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      "body": "<p>The black swan event of a positive diffusion of the coronavirus, reminds me of the very first Ph.D. seminar in Information Systems.  As young doctoral students, we read about analogues of how different types of diffusion models that were applied to diseases were equally applied to new technology adoption in society. The past couple of weeks if it has been anything is the reaffirmation of this model. An S- like curve forming - We are still some time before it stablizes. The goal right now is to reduce the market share (or number of exposures) to the coronavirus - since the virus itself has a short time to survive (upto 14 within a body before the body's immune system beats it and much lower when living without the body).</p>\n<img src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Diffusion_of_ideas.svg/330px-Diffusion_of_ideas.svg.png\" alt=\"Black Swan event graph \"/>\n<p></p>\n<p>Even as this disruption is affecting markets, the decentralized finance marketplace is undergoing a shift. This week I comment about the Maker Market and the DAI/MCDAI token which is pegged to a dollar.</p>\n<img src=\"https://www.cryptonewtech.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/image.png\" alt=\"Marker graph \" class=\"wp-image-1540\"/><br/><i>Drop in Maker token price over this past week.</i>\n<p> As can be seen from above, the <a href=\"https://www.cryptonewtech.com/2019/12/21/maker-daos-decentralized-governance-model/\">Maker token </a>has taken a huge hit, and is considering removing caps, since maker contract margins of 1/3rd is no longer sufficient to with hold the token from sliding.  This means that one can withdraw approximately 1 ETH worth of DAI for 1.5 ETH held as a collateral in the contract. However, subsequently if ETH price in USD fell below 2/3rd of its value, the contract would liquidate automatically since the collateral to debt ratio was not met.  When such automatic liquidation events happen the maker platform fee is not recovered leaving the platform's take in such a lending lost. This happened over the past week leading to a huge debt of about 5 Million USD then raising the concern that DAI/MCDAI holders assets could immediately be converted to the underlying asset i.e., ETH based on a vote from the MAKER Community members. This coupled with the Ethereum network's slowing down of transaction backlogs on account of large number of users selling cryptocurrencies from markets has caused the shift to the underlying token virtually impossible.</p>\n<p>Even this event didn't play out leaving the platform in debt. So what we see her is a huge erosion in the Maker platform's value. Either ways , a black swan is a black swan event, and for now. The Defi lender MakerDAO is considering an emergency shutdown wherein they will no longer lend or accept new requests for lending contracts or issuance of DAI.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.coindesk.com/defi-leader-makerdao-weighs-emergency-shutdown-following-eth-price-drop\">https://www.coindesk.com/defi-leader-makerdao-weighs-emergency-shutdown-following-eth-price-drop</a></p>\n<p>Unlike traditional lending platforms, decentralized lending platforms such as <a href=\"https://twitter.com/MakerDAO\">@MakerDAO</a> automatically liquidate loans that fall below a minimum collateralization ratio of 1.5 ETH (or other eligible tokens) to <a href=\"https://twitter.com/search?q=%24DAI&amp;src=cashtag_click\">$DAI</a>.</p>\n<p></p>\n <br /><center><hr/><em>Posted from my blog with <a href='https://wordpress.org/plugins/steempress/'>SteemPress</a> : https://www.cryptonewtech.com/2020/03/15/the-effect-of-a-black-swan-eventcoronavirus-on-makerdao-defi/ </em><hr/></center>",
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      "title": "The Effect of a Black Swan event(CoronaVirus) on MakerDao Defi",
      "body": "<p>The black swan event of a positive diffusion of the coronavirus, reminds me of the very first Ph.D. seminar in Information Systems.  As young doctoral students, we read about analogues of how different types of diffusion models that were applied to diseases were equally applied to new technology adoption in society. The past couple of weeks if it has been anything is the reaffirmation of this model. An S- like curve forming - We are still some time before it stablizes. The goal right now is to reduce the market share (or number of exposures) to the coronavirus - since the virus itself has a short time to survive (upto 14 within a body before the body's immune system beats it and much lower when living without the body).</p>\n<img src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Diffusion_of_ideas.svg/330px-Diffusion_of_ideas.svg.png\" alt=\"\"/>\n<p></p>\n<p>Even as this disruption is affecting markets, the decentralized finance marketplace is undergoing a shift. This week I comment about the Maker Market and the DAI/MCDAI token which is pegged to a dollar.</p>\n<img src=\"https://www.cryptonewtech.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/image.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1540\"/><br/><i>Drop in Maker token price over this past week.</i>\n<p> As can be seen from above, the Maker token has taken a huge hit, and is considering removing caps, since maker contract margins of 1/3rd is no longer sufficient to with hold the token from sliding.  This means that one can withdraw approximately 1 ETH worth of DAI for 1.5 ETH held as a collateral in the contract. However, subsequently if ETH price in USD fell below 2/3rd of its value, the contract would liquidate automatically since the collateral to debt ratio was not met.  When such automatic liquidation events happen the maker platform fee is not recovered leaving the platform's take in such a lending lost. This happened over the past week leading to a huge debt of about 5 Million USD then raising the concern that DAI/MCDAI holders assets could immediately be converted to the underlying asset i.e., ETH based on a vote from the MAKER Community members. This coupled with the Ethereum network's slowing down of transaction backlogs on account of large number of users selling cryptocurrencies from markets has caused the shift to the underlying token virtually impossible.</p>\n<p>Even this event didn't play out leaving the platform in debt. So what we see her is a huge erosion in the Maker platform's value. Either ways , a black swan is a black swan event, and for now. The Defi lender MakerDAO is considering an emergency shutdown wherein they will no longer lend or accept new requests for lending contracts or issuance of DAI.