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      "body": "thank you so much",
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      "body": "Hi! I am a robot. I just upvoted you! I found similar content that readers might be interested in:\nhttps://www.pctechguide.com/motherboards/evolution-of-the-motherboard",
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      "title": "Form Factors of the Motherboard",
      "body": "## **Form Factors off the motherboard:**\n\n<div class=\"pull-center\"><center><img src=\"https://images3.alphacoders.com/708/thumb-350-708114.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"https://i.ytimg.com/vi/uXdzuz5Q-hs/maxresdefault.jpg\">The motherboard</a></em></center></div>\n\n\nDuring the first days of the [computer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer), they made use of the [AT form factor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT_(form_factor)) and 12 inch wide [motherboards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard). Due to the extreme size off an AT motherboard, this caused problems for the upgrading of personal computers and was not able to be integrated into the newer slim line desktop cases. \n\nThose problems were addressed by the smaller version of the full AT form factor, the [baby AT](https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/b/babyat.htm) which was introduced in the year 1989. Even though the basic design of the baby AT remained the same, many improvements were made to it. \n\nAll motherboard designs are open standard and as such, they do not require [certification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certification) (to ensure a constant standard between manufacturers). The problem with this is that the can be a massive difference in design detail between manufactures i.e. the actual dimensions of the motherboard. Due to this hindrance, case manufacturers have flourished in that they have gained to ability to focus on one [brands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand) motherboard’s form factor, which came as a blessing to home pc builders, [modders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modding) and [PC technicians.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_repair_technician)\n\n## **Common Form factors:**\n<div class=\"pull-center\"><center><img src=\"https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3715943475/a753f4a74f290e84a6970c1a9d95a4f1_400x400.jpeg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/3715943475/a753f4a74f290e84a6970c1a9d95a4f1_400x400.jpeg\">Form factors</a></em></center></div>\n\n* The form factor of motherboards pertain to the size and shape of the board.\n* It also describes the physical layout of different [components](http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/component.html) and devices on the motherboard.\n* Various form factors exist for mothrboards : \n-AT        = Advanced Technology\n-ATX       = Advanced Technology Extended\n-Mini ATX  = Smaller footprint of ATX\n-Micro ATX = Smaller footprint of ATX\n-LPX       = Low profile extended\n-NLX       = New low profile Extended\n-BTX       = Balanced Technology Extended\n\n## **The Evolution of the Motherboard:**\n\n<div class=\"pull-center\"><center><img src=\"https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTQ3PjGg2j-K6Yy5sSu3TDcsPKnETq3h-Y0vK1DoZ5eZJtEjIMa7g\" /><br/><em><a href=\"https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTQ3PjGg2j-K6Yy5sSu3TDcsPKnETq3h-Y0vK1DoZ5eZJtEjIMa7g\">Evolution Of the motherboard</a></em></center></div>\n\n#\nThe original PC motherboard had a [minimum](http://www.dictionary.com/browse/minimum) amount of [integrated](http://www.dictionary.com/browse/integrated) devices, just [ports](http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/port) for a [keyboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_keyboard) and a [cassette deck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassette_deck) (for storage). Everything else, including a [display adapter](https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/41533/display-adapter) and [floppy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk) or [hard disk controllers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_controller), were add-in components, connected via [expansion slots](https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/expaslot.htm). \n\nOver time, more devices were integrated into the motherboard. It was a slow trend initially though, as [I/O ports](https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/i/ioport.htm) and disk controllers were often mounted on [expansion cards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_card) even up to 1995. Other components – typically graphics, networking, [SCSI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCSI) and sound – usually remained separate. Many manufacturers have experimented with different levels of integration, building in some or even all of these components. However, there are drawbacks. It’s harder to upgrade the specification if integrated components can’t be removed, and at first highly integrated motherboards often required non-standard cases. Furthermore, replacing a single faulty component may mean buying an entire new motherboard. \n\nConsequently, those parts of the system whose specification changes fastest, particularly [RAM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory) and [CPU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit), tend to remain in sockets or slots for easy replacement. Similarly, parts that not all users need, such as SCSI, are usually left out of the base specification to keep costs down. However, it’s now common for sound, video and/or network support to be included in motherboards, particularly as [technology miniaturization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniaturization) has allowed greater space within the motherboard form factor and [Flash BIOS](http://blog.superuser.com/2011/04/03/what-is-flashing-the-bios/) and [EPROM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPROM) has allowed greater support for updated technologies.\n\n## **Motherboard Development:**\n\n<div class=\"pull-center\"><center><img src=\"https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcScZ9QbFINWjDj4QKaElsuOWMnU0Z-0liQNQY2r9cMLz3W9fiSK\" /><br/><em><a href=\"https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcScZ9QbFINWjDj4QKaElsuOWMnU0Z-0liQNQY2r9cMLz3W9fiSK\">Motherboard development</a></em></center></div>\n\nMotherboard [development](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/development) consists largely of [isolating](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/isolate) [performance-critical](http://www.douglocke.com/Downloads/Performance-Critical%20Systems%20White%20Paper.pdf) components from slower ones. As higher speed devices become available, they are linked by faster [buses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_(computing)) – and the lower-speed buses are relegated to supporting roles. There are cost benefits to putting [peripherals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral) designed as integrated chips directly onto the motherboard, but the biggest downside is the restriction of future upgrade options. However, the flexibility of the open [IBM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM) architecture, the basis of the modern PC motherboard allowing the attachment of peripherals and opening the door to the modern PC, allows for many options. Whether the PC buyer opts for low cost integration or high powered flexibility, this is the reason that PC motherboards are so widely varied and yet so integrally compatible with all PC software.