal flooding and storms will elevate the injuries, related diseases and death toll. \n\n\tSome infectious diseases, including dengue, malaria, fever, yellow fever etc, will extend the more their geographical regions.\n\n\tThere will be an increased concentration of ground-level ozone that will aggravate heart and respiratory conditions.\n\n\tThere will be increased sea levels that will invasively overwhelm the homes and properties of peoples in millions, most specifically on small islands and large deltas of Africa and Asia.\n\n\tThe impoverished nations will feel the most impacts because their adaptive capacities are economically limited and they will seek developed nations for aids.\n\n\tAlthough for few decades the global warming’s effects will not be generally bad but with time it will be universally “crazy’’!!!!!!\n\nIn conclusion, this poses questions:  What can we do? What needs to be done? \n\n**This will be found in part III in the next episode of climate change**\n\nTHANK YOU FOR FOLLOWING THIS SAGA. PLEASE,  BE FREE TO MAKE YOUR COMMENT AND UP-VOTE IF YOU FIND IT INFORMATIVE.\n\n**COMING REVELATION: THE DRUG: THE SO-CALLED HEAVEN INSPIRATION**   **WATCH OUT TOO** \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nREFERENCES\n\n**IMAGES**\n\n**1.** https://www.google.com.ng/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiZ-5-CrYvaAhXRbVAKHR_2DewQjRx6BAgAEAU&url=http%3A%2F%2Fthenationonlineng.net%2Fgroup-cautions-ortom-fayose-over-benue-crisis%2F&psig=AOvVaw1lb2fMb7bAtsEoachlFyDy&ust=1522200317947346\n\n**2** https://www.google.com.ng/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwj6t77nsIvaAhVPblAKHQ_KBfsQjRx6BAgAEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Findependent.ng%2Ffg-must-stop-herdsmen-farmers-conflicts-now%2F&psig=AOvVaw1JoWjprEsLN4-DjrEGbpdM&ust=1522201273549013\n\n**3**https://www.google.com.ng/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjk-ciluovaAhWMDuwKHapABkMQjRx6BAgAEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Fauckland%2Flocal-news%2Feastern-courier%2F92885374%2Ffloods-are-causing-headaches-and-erosion&psig=AOvVaw3FqBz3OzKdmE5INqLNNmsk&ust=1522203823088623\n\n**4**  https://www.google.com.ng/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjm-NeAwIvaAhWQCOwKHUdwC8MQjRx6BAgAEAU&url=https%3A%2 %2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AMosquito_bite_from_Flickr.jpg\n\n**5**https://www.google.com.ng/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwidmtz5wovaAhXOhqQKHQyNC-YQjRx6BAgAEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpixabay.com%2Fen%2Fwildfire-forest-fire-blaze-smoke-1105209%2F&psig=AOvVaw0fyE_HBHQzMdDvSwhieZU2&ust=1522206213120856\n\n\n**VIDEO**\n\n**1** https://www.google.com.ng/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=video&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi0wpTetovaAhVKIlAKHUWMBfIQuAIIKzAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DdsftpMFsaqI&usg=AOvVaw1YEcGcYu8kF5oAZkEv3zvm",
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      "body": "thank you sir. i will ensure i put up more interesting and captivating  info in part as you keep encouraging me with your up-voting. you are welcome sir.",
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      "title": "**MANKIND: THE DRIVER OF GLOBAL WARMING **",
      "body": "Have you recently observed the happenings in different parts of the world today? These are ranging from retreating of the glaciers and polar ice sheets, increase in the levels of the oceans and seas, elevations in extreme weather conditions, change in compositions and extinctions of wildlife distributions, resurgence and upsurge of endemic and rare vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, Ebola etc, relocations of coastal settlers to alpine settlement, socio-ethno crises involving pastoralists and farmers, emergence of new and strange species, persistence of heat waves, drought, wildfires and desertification,\n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmayiK63v4M2YG26Rtc9MrBFgGL9Hsb9zV3JupnS4EmKjG/Drought.jpg\n**FIGURE 1: DROUGHT AS A SIGN OF CLIMATE CHANGE**\n  \n frequency and intensity of hurricane, cyclone, typhoon, tornado and tropical storms, to irregular downpours and floods etc which are causing a great loss of finance to many continents per annual. For example, the