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.coindesk.com/defi-leader-makerdao-weighs-emergency-shutdown-following-eth-price-drop\">https://www.coindesk.com/defi-leader-makerdao-weighs-emergency-shutdown-following-eth-price-drop</a></p>\n<p>Unlike traditional lending platforms, decentralized lending platforms such as <a href=\"https://twitter.com/MakerDAO\">@MakerDAO</a> automatically liquidate loans that fall below a minimum collateralization ratio of 1.5 ETH (or other eligible tokens) to <a href=\"https://twitter.com/search?q=%24DAI&amp;src=cashtag_click\">$DAI</a>.</p>\n<p></p>\n <br /><center><hr/><em>Posted from my blog with <a href='https://wordpress.org/plugins/steempress/'>SteemPress</a> : https://www.cryptonewtech.com/2020/03/15/the-effect-of-a-black-swan-eventcoronavirus-on-makerdao-defi/ </em><hr/></center>",
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      "body": "<center>https://www.cryptonewtech.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Why-Delegated-Proof-of-Stake-is-Not-Proof-of-Stake_.jpg</center> <br/><h2><strong>What is DPOS?</strong></h2>\n<p>Delegated Proof of Stake Mining was one of the earliest mechanisms of validating and confirming transactions and generating blocks. In this process, a fixed set of Witnesses who are voted by the stakeholders are given the authority to confirm transactions and create blocks for the blockchain in exchange for a small reward. In the case of the Steemit platform 30 witnesses, who were voted on by the Steemit community i.e., all those Steemit users who had Steem Power in their wallets. These 20 witnesses were the all-in-all decision makers for the platform, and it was assumed that these 30 witnesses could theoretically decide on which transactions were valid, which protocol enhancement features could be implemented and rolled out in the blockchain, etc. As per the original design there was a likelihood that at anytime any of the users could vote up or vote down a Witness.   This delegated proof of stake is similar to today's democratic systems of governance adopted worldwide where the population of citizens vote up their representatives; and if any individual manages to wratch up enough support to control the votes they would then control the entire ecosystem and government.</p>\n<p> Here's a quote from a <a href=\"https://steemit.com/witness-category/@williambanks/how-to-vote-for-a-witness-and-why\">steemit post on the importance of witnesses.</a></p>\n<p>\"<em>Witnesses are responsible for finding blocks, seeding the blockchain and setting pricing feeds and interest rates. They are for the most part silent and you never really hear much about them. But they represent a major investment in the steem economy in terms of money and manpower. </em><em>With steem, the witnesses take turns finding blocks. But your priority as a witness is determined by how many votes as witness you get and the relative stake power behind those votes.</em><em>You as an end user can vote for up to 30 witnesses and you can change your witness vote at any time for any reason.</em><br /><em>Voting for a witness is a way of saying \"I support your work. I like what you're doing and I want you to continue doing it.\"</em><br /><em>Conversely, removing your vote from a witness is a good way to let them know that you no longer agree with them or their policies.\"</em></p>\n<h2><strong>Hijacking the Steemit  Blockchain -</strong></h2>\n<p>The past week saw a tremendous new kind of attack in which wallet addresses of large centralized exchanges such as Huobi, Poloniex and Binance were used in an attack by Justin Sun's Tron foundation to in one stroke replace the entire set of 30 witnesses with their own proxies. The sad part of this is that these exchange based accounts that were used for voting were all owned by exchanges which accepted deposits from 1000's of users around the world. So if one were to keep their private keys in the hands of exchanges this would likely be the case. The Exchanges could take control and could be co-erced or bribed to do actions such as this to take control of the entire blockchain. </p>\n<p>Here is a larger Youtube Video post of the same.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=6&amp;v=8oh6Uw_ZH2A&amp;feature=emb_logo\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=6&amp;v=8oh6Uw_ZH2A&amp;feature=emb_logo</a></p>\n<p>Everyone is waiting to see how this plan plays out and it is interesting to see how and when these changes would echo in other systems that are Proof of Stake based.</p>\n\n<p></p>\n <br /><center><hr/><em>Posted from my blog with <a href='https://wordpress.org/plugins/steempress/'>SteemPress</a> : https://www.cryptonewtech.com/2020/03/07/why-delegated-proof-of-stake-is-not-proof-of-stake/ </em><hr/></center>",
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      "title": "Why Delegated Proof of Stake is Not Proof of Stake?",
      "body": "<h2><strong>What is DPOS?</strong></h2>\n<p>Delegated Proof of Stake Mining was one of the earliest mechanisms of validating and confirming transactions and generating blocks. In this process, a fixed set of Witnesses who are voted by the stakeholders are given the authority to confirm transactions and create blocks for the blockchain in exchange for a small reward. In the case of the Steemit platform 30 witnesses, who were voted on by the Steemit community i.e., all those Steemit users who had Steem Power in their wallets. These 20 witnesses were the all-in-all decision makers for the platform, and it was assumed that these 30 witnesses could theoretically decide on which transactions were valid, which protocol enhancement features could be implemented and rolled out in the blockchain, etc. As per the original design there was a likelihood that at anytime any of the users could vote up or vote down a Witness.   This delegated proof of stake is similar to today's democratic systems of governance adopted worldwide where the population of citizens vote up their representatives; and if any individual manages to wratch up enough support to control the votes they would then control the entire ecosystem and government.</p>\n<p> Here's a quote from a <a href=\"https://steemit.com/witness-category/@williambanks/how-to-vote-for-a-witness-and-why\">steemit post on the importance of witnesses.