\n\n**_The End_**\n\n**References:**\n[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer) \n\n[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT_(form_factor)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT_(form_factor)) \n\n[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard) \n\n[https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/b/babyat.htm](https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/b/babyat.htm) \n\n[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certification) \n\n[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand) \n\n[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modding) \n\n[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer\\_repair\\_technician](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_repair_technician) \n\n[http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/component.html](http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/component.html) \n\n[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/minimum](http://www.dictionary.com/browse/minimum) \n\n[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/integrated](http://www.dictionary.com/browse/integrated) \n\n[http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/port](http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/port) \n\n[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_keyboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_keyboard) \n\n[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassette_deck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassette_deck) \n\n[https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/41533/display-adapter](https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/41533/display-adapter) \n\n[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk) \n\n[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_controller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_controller) \n\n[https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/expaslot.htm](https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/expaslot.htm) \n\n[https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/i/ioport.htm](https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/i/ioport.htm) \n\n[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_card](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_card) \n\n[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCSI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCSI) \n\n[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory) \n\n[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central\\_processing\\_unit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit) \n\n[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniaturization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniaturization) \n\n[http://blog.superuser.com/2011/04/03/what-is-flashing-the-bios/](http://blog.superuser.com/2011/04/03/what-is-flashing-the-bios/) \n\n[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPROM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPROM) \n\n[https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/development](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/development) \n\n[https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/isolate](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/isolate) \n\n[http://www.douglocke.com/Downloads/Performance-Critical%20Systems%20White%20Paper.pdf](http://www.douglocke.com/Downloads/Performance-Critical%20Systems%20White%20Paper.pdf) \n\n[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_(computing)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_(computing)) \n\n[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral) \n\n[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n***Images are linked to their sources in their description***",
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      "body": "# **Information**\n\n<div class=\"pull-center\"><center><img src=\"http://www.thebluediamondgallery.com/pictures/information.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"http://www.thebluediamondgallery.com/pictures/information.jpg\">information Definition</a></em></center></div>\n\n## **The structure of information:**\n\nWithin our scope of interest there is an [**infinite**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite) amount of [**data**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data) to be gathered and therefore a decision has to be made as to which pieces of data are to be collected. \n\nA piece of data is simply one or more [**symbols**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol) which represent something. \n\n### **Some examples are shown below:** \n\na) ‘128’ \n\nb) ‘Folio number 013458’ \n\nc) ‘At lunch they were 3 for 1’ \n\nd) ‘$14.35’ \n\ne) ‘Bu4NPh4B’ \n\nData on its own is of little use to us. Most of you guys are wondering as to what does ‘128’ represents? What is a folio? Many would have realised that the third example is a cricket score. Example d) looks like a price (of what?) and example e) will mean little to anyone who is not a chemist or pharmacist. \n\nThere are an infinite amount of examples for this problem, which can be expressed as the problem that data is of no use until it is described or interpreted in some way or form. The data in the above examples are able to provide information only when the following descriptions and interrelationships are added. \n\na) 128 is the quantity in the warehouse of product number Q12 \n\nb) ‘Folio’ is the synonym for customer order. \n\nc) The cricket team has scored 3 runs for one wicket (pitiful!) \n\nd) The price of a taxi ride (Its expensive!) \n\ne) The chemical formula for nitrobenzene \n\nStill, much of this data will be uninteresting or irrelevant to many of you guys and may not provide any information at all! \n\n<div class=\"pull-center\"><center><img src=\"http://www.texpertssolutions.com/Tex-iBase/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/1486664612310.