heat waves, allied drought and wildfires that happened on July and August 2003, in Europe caused their economy more than 13 billion euros due to losses in electric power, agricultural and forestry sectors, although there are many more of events of colossal loss in different parts of the world, which we shall see in this climate saga. \n\nhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/People%27s_Climate_March_2017_in_Washington_DC_07_-_Communications_Workers_of_America_members_marching_with_signs_about_science_and_climate_change_deniald.jpg\n**FIGURE 2: AWARENESS CAMPAIGN**\n\nHowever, these ugly occurrences have been linked to the phrase “Earth on the Fire’’, otherwise, the globe is warming which resulted into the aforementioned climate change events. Whether we like it or not, climate change has come to stay, therefore is a future mayhem and will linger for more two hundred (200) years, having tried to stop the global warming that caused it; hence what we need now is to find ways on how to adapt to it and if possible trying to reduce the intensity of these climatic events. There is no way we will talk about climate change without understanding the science of global warming, greenhouse effect and greenhouse gases. \n\n**THE SCIENCE OF GLOBAL WARMING, GREENHOUSE EFFECT AND GREENHOUSE GASES**\n\nThe term “greenhouse’’ emanated from the event that takes place in the glass house in which plants are cultivated.  It was noticed that inside the glass house is very hot on sunny day due to entrapped long-wavelength infra-red radiation that cannot pass through the glass house and escape into the space unlike the short wavelength Ultra-Violet radiation that is absorbed by the hard surfaces and plants within the greenhouse. Even, this is what happens when your car is parked outside under the heat of the sun and the inside is very hot due to entrapped infra-red radiation. \n\nhttp://saferenvironment.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/greenhouse.gif?w=500&h=338\n**FIGURE 3: THE GREENHOUSE **\n\nLikewise, some gases in the atmosphere block the reflection of solar radiation (i.e infra-red radiation), thereby re-sending them back to earth and the retention of infra-red radiations on the surface of the earth causes it to warm up and increase the earth surface temperature, resulting in the noun phrase called “greenhouse effect’’, and these atmospheric gases are termed “greenhouse gases’’.\n\n https://steemitimages.com/DQmNqwyqkcCo4aFJM24bSXTfJPEXVipFBazYKnN7rH5XuE8/Earth's%20greenhouse.png\n**FIGURE 4: THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT**\n\n** WHAT ARE GREENHOUSE GASES AND HOW ARE THEY FORMED?**\n\nIt is not all the solar radiations or solar energy from the sun that are released into the earth through the space, go back into the space; because some are absorbed by climate system such as polar ice sheet, air, land surface and oceans, as well as other hard materials on the land, and this supports the fact that only about 30% of total sunlight that came to earth reflect back into space by the ocean, reflective land surface, atmospheric dusts and cloud. This is the manner the earth surface and the atmosphere are warmed up in a regulated pattern. The solar radiation is reflected back in the form of infra-red radiation and this solar reflection is then reabsorbed and reflected back by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (i.e greenhouse effect), thereby amplifying the infra-red-induced heat and surface temperature of the earth in a regulated manner.\n\nThe greenhouse gases include: majorly water vapour and carbondioxide and others like methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, halocarbons (chlorofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbon, hydrofluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride). These gases are further classified into natural greenhouse gases (examples water vapour, methane and carbondioxide) and artificial greenhouse gases are halocarbons from refrigerators, exhausts from incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, coals and biomass. Also, some greenhouse gases are classified as short-lived (example Ozone) while other are classified as long-lived greenhouse gases (e.g CO2, N2O, CH4 and CFC). The artificial greenhouse gases can give rise to the natural