</a></p>\n<p>\"<em>Witnesses are responsible for finding blocks, seeding the blockchain and setting pricing feeds and interest rates. They are for the most part silent and you never really hear much about them. But they represent a major investment in the steem economy in terms of money and manpower. </em><em>With steem, the witnesses take turns finding blocks. But your priority as a witness is determined by how many votes as witness you get and the relative stake power behind those votes.</em><em>You as an end user can vote for up to 30 witnesses and you can change your witness vote at any time for any reason.</em><br /><em>Voting for a witness is a way of saying \"I support your work. I like what you're doing and I want you to continue doing it.\"</em><br /><em>Conversely, removing your vote from a witness is a good way to let them know that you no longer agree with them or their policies.\"</em></p>\n<h2><strong>Hijacking the Steemit  Blockchain -</strong></h2>\n<p>The past week saw a tremendous new kind of attack in which wallet addresses of large centralized exchanges such as Huobi, Poloniex and Binance were used in an attack by Justin Sun's Tron foundation to in one stroke replace the entire set of 30 witnesses with their own proxies. The sad part of this is that these exchange based accounts that were used for voting were all owned by exchanges which accepted deposits from 1000's of users around the world. So if one were to keep their private keys in the hands of exchanges this would likely be the case. The Exchanges could take control and could be co-erced or bribed to do actions such as this to take control of the entire blockchain. </p>\n<p>Here is a larger Youtube Video post of the same.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=6&amp;v=8oh6Uw_ZH2A&amp;feature=emb_logo\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=6&amp;v=8oh6Uw_ZH2A&amp;feature=emb_logo</a></p>\n<p>Everyone is waiting to see how this plan plays out and it is interesting to see how and when these changes would echo in other systems that are Proof of Stake based.</p>\n\n<p></p>\n <br /><center><hr/><em>Posted from my blog with <a href='https://wordpress.org/plugins/steempress/'>SteemPress</a> : https://www.cryptonewtech.com/2020/03/07/why-delegated-proof-of-stake-is-not-proof-of-stake/ </em><hr/></center>",
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      "body": "<h2><strong>What is DPOS?</strong></h2>\n<p>Distributed Proof of Stake Mining was one of the earliest mechanisms of validating and confirming transactions and generating blocks. In this process, a fixed set of Witnesses who are voted by the stakeholders are given the authority to confirm transactions and create blocks for the blockchain in exchange for a small reward. In the case of the Steemit platform 30 witnesses, who were voted on by the Steemit community i.e., all those Steemit users who had Steem Power in their wallets. These 20 witnesses were the all-in-all decision makers for the platform, and it was assumed that these 30 witnesses could theoretically decide on which transactions were valid, which protocol enhancement features could be implemented and rolled out in the blockchain, etc. As per the original design there was a likelihood that at anytime any of the users could vote up or vote down a Witness.  </p>\n<p> Here's a quote from a <a href=\"https://steemit.com/witness-category/@williambanks/how-to-vote-for-a-witness-and-why\">steemit post on the importance of witnesses.</a></p>\n<p>\"<em>Witnesses are responsible for finding blocks, seeding the blockchain and setting pricing feeds and interest rates. They are for the most part silent and you never really hear much about them. But they represent a major investment in the steem economy in terms of money and manpower. </em><em>With steem, the witnesses take turns finding blocks. But your priority as a witness is determined by how many votes as witness you get and the relative stake power behind those votes.</em><em>You as an end user can vote for up to 30 witnesses and you can change your witness vote at any time for any reason.</em><br /><em>Voting for a witness is a way of saying \"I support your work. I like what you're doing and I want you to continue doing it.\"</em><br /><em>Conversely, removing your vote from a witness is a good way to let them know that you no longer agree with them or their policies.\"</em></p>\n<h2><strong>Hijacking the Steemit  Blockchain -</strong></h2>\n<p>The past week saw a tremendous new kind of attack in which wallet addresses of large centralized exchanges such as Huobi, Poloniex and Binance were used in an attack by Justin Sun's Tron foundation to in one stroke replace the entire set of 30 witnesses with their own proxies. The sad part of this is that these exchange based accounts that were used for voting were all owned by exchanges which accepted deposits from 1000's of users around the world. So if one were to keep their private keys in the hands of exchanges this would likely be the case. The Exchanges could take control and could be co-erced or bribed to do actions such as this to take control of the entire blockchain. </p>\n<p>Here is a larger Youtube Video post of the same.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=6&amp;v=8oh6Uw_ZH2A&amp;feature=emb_logo\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=6&amp;v=8oh6Uw_ZH2A&amp;feature=emb_logo</a></p>\n<p>Everyone is waiting to see how this plan plays out and it is interesting to see how and when these changes would echo in other systems that are Proof of Stake based.</p>\n\n<p></p>\n <br /><center><hr/><em>Posted from my blog with <a href='https://wordpress.org/plugins/steempress/'>SteemPress</a> : https://www.cryptonewtech.com/2020/03/07/why-delegated-proof-of-stake-is-not-proof-of-stake/ </em><hr/></center>",
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      "title": "Why Delegated Proof of Stake is Not Proof of Stake?",