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"http://www.texpertssolutions.com/Tex-iBase/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/1486664612310.jpg\">information</a></em></center></div>\n\n## **The preceding examples suggest that a piece of data consists of three parts:** \n\n· The **symbol**\n\n· The **description** of the data (often simply by its name) \n\n· The **context** of the data \n\nAnd information is only made when these pieces of data and their associated descriptions are related together in a manner relevant to the receiver of the information. W. Kent puts it succinctly ‘Relationships are the stuff of which information is made’. \n\nIt is not desirable to pursue the [**philosophical**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy) aspects of data in too much detail here, but from the above it can be seen that the context itself consists of data and descriptions. Indeed, the descriptions are data! Such data, (That is data about data), is often called ‘[**metadata**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata)’ \n\nWhen people talk about a piece of data (a ‘data item’, or ‘data element’) they generally mean that the context is known, assumed or understood. In most computer systems however, the context is not stored or stated explicitly, but it is the humans who interpret the data and provide the context. This can and does lead to significant problems both in the definition and [**interpretation**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretation) of the data. \n\nEffectively, it is the descriptions and context of data which allows it to have meaning. Symbols alone (e.g. ‘6:45’) cannot have any meaning, but described symbols (e.g. ‘depart Durban 6:45’) can have meaning. Sundgren refers to this as the [**semantic**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics) contexts of data. Langfors highlights this in discussing the use of words (which are of course, data). The symbol ‘Dog’, ‘Hund’, ‘Chien’ all have the same semantic contents. They mean the same thing. Although they have the same semantic contents (provided that you, the recipient, understand some rudimentary English, French and German), they are composed of different arrangements of symbols. However, he goes on to point out that these words do not have any [**information contents**](https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/information_content), ‘… the meaning of individual words do not, by themselves, convey information: this is obtained by suitable combinations of, and relations between, individual word meanings’. Similarly we have shown that individual pieces of data do not provide information, it is data described and related to other data which enables information to be produced. \n\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"http://www.otmconferences.org/images/KEYNOTES/stamper_small.jpg\" /><br/><em><a href=\"http://www.otmconferences.org/images/KEYNOTES/stamper_small.jpg\">Stamper</a></em></center></div>\n\nStamper discusses information (and the related concepts of meaning) in terms of [**semiotics.**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotics) This is the study of signs and dates back over a century. One of the categories of signs is ‘Symbols’. Symbols are signs which require convention to link them up with what they are representing. \n\nSymbols and other signs have various characteristics. All signs have [**syntax**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax) which is concerned with structure and rules. The syntax of natural and formal language (for example mathematics, computer programming language) is an example. Signs have [**semantics**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics) which govern the relationship between what they are and what they signify. Thirdly, signs have [**pragmatics**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatics) which is concerned with the use of signs by people, how convenient they are to use and, how people perceive them and so on. \n\nA discussion of semiotics has a place in any consideration of information and information systems, but it is a little too wide ranging for the purposes of this post. Semiotics deals with all sorts of signs. Here, a more practical approach is required which commences with the aim of producing management information using computers, and so the most primitive aspect of the system which interests us is a piece of data. This is a higher level structure than a symbol since it typically consists of several symbols. However, the central tenet of semiotics, that considerations of signs (and hence of data) implies a consideration of the pragmatics, semantics and syntax, should be borne in mind at all times. \n\nAlthough related data (often called a ‘Data message’) can have meaning (but does not have to), it is only when the message is received that [**information**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information) becomes available. Data conveys a message to the recipient of the data, but the meaning of that message depends on two factors: firstly, the recipient’s existing knowledge (the ‘Frame of mind’) and secondly his/her ability to interpret the data. The integration of data with existing knowledge may produce information (i.e. new knowledge). Alternatively, it may be meaningful data which does not result in information (i.e. the recipient already had this knowledge) or it could be meaning less data (i.e. it could not be integrated with previous knowledge). Finally it may produce a side effect such as reminding the recipient of existing knowledge (i.e. the data did not produce any new knowledge itself, but activated some process which enabled the recipient to recall previous knowledge)\n\n\n**_The End_**\n\n**References:**\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretation\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics\nhttps://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/information_content\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotics\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatics\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information\n\n***Images are linked to their sources in their description***",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"steemstem\",\"informationsystems\",\"dataanalysis\",\"data\",\"science\"],\"image\":[\"http://www.thebluediamondgallery.com/pictures/information.jpg\",\"http://www.texpertssolutions.com/Tex-iBase/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/1486664612310.jpg\",\"http://www.otmconferences.org/images/KEYNOTES/stamper_small.jpg\"],\"links\":[\"http://www.thebluediamondgallery.com/pictures/information.jpg\",\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite\",\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data\",\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol\",\"http://www.texpertssolutions.com/Tex-iBase/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/1486664612310.jpg\",\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy\",\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata\",\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretation\",\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics\",\"https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/information_content\",\"http://www.otmconferences.org/images/KEYNOTES/stamper_small.jpg\",\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotics\",\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax\",\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatics\",\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\",\"format\":\"markdown\"}"
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