counterparts. \n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmd5MJeZmtChwzZteM2z6DhXNtaLBxZxeBQEY8GabfykNU/Greenhouse%20Gases.jpg\n**FIGURE 5: GREENHOUSE GASES AND THEIR SOURCES**\n\nCarbon (IV) oxide (CO2), apart being the by-product of biological metabolism in animals it is also raw material for photosynthesis (i.e self-production of food by plants), in that manner causing carbon cycle and stability in the ecosystem. However, incomplete combustion of various organic products such as fossil fuel, coals, woods and petrochemicals (i.e nylon and plastics), deforestation and cement production are increasing activities of human in all aspects of human endeavours; and these activities have been perpetually altering the physiochemical balance of atmospheric composition of CO2 by continuously causing CO2 to be released into the atmosphere, hence increasing greenhouse effect, global warming and eventual climate change. \n\nMethane is the product of biological process in underground waste degradation, in fermentation of foods in grass-eating animals as well as in man (who is lactose intolerant and suffering from flatulence), peat bog, livestock degradation, paddy rice cultivation and manure utilization. This is where its natural gas name stems from since it is produced by natural processes. However, methane can also be released into the atmosphere from oil refinery in form of escaped gases during flaring of oil gases. Nitrous gases are formed from nitrogenous fertilizer (i.e NPK fertilizer). Halocarbons are by-products of refrigerators, air-conditioners and as industrial effluents. All these are caused by human activities and their escapes into atmosphere upset the compositions of atmospheric gases that lead to climate change in eventuality.\n\nThe question is what would happen if the sunlight is totally blocked from coming to earth or is completely reflected back into the space?\n\n**ARE GREENHOUSE GASES TOTALLY BAD OR WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF THESE GASES?**\n\nApart from the total blackout the sunlight would have caused if being totally shielded, the earth will also become much cooler and existence of life would not have been possible on it. Therefore, the presence of natural greenhouse gases such as nitrous oxide, carbon (IV) oxide and methane are strategically suspended in the atmosphere to continuously cause greenhouse effect and warming up the earth in a sustainable manner so that existence of life can be sustained on this planet. \n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmcwvxYoj7tyzt4cTbDm9CakBf1kPAqJCzDJ1bztHM4AsC/Climate.jpg\n**FIGURE 6: BENEFIT OF GREENHOUSE GASES**\n\n\nThe concentrations of these natural atmospheric greenhouse gases are in equilibrium with other climate system, hence maintaining the earth surface temperature that supports the ecosystem, otherwise any alteration of this system, as implicated in the unusual global temperature as a result of uncontrollable increase in greenhouse gases by artificial sources due to human activities, will lead into climate change which we  are experiencing today and more that we are going to experience in the future.  \nHowever, this then leads us to the relationship between the climate and weather; why are they interchangeably used and why cannot they be used interchangeably?   \n\n**Climate System and Extreme Weather Condition**\n\nWeather only describes the state of atmospheric properties such as rainfall, humidity, wind, temperature etc over a space of hours or weeks. Climate system, on the other hand, encompasses the interaction between the weather with the polar ice sheets, oceans and land surface. Climate, then, has a widest meaning as the statistical description of the state of climate system. Therefore, the change in the statistics of the state of climate system that continues over many decades (i.e at least 30 years) refers to what is called climate change which is encompassed an extreme weather condition. \n\nAs a result, weather is also embedded within the climate and is looking at a part of the climate system (i.e atmosphere condition) but the climate is describing the state of physical properties of entire ecosystem or the world. Weather is predictable, at least up to a week but climate is unpredictable (except the causes are known and predictable), hence giving climate change a huge presence and future ordeals which we have to be continuously addressed by disseminating awareness of the science, causes, effects and remediation.