      "body": "<h2><strong>What is DPOS?</strong></h2>\n<p>Distributed Proof of Stake Mining was one of the earliest mechanisms of validating and confirming transactions and generating blocks. In this process, a fixed set of Witnesses who are voted by the stakeholders are given the authority to confirm transactions and create blocks for the blockchain in exchange for a small reward. In the case of the Steemit platform 30 witnesses, who were voted on by the Steemit community i.e., all those Steemit users who had Steem Power in their wallets. These 20 witnesses were the all-in-all decision makers for the platform, and it was assumed that these 30 witnesses could theoretically decide on which transactions were valid, which protocol enhancement features could be implemented and rolled out in the blockchain, etc. As per the original design there was a likelihood that at anytime any of the users could vote up or vote down a Witness.  </p>\n<p> Here's a quote from a <a href=\"https://steemit.com/witness-category/@williambanks/how-to-vote-for-a-witness-and-why\">steemit post on the importance of witnesses.</a></p>\n<p>\"<em>Witnesses are responsible for finding blocks, seeding the blockchain and setting pricing feeds and interest rates. They are for the most part silent and you never really hear much about them. But they represent a major investment in the steem economy in terms of money and manpower. </em><em>With steem, the witnesses take turns finding blocks. But your priority as a witness is determined by how many votes as witness you get and the relative stake power behind those votes.</em><em>You as an end user can vote for up to 30 witnesses and you can change your witness vote at any time for any reason.</em><br /><em>Voting for a witness is a way of saying \"I support your work. I like what you're doing and I want you to continue doing it.\"</em><br /><em>Conversely, removing your vote from a witness is a good way to let them know that you no longer agree with them or their policies.\"</em></p>\n<h2><strong>Hijacking the Steemit Witnesesses</strong></h2>\n<p>The past week saw a tremendous new kind of attack in which wallet addresses of large centralized exchanges such as huobi, Poloniex and binance were used in an attack by Justin Sun's tron foundation to in one stroke replace the entire set of 30 witnesses with their own proxies. The sad part of this is that these exchange based accounts that were used for voting were all owned by exchanges which accepted deposits from 1000's of users around the world. So if one were to keep their private keys in the hands of exchanges this would likely be the case. The Exchanges could take control and could do the needful.</p>\n<p>Here is a larger Youtube Video post of the same.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=6&amp;v=8oh6Uw_ZH2A&amp;feature=emb_logo\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=6&amp;v=8oh6Uw_ZH2A&amp;feature=emb_logo</a></p>\n\n<p></p>\n <br /><center><hr/><em>Posted from my blog with <a href='https://wordpress.org/plugins/steempress/'>SteemPress</a> : https://www.cryptonewtech.com/2020/03/07/why-delegated-proof-of-stake-is-not-proof-of-stake/ </em><hr/></center>",
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      "body": "<center>https://www.cryptonewtech.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/money-finance-business-2696234.jpg</center> <br/><h2><strong>Traditional Financial Models</strong></h2>\n<p>While we have written quite a few articles <a href=\"https://www.cryptonewtech.com/2020/02/22/decentralized-finance-hacks-and-the-problem-of-non-regulation-of-exchanges/\">about Defi,</a> the risks they pose, the challenges it poses, and such - we have never really written about Defi in terms of deep linking with the blockchain protocol. Traditional financial institutions use forms of money to loan out, and in the process earns interest. However, this is not necessarily because the lender is truely earning value for the money - through an investment that returns a positive outcome. Very often the borrower can be taking a loss on the borrowed investment, and might inturn be returning the interest because of the contract involved. There is often no ascertainable way in traditional financial modes of earning interest to be sure that the borrower is making positive returns on the borrowed capital.</p>\n\n<h3><strong>The Staking Financial Model</strong></h3>\n<p>Staking is a financial model wherein a participant (who operates as a lender) can make a deterministically positive return on his investment. For example, a staker on a network can earn a positive interest determined by the network protocol.  Stakers on the blockchain network are assured of deterministic returns when they submit their deposits to intermediary platforms or directly participate in staking pools for the sake of confirming and mining blockchains. On the overall, staking is a low risk positive return and cash flow business, where one can deterministically determine the returns on ones own investments. Staking for proof-of-stake derived algorithms is a positive step since it reduces the carbon footprint on networks, and enables a steady supply or limits supply to the means.</p>\n<h4><strong>Staking platform support</strong></h4>\n<p>While staking is slowly becoming a competitive business, with smart contracts written by many wallet-based platforms such as<a href=\"https://www.coinbase.com/\"> Coinbase</a>, there are entire businesses such as <a href=\"http://staked.us\">staked.us</a> that are dedicated to staking one's crypto holdings for mining. As time goes by and as staking becomes increasingly profitable, more and more crpto-exchanges and wallets will support it. Very often on platforms such as staked.us, users can earn anywhere between 10% and 4% for just staking their cryptotokens. This is a low risk/medium return business dependent entirely on the price of the cryptocurrency so involved.v st.</p>\n <br /><center><hr/><em>Posted from my blog with <a href='https://wordpress.org/plugins/steempress/'>SteemPress</a> : https://www.cryptonewtech.com/2020/02/29/the-staking-business/ </em><hr/></center>",
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      "body": "<p><strong>Traditional Financial Models.</strong></p>\n<p>While we have written quite a few articles about Defi, the risks they pose, the challenges it poses, and such - we have never really written about Defi in terms of deep linking with the blockchain protocol. Traditional financial institutions use forms of money to loan out, and in the process earns interest. However, this is not necessarily because the lender is truely earning value for the money - through an investment that returns a positive outcome. Very often the borrower can be taking a loss on the borrowed investment, and might inturn be returning the interest because of the contract involved. There is often no ascertainable way in traditional financial modes of earning interest to be sure that the borrower is making positive returns on the borrowed capital.</p>\n\n<p><strong>The Staking Financial Model</strong></p>\n<p>Staking is a financial model wherein a participant (who operates as a lender) can make a deterministically positive return on his investment. For example, a staker on a network can earn a positive interest determined by the network protocol.  Stakers on the blockchain network are assured of deterministic returns when they submit their deposits to intermediary platforms or directly participate in staking pools for the sake of confirming and mining blockchains. On the overall, staking is a low risk positive return and cash flow business, where one can deterministically determine the returns on ones own investments. Staking for proof-of-stake derived algorithms is a positive step since it reduces the carbon footprint on networks, and enables a steady supply or limits supply to the means.</p>\n<p><strong>Staking platform support</strong></p>\n<p>While staking is slowly becoming a competitive business, with smart contracts written by many wallet-based platforms such as Coinbase, there are entire businesses such as staked.us that are dedicated to staking one's crypto holdings for mining. As time goes by and as staking becomes increasingly profitable, more and more crpto-exchanges and wallets will support it. Very often on platforms such as staked.us, users can earn anywhere between 10% and 4% for just staking their cryptotokens. This is a low risk/medium return business dependent entirely on the price of the cryptocurrency so involved.</p>\n <br /><center><hr/><em>Posted from my blog with <a href='https://wordpress.org/plugins/steempress/'>SteemPress</a> : https://www.cryptonewtech.com/2020/02/29/the-staking-business/ </em><hr/></center>",
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      "body": "<center>https://www.cryptonewtech.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Blockchain-Trilemma.jpg</center> <br/><h2><strong>The Blockchain Trilemma</strong></h2>\nMost blockchains suffer from a trilemma when decentralization, <a href=\"https://www.cryptonewtech.com/2017/11/23/battle-scaling-transactions/\">scalability</a> and security cannot be ensured on the blockchain at the same time.\n\nFirstly, decentralization is defined as that property of the blockchain where all stake holders have access to the same amount of resources.\nSecondly, scalability where the blockchain is able to process an ever increasing number of transactions within the smallest acceptable \"deterministic\" time.\nThirdly, any security transaction wherein the blockchain network is able to process the transaction without the possibility of any form of attack.\nMost blockchains in today's world suffers from one if not two of these issues. For example, <a href=\"https://www.buybitcoinworldwide.com/mining/pools/\">bitcoin's blockchain mining is highly concentrated</a>. It is well known that scaling is also a significant problem with bitcoin's blockchain - since the maximum number of transactions per second processable by the network has been limited by the block-size, and mining algorithm combined.\n\n<a href=\"https://www.algorand.com/\">Algorand</a> - a Blockchain that supports transactions of all types, including smart contracts, promises to be a solution for all three, through a unique and clever \"true proof of stake\" algorithm. Silvio Micali, the ACM Turing award winner and MIT Computer Science professor and his students are behind this phenomenal idea that accomplishes all three together.\n\nAlgorand accomplishes a proof of stake through a three stage process - which  doesn't depend only on how much stake a miner has on the network. The protocol that Algorand uses is called the<a href=\"https://algorandcom.cdn.prismic.io/algorandcom%2Fece77f38-75b3-44de-bc7f-805f0e53a8d9_theoretical.pdf\"> Byzantine Agreement protocol</a>. BA not only satisfies some additional properties, but is very fast. Roughly said, its binary-input consists of 3 steps in which one of the participants sends a message ot all other players. The network is complete and synchronous,  where only those who are online at any given instant of time can participate.\n\nIn the paper the describes Algorand, Chen and Micali describe a unique mechanism for describing how blocks are generated.  More on this in a future post. <br /><center><hr/><em>Posted from my blog with <a href='https://wordpress.org/plugins/steempress/'>SteemPress</a> : https://www.cryptonewtech.com/2020/02/22/algorands-solution-to-the-blockchain-trillemma/ </em><hr/></center>",
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      "title": "Decentralized Finance hacks and the problem of non-regulation of exchanges.",
      "body": "<center>https://www.cryptonewtech.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/DeFI-2.jpg</center> <br/><p>As much as <a href=\"https://www.cryptonewtech.com/2020/01/11/defi-analytics-and-applications/\">decentralized finance (deFi)</a> is seemingly an attractive \"alternative\" but a highly \"risky\" mode of investment, deFi has its pitfalls. Most recently this was discovered in an extremely complex single transaction smart contract.</p>\n<p>Several experts agree that a combination of oracles for price feeds (that are seemingly blindly trusted), an admin key with a coordinator, a pooled group of accounts and trusted keys - handling real-world fiat currencies are subject to 24/7 forms of attacks.  Combine this with a significant lack of regulation of exchanges, smart contract API expositing exchanges or deFiservices, these become a nightmare.</p>\n<p>One of the most recent such \"attacks\" happened on the bZx market using leveraged borrowing. A detail of this attack is given in the following <a href=\"https://coincodex.com/article/7056/how-to-make-300k-600k-for-free-in-minutes-legally/\">link</a>. The attacker borrowed close to a million dollars - in ether, - converted it to a <a href=\"https://www.cryptonewtech.com/2019/07/09/the-rise-and-rise-of-stablecoins/\">stablecoin </a>on a Defi exchange, within a flash second he sold it on another exchange, causing prices to drop across markets. Then the same individual uses the capital to repurchase at the new lower price, and then he repaid the loan and took the profits.</p>\n<p></p>\n <br /><center><hr/><em>Posted from my blog with <a href='https://wordpress.org/plugins/steempress/'>SteemPress</a> : https://www.cryptonewtech.com/2020/02/22/decentralized-finance-hacks-and-the-problem-of-non-regulation-of-exchanges/ </em><hr/></center>",