\n\nThe question is: climate change, global warming and green-house effects, how are the linkages?\n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmdp6kyKtd7gdb9oJTXdYCG1aeCrTEDfrPX23sdv9tb3WC/awareness.jpg\n**FIGURE 7: CLIMATE CHANGE AWARENESS**\n\n\n**CLIMATE CHANGE, GLOBAL WARMING AND GREEN-HOUSE EFFECTS: WHY ARE THE AMBIGUITIES?**\n\nAs stated before, the greenhouse effects are the reflections of the infra-red radiation going back into the space by the green gases, whereas global warming is the rise in the global temperature or earth surface temperature over several decades (i.e approximately 100 years) which is caused by increased greenhouse effects as a result of continuous alteration of the partially stable greenhouse gases in the atmosphere by human activities. It is even more appropriate to term the aforesaid definition as human-induced global warming.\n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmUWJGHMB6HuzUc7yrNin3B4KJCa3VomTVNzAGKrsa63R5/global-warming%20jpg.jpg\n**FIGURE 8: GLOBAL WARMING OR EARTH ON FIRE**\n\nFor example, research evidences through sensor of earth-orbiting satellite have showed that between 1906 to 2006 years the surface temperature of the earth has increased by 0.6 to 0.9 degree Celsius and also between 1850 to 2012 years the increased surface temperature is by 0.8 degree Celsius. The increased surface temperature has been stored in the oceans, as well as mountain and land glaciers, Greenland and Antarctic polar ice sheets and Arctic Ocean’s sea ices, thereby melting, shrinking and causing the latter to undergo a gradual disappearance that in turn causing their melted water to add to the levels of the seas and oceans observed recently. This means that more rises in sea level implies more precipitations or downpours, more tropical storms, hurricane, cyclone etc other extreme climate. This episodic climatic extremity is termed climate change. \n\nIs climate change natural or Artificial?\n\n![permafrost.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmdxAekMMmc2hjK8ZAA9Ba3QDCqVrD1Q7gkFRdWSdvt7uM/permafrost.jpg)\n**FIGURE 9: MELTED POLAR ICE SHEETS**\n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmX8cfUo3sYF49BwfDm5uz5HDZDj3MYfD4Ua9kR1VdHvgg/typhoon.jpg\n**FIGURE 10: TYPHOON**\n\n\n**CLIMATE CHANGE: WHETHER IS NATURAL OR ARTIFICIAL?**\n\nClimate change is as old as the existence of the world as proven by many evolution theories in explaining the evolution of life on Earth. It was believed that the earth was formed about 4.5 billion years ago and since then climate change has taken place due to changes (i) in the ocean and continent configurations, (ii) in concentration of atmospheric greenhouse gases, (iii) in solar intensity, and (iv) in Earth’s orbit, as well as (v) volcanic eruptions, (vi) evolution of life and (viii) impacts of the meteorites. Also, as far as many millions ago, there is possibility that there was an increase in global average temperature (i.e in a very few degrees) more than what we have today which caused warm and tropical water to be more distanced from the equators, hence giving rise to varieties of oceans and different atmospheric compositions that are differed from recent ones. This period was then followed by ice-age cycles about one hundred (100) thousand year ago in which the average surface temperature of the earth fell by 5 oC; and this lasted till the coldest era of the last ice age which is about twenty (20) thousand years, that had more water sank up in land polar ice sheets, thereby reducing the sea level to at least 120 metres lesser than present day. Although, there was regional evidence of abrupt rise in temperature by 5 degree Celsius in the North Atlantic region owing to abrupt disintegration of the ice sheets of Northern Hemisphere or ocean current’s change. But, at the last eight thousand (8,000) years ago, climate change was recorded comparatively stable, and this stimulated permanent settlement, agricultural involvements and population bloom occurred at that period. This was evidenced by data from climate archives like ice cores.