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      "body": "<p> As much as decentralized finance (deFi) is seemingly an attractive \"alternative\" but highly \"risky\" mode of investment, deFi has its pitfalls. Most recently this was discovered in an extremely complex single transaction smart contract.</p>\n<p>Several experts agree that a combination of oracles for price feeds (that are seemingly blindly trusted), an admin key with a coordinator, a pooled group of accounts and trusted keys - handling real world fiat currencies are subject to 24/7 forms of attacks.  Combine this with a significant lack of regulation of exchanges, smart contract API expositing exchanges or deFI services, these become a nightmare.</p>\n<p>One of the most recent such \"attacks\" happened on the bZx market using leveraged borrowing. A detail of this attack is given in the following link: https://coincodex.com/article/7056/how-to-make-300k-600k-for-free-in-minutes-legally/</p>\n<p></p>\n <br /><center><hr/><em>Posted from my blog with <a href='https://wordpress.org/plugins/steempress/'>SteemPress</a> : https://www.cryptonewtech.com/2020/02/22/decentralized-finance-hacks-and-the-problem-of-non-regulation-of-exchanges/ </em><hr/></center>",
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      "title": "Algorand's solution to the blockchain trillemma",
      "body": "<strong>The Blockchain Trilemma</strong>\n\nMost blockchains suffer from a trilemma when decentralization, scalability and security cannot be ensured on the blockchain at the same time.\n\nFirstly, decentralization is defined as that property of the blockchain where all stake holders have access to the same amount of resources.\nSecondly, scalability where the blockchain is able to process an ever increasing number of transactions within the smallest acceptable \"deterministic\" time.\nThirdly, any security transaction wherein the blockchain network is able to process the transaction without the possibility of any form of attack.\nMost blockchains in today's world suffers from one if not two of these issues. For example, <a href=\"https://www.buybitcoinworldwide.com/mining/pools/\">bitcoin's blockchain mining is highly concentrated</a>. It is well known that scaling is also a significant problem with bitcoin's blockchain - since the maximum number of transactions per second processable by the network has been limited by the block-size, and mining algorithm combined.\n\nAlgorand - a Blockchain that supports transactions of all types, including smart contracts, promises to be a solution for all three, through a unique and clever \"true proof of stake\" algorithm. Silvio Micali, the ACM Turing award winner and MIT Computer Science professor and his students are behind this phenomenal idea that accomplishes all three together.\n\nAlgorand accomplishes a proof of stake through a three stage process - which  doesn't depend only on how much stake a miner has on the network. The protocol that Algorand uses is called the<a href=\"https://algorandcom.cdn.prismic.io/algorandcom%2Fece77f38-75b3-44de-bc7f-805f0e53a8d9_theoretical.pdf\"> Byzantine Agreement protocol</a>. BA not only satisfies some additional properties, but is very fast. Roughly said, its binary-input consists of 3 steps in which one of the participants sends a message ot all other players. The network is complete and synchronous,  where only those who are online at any given instant of time can participate.\n\nIn the paper the describes Algorand, Chen and Micali describe a unique mechanism for describing how blocks are generated.  More on this in a future post. <br /><center><hr/><em>Posted from my blog with <a href='https://wordpress.org/plugins/steempress/'>SteemPress</a> : https://www.cryptonewtech.com/2020/02/22/algorands-solution-to-the-blockchain-trillemma/ </em><hr/></center>",
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      "body": "<center>https://www.cryptonewtech.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/blockchain-e1564669608493.jpg</center> <br/><h2>Recent senate hearing on Libra cryptocurrency</h2>\nHere is an interesting question raised during a recent <a href=\"https://www.cryptonewtech.com/2019/06/25/libra-and-the-monetization-of-network-effects/\">Libra cryptocurrency</a> hearing:\n\n<iframe src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/vf1dym16poc\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"></iframe>\n\n<a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vf1dym16poc\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vf1dym16poc</a>\n\nThen we have the following follow up:\n\n<iframe src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/2WOVukI3f-g\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"></iframe>\n\n<a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2WOVukI3f-g\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2WOVukI3f-g</a>\n<h2>Consortium controlled cryptocurrency</h2>\nWhen a consortium-based non-sovereign entity that has access to a captive network of several billion users proposes to launch a financial instrument which is a digital asset, the proposal leads to several challenges:\n<ol>\n <li>A regulatory challenge</li>\n <li>The disenfranchisement of existing financial entities like banks, mutual fund investors, etc.</li>\n <li>The rather unnerving possibility of seeing use cases of the technology and digital asset completely unseen earlier.</li>\n <li>The scary proposition of allowing a large consortium to control money supply in international markets when a sufficiently large population agrees to use it as a mode of payment.</li>\n</ol>\nAnother followup, discussion about the same: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t1-9Hm_rF6A\n\n&nbsp; <br /><center><hr/><em>Posted from my blog with <a href='https://wordpress.org/plugins/steempress/'>SteemPress</a> : https://www.cryptonewtech.com/2019/07/31/bitcoin-vs-scoin/ </em><hr/></center>",
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      "body": "<p>Recent developments in <a href=\"https://www.cryptonewtech.com/2019/12/18/unstoppable-blockchain-dapps-via-smart-contracts-on-ethereum/\">the Ethereum development community</a> have contributed to a multitude of competing programming languages to write <a href=\"https://www.cryptonewtech.com/2018/06/24/smart-contract-platforms-part-1/\">smart contracts</a> that run on the Ethereum virtual machine. What if the Virtual Machine itself were to be changed? and the programming language  used to write smart contracts were to change from solidity to other commonly used languages such as C/C++ or even the most secure programming language of Rust, which One of the arguments for supporting this change is the need to support different kinds of hardware (from small devices that run on micro-controllers, to the largest quantum computer), software operating systems and browsers.  WebAssembly (abbreviated <i>Wasm</i>), is a binary instruction format for a stack-based Virtual Machine that runs within the javascript virtual machine supported by most of today's browsers. Wasm is significantly developed and has a seemingly large list of tools that will enable users to build all kinds of apps. A detailed documentation of wasm and all tools supported is provided at this link. https://github.com/mbasso/awesome-wasm</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.cryptonewtech.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Capture.png\"><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1498\" src=\"https://www.cryptonewtech.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Capture.png\" alt=\"EWasm Architecture\" width=\"580\" height=\"291\" /></a>Figure 2. Depicts the Ethereum Web Assembly and Ethereum Virtual Machine interface and how they inter-operate.</p>\n<p>While Wasm apps are slowly gaining ground for different device based applications, the Ethereum foundation is promoting the development of Ethereum Wasm (<a href=\"https://ewasm.readthedocs.io/en/mkdocs/\">https://ewasm.readthedocs.io/en/mkdocs/</a>). E-Wasm is a full stack virtual machine layer on top the Ethereum Virtual Machine, that brings all the benefits of WASM i.e., security, portability, speed, and low memory footprint. This layer supports writing of smart contracts in other programming languages such as C/C++/Rust thereby . E-Wasm is designed as a portable target for compilation of high-level languages like C/C++/Rust, enabling deployment on the web for client and server applications in the most commonly used programming languages. The design and specification of EWasm will make development and deployment of Smart contracts atop Ethereum secure and accessible to the common masses without needing the complex syntax of the Solidity programming language. </p>\n\n<p></p>\n <br /><center><hr/><em>Posted from my blog with <a href='https://wordpress.org/plugins/steempress/'>SteemPress</a> : https://www.cryptonewtech.com/2020/02/01/smart-contracts-and-web-assembly/ </em><hr/></center>",
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      "body": "<center>https://www.cryptonewtech.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/designecologist-Pmh0UoG1vlE-unsplash-scaled-e1579537239375.jpg</center> <br/><h2><strong>Web3</strong></h2>\nWeb3 is the name given to the decentralized web where applications, services and infrastructure are all hosted decentrally. Some of the protocols that drive the web3 are <a href=\"https://ipfs.io/\">IPFS</a> and <a href=\"https://www.cryptonewtech.com/2018/06/24/smart-contract-platforms-part-1/\">Smart Contract platforms</a> and networks such as Ethereum. The infrastructure side will definitely see significant amount of decentralization at every layer.\nFor example, financial services are already being decentralized through services such as  <a href=\"http://Celsius.io\">Celsius.io</a>, <a href=\"http://nexo.io\">nexo.io</a>, compound.finance, etc. Ethereum based smart contracts already operate these markets in ways that were not possible. For example, <a href=\"https://www.cryptonewtech.com/2019/10/19/defi-decentralized-finance-through-smart-contracts-stablecoins/\">savings interest rates on crypto holdings (even stable coins) in these markets</a> are way higher than what banks can afford.\n<h3><strong>Infrastructure</strong></h3>\nAnother interesting area where this is happening is on the infrastructure side - both hardware, computing power, and on software services and support. the protocol that is seeing a resurgence in applications is that of ipFS. It may be a decade away as yet, but using cryptographic means, it might be possible in the near future to get significantly large storage at a fraction of the cost that it would otherwise.  Many crypto-platforms such as <a href=\"https://filecoin.io/\">Filecoin</a> and already releasing their early prototypes onto the market. Similarly,  firms such as <a href=\"http://infura.io\">infura.io</a> support Ethereum smartcontracts with  IPFS protocols enabling infrastructure support for a lot of backend software such as for decentralized exchanges for creating financial products, testing them, etc...<a href=\"https://sia.tech/\"> Sia</a> - is another platform that resembles FileCoin.\n<h4><strong>Applications</strong></h4>\nThere are more than 3 million smart contracts on ethereum alone, and many more on other platforms such as <a href=\"https://eos.io/\">EoS</a>, <a href=\"https://tron.network/\">Tron</a> and a host of other applications. These applications are on their way to decentralize everything from insurance, to banking , to holding assets. With the ZeroX protocol it is possible to exchange any type of securitized asset and exchange it for anything else in the world.\n\nThe web3 - as we are seeing it, will be a tectonic shift in the overall internet industry, that will see a new set of business models that will transform the way we work and live, with a lot more decentralization in the wealth and power created and shared. <br /><center><hr/><em>Posted from my blog with <a href='https://wordpress.org/plugins/steempress/'>SteemPress</a> : https://www.cryptonewtech.com/2020/01/18/web3-infrastructure-and-their-effects-on-todays-cloud-based-services/ </em><hr/></center>",