\n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmVZ71prbYZ9fYvvNwQFCnfGzMFsdsnDUzLVRrR8TEwJGa/VOLCANO.jpg\n**FIGURE 11: VOLCANIC ERUPTION AS AN ANTI-GLOBAL WARMING**\n\n\nHowever, this ice era was later followed by warm periods in which the major greenhouses gases such as CO2 and methane were abundantly given off into the atmosphere, leading to retreating of polar ice sheet. This era was what gave rise to present day 19th and 21st centuries of climate change which was amplified and exacerbated by human activities as explained before, and between 1850 to 2012 years the increased surface temperature is by 0.8 degree Celsius.\nTherefore, it is now to come to conclusion that the two factors that cause climate change are (i) natural processes and (ii) human activities. The natural processes further involved the external influence which described how (a) the radiations of the sun and (b) volcanic eruptions influence the climate system such as atmospheric greenhouse gases, polar ice sheets, oceans and land. The volcanic eruptions have been proven to reduce greenhouse effects due to atmospheric dusts and particles they formed that shielded sunlight coming into the earth, thereby reducing the surface temperature. However, high intensity of sunlight causes increased surface temperature since more heat of the sun will be absorbed and reflected back to the earth by greenhouse gases. \n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmeMGR1nk4LTNMg76PY5HEXwqJoLYKYiKYXq3gKuvgFTLk/black%20soot.jpg\n**FIGURE 12: BLACK SOOTS AS AEROSOLS IN THE ATMOSPHERE**\n\nThe internal influence entails the exchange of carbon, water and energy between atmosphere, ice, land and ocean. On the hand, the human influence includes (a) change in the concentrations of greenhouse gases, (b) change in concentration of aerosols (such has natural sources: forest fires, dust storms, volcanic eruption and human-induced source: burning of fossil fuels) and (c) alteration of earth surface’s reflectivity by changing the land cover. Only the human-induced atmospheric aerosols that block solar radiations by reflecting them into the space, thereby causing cooling and reduced surface temperature but increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere due to incomplete combustion of organic matter  and increased altered surface reflectivity by changed land cover due to agricultural activity and urban encroachment. \n\n\n** OZONE LAYER AND OTHER GREENHOUSE GASES: WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP?**\n\nOzone (O3) can be classified as pollution as both pollutant (i.e ground-level type) and greenhouse gases (i.e stratospheric type). As greenhouse gases, stratospheric ozone reflects back solar radiation into space, therefore, reducing the ultimate intensity of sunlight coming into the earth and protecting life on earth from harmful ultra-violet radiation of sunlight. However, in the presence of other greenhouse gases, most especially chlorofluorocarbon, which dissociated in the presence of ultra-violet radiation, hence releasing chlorine atoms that then destructs the ozone layer. The destruction of ozone layer allows more solar radiations to come into the earth which can be amplified by other greenhouse gases through greenhouse effects, resulting to global warming and eventual climate change. \n\n![OZONE.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmR7kD29Xq4JsE15xzUZVZjeHhqBXrLsCaKfJd4q7yeNDg/OZONE.png)\n**FIGURE 13: MECHANISM OF OZONE LAYER FORMATION AND DEPLETION OF OZONE BY CHLORINE RELEASED FROM CFC**\n\n\nIn a nut-shell, having understood the science, meanings and causes of climate change and associated terminologies there is a need to discuss about the effects of climate change with recent related occurrences and future prediction; which you should watch out for in **part II** of this climate saga. \n\n\n**WATCHOUT FOR THE NEXT CLIMATE SAGA IN THE PART II!!!!!!!!!!**\n\n**REFERENCES** \n\n**1.** http://maxpixel.freegreatpicture.com/static/photo/1x/Drought-Dry-Climate-Change-Environment-Climate-2241061.\n  \n**2.**https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/People%27s_Climate_March_2017_in_Washington_DC_07_-_Communications_Workers_of_America_members_marching_with_signs_about_science_and_climate_change_deniald.\n\n**3.** http://saferenvironment.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/greenhouse.\n\n4.https://www.google.com.ng/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwian6Wk2_TZAhXKchQKHWJaALsQjRx6BAgAEAU&url=https%3A%2.\n\n**5.**http://www.eniscuola.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/migrazione/asset/6325/Climate_graph_9_greenhouse_effect.\n\n**6.**http://c8.alamy.com/comp/C8KTAR/londoners-ghost-forest-is-a-art-project-in-trafalgar-square-to-raise-C8KTAR.\n\n**7.** https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2016/07/03/16/06/global-warming-1494965_960_720.\n\n**8.**http://www.berbagiteknologi.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Dampak-Pemanasan-Global.\n\n**9.** https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2016/09/07/02/34/typhoon-1650677_960_720.\n\n**10.**https://steemitimages.com/DQmX8cfUo3sYF49BwfDm5uz5HDZDj3MYfD4Ua9kR1VdHvgg/typhoon.\n\n**11.** https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lava_forms.\n\n**12.** http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2011/images/controlledburnuscg_300.\n\n**13.** http://ecolounge.hu/upload/gallery/683/ozon_korforgasa.",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"science\",\"health\",\"nature\",\"news\"],\"image\":[\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmayiK63v4M2YG26Rtc9MrBFgGL9Hsb9zV3JupnS4EmKjG/Drought.jpg\",\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/People%27s_Climate_March_2017_in_Washington_DC_07_-_Communications_Workers_of_America_members_marching_with_signs_about_science_and_climate_change_deniald.jpg\",\"http://saferenvironment.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/greenhouse.gif?w=500&h=338\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmNqwyqkcCo4aFJM24bSXTfJPEXVipFBazYKnN7rH5XuE8/Earth's%20greenhouse.png\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmd5MJeZmtChwzZteM2z6DhXNtaLBxZxeBQEY8GabfykNU/Greenhouse%20Gases.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmcwvxYoj7tyzt4cTbDm9CakBf1kPAqJCzDJ1bztHM4AsC/Climate.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmdp6kyKtd7gdb9oJTXdYCG1aeCrTEDfrPX23sdv9tb3WC/awareness.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmUWJGHMB6HuzUc7yrNin3B4KJCa3VomTVNzAGKrsa63R5/global-warming%20jpg.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmdxAekMMmc2hjK8ZAA9Ba3QDCqVrD1Q7gkFRdWSdvt7uM/permafrost.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmX8cfUo3sYF49BwfDm5uz5HDZDj3MYfD4Ua9kR1VdHvgg/typhoon.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmVZ71prbYZ9fYvvNwQFCnfGzMFsdsnDUzLVRrR8TEwJGa/VOLCANO.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmeMGR1nk4LTNMg76PY5HEXwqJoLYKYiKYXq3gKuvgFTLk/black%20soot.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmR7kD29Xq4JsE15xzUZVZjeHhqBXrLsCaKfJd4q7yeNDg/OZONE.png\"],\"links\":[\"http://maxpixel.freegreatpicture.com/static/photo/1x/Drought-Dry-Climate-Change-Environment-Climate-2241061\",\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/People%27s_Climate_March_2017_in_Washington_DC_07_-_Communications_Workers_of_America_members_marching_with_signs_about_science_and_climate_change_deniald\",\"http://saferenvironment.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/greenhouse\",\"https://www.google.com.ng/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwian6Wk2_TZAhXKchQKHWJaALsQjRx6BAgAEAU&url=https%3A%2\",\"http://www.eniscuola.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/migrazione/asset/6325/Climate_graph_9_greenhouse_effect\",\"http://c8.alamy.com/comp/C8KTAR/londoners-ghost-forest-is-a-art-project-in-trafalgar-square-to-raise-C8KTAR\",\"https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2016/07/03/16/06/global-warming-1494965_960_720\",\"http://www.berbagiteknologi.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Dampak-Pemanasan-Global\",\"https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2016/09/07/02/34/typhoon-1650677_960_720\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmX8cfUo3sYF49BwfDm5uz5HDZDj3MYfD4Ua9kR1VdHvgg/typhoon\",\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lava_forms\",\"http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2011/images/controlledburnuscg_300\",\"http://ecolounge.hu/upload/gallery/683/ozon_korforgasa\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\",\"format\":\"markdown\"}"
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