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      "body": "<center>https://www.cryptonewtech.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/designecologist-Pmh0UoG1vlE-unsplash-scaled-e1579537239375.jpg</center> <br/><h2><strong>Web3</strong></h2>\nWeb3 is the name given to the decentralized web where applications, services and infrastructure are all hosted decentrally. Some of the protocols that drive the web3 are <a href=\"https://ipfs.io/\">IPFS</a> and <a href=\"https://www.cryptonewtech.com/2018/06/24/smart-contract-platforms-part-1/\">Smart Contract platforms</a> and networks such as Ethereum. The infrastructure side will definitely see significant amount of decentralization at every layer.\nFor example, financial services are already being decentralized through services such as as <a href=\"http://Celsius.io\">Celsius.io</a>, <a href=\"http://nexo.io\">nexo.io</a>, compound.finance, etc. Ethereum based smart contracts already operate these markets in ways that were not possible. For example, <a href=\"https://www.cryptonewtech.com/2019/10/19/defi-decentralized-finance-through-smart-contracts-stablecoins/\">savings interest rates on crypto holdings (even stable coins) in these markets</a> are way higher than what banks can afford.\n<h3><strong>Infrastructure</strong></h3>\nAnother interesting area where this is happening is on the infrastructure side - both hardware, computing power, and on software services and support. the protocol that is seeing a resurgence in applications is that of ipFS. It may be a decade away as yet, but using cryptographic means, it might be possible in the near future to get significantly large storage at a fraction of the cost that it would otherwise.  Many crypto-platforms such as <a href=\"https://filecoin.io/\">Filecoin</a> and already releasing their early prototypes onto the market. Similarly,  firms such as <a href=\"http://infura.io\">infura.io</a> support Ethereum smartcontracts with  IPFS protocols enabling infrastructure support for a lot of backend software such as for decentralized exchanges for creating financial products, testing them, etc...<a href=\"https://sia.tech/\"> Sia</a> - is another platform that resembles FileCoin.\n<h4><strong>Applications</strong></h4>\nThere are more than 3 million smart contracts on ethereum alone, and many more on other platforms such as <a href=\"https://eos.io/\">EoS</a>, <a href=\"https://tron.network/\">Tron</a> and a host of other applications. These applications are on their way to decentralize everything from insurance, to banking , to holding assets. With the ZeroX protocol it is possible to exchange any type of securitized asset and exchange it for anything else in the world.\n\nThe web3 - as we are seeing it, will be a tectonic shift in the overall internet industry, that will see a new set of business models that will transform the way we work and live, with a lot more decentralization in the wealth and power created and shared. <br /><center><hr/><em>Posted from my blog with <a href='https://wordpress.org/plugins/steempress/'>SteemPress</a> : https://www.cryptonewtech.com/2020/01/18/web3-infrastructure-and-their-effects-on-todays-cloud-based-services/ </em><hr/></center>",
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      "body": "<center>https://www.cryptonewtech.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/network-transaction-fee.png</center> <br/><p>What is truly amazing about Ethereum Analytics on <a href=\"http://ethinfo.com\">ethinfo.com</a> is that it provides data backed evidence of all aspects of the blockchain ecosystem. As we're ending 2019 - here are some insights:</p>\n<ol><li>The network transaction fees has remained mostly constant for all of 2019 except for occasional spikes indicating that there is no surge in the number of transactions happening on the network.</li></ol>\n<img src=\"https://www.cryptonewtech.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/network-transaction-fee.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1454\"/><br/><i>Network fees</i>\n<img src=\"https://i0.wp.com/www.cryptonewtech.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/network-utilization-1.png?fit=750%2C332&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1455\"/>\n<p>2. The total ethereum network utilization chart shows that the ether network utilization has been between 80 and 100 for almost all of this year, with some instances where the network utilization has been upto 98%. </p>\n<img src=\"https://www.cryptonewtech.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/countries-installed.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1456\"/>\n<p>The above image shows how much of the ethereum network is spread around the world. What is interesting to note is that despite the severe ban on \"Cryptocurrencies\" and other allied technologies in mainland china, there seems to be more than 1073 ethereum nodes active at this point. However, it is likely that these nodes are being run out of Hong Kong's datacenters and not on mainland china.  Similarly, India has about 160 ethereum nodes active at this point - despite the legal ambiguity.</p>\n<img src=\"https://www.cryptonewtech.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/network-difficulty.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1457\"/>\n<p>The above graph shows that the overall network difficulty as measured in TeraHashes has continuously increased over the past year. </p>\n<p>In conclusion - we have a network that supports cryptocurrencies that is sufficiently decentralized and is bursting at its seams in terms of network throughput with the utilization of about 90% with near-constant/predictable transaction fees. If this network moves toward Proof of Stake and some of the changes such as sharding were to play out on schedule, we will see a significant number of apps being deployed on the global platform.</p>\n<p></p>\n <br /><center><hr/><em>Posted from my blog with <a href='https://wordpress.org/plugins/steempress/'>SteemPress</a> : https://www.cryptonewtech.com/2019/12/28/insights-from-ethereum-analytics/ </em><hr/></center>",
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      "body": "<center>https://www.cryptonewtech.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Total-number-of-nodes-e1576760228900.jpg</center> <br/><h1><b>Unstoppable Blockchain DApps</b></h1>\n<p>This past week was a revelation after working for 3.5 years in the blockchain space, after listening to Dr. Stephan Karpischek's Keynote speech on \"<a href=\"https://www.cryptonewtech.com/2018/10/23/decentralized-insurance-etherisc/\">Decentralizing Insurance</a>\" at the PreICIS SIGBPS 2020 workshop.</p>\n<p>Stephan's definition of a blockchain based software system appealed to me as the right way to create software systems and development ecosystems.</p>\n<h2><b>Software LIFE Cycle and Stoppable Software Systems</b></h2>\n<p>A software system has a life cycle which starts with a team building it. Often the team that builds this system is centralized heavily on three types of resources: i.e., (1) human capital provided by the management of the firm that owns the software (often licenses it and the source code), (2) the hardware needed to run the software( often single server systems installed and run on a set of nodes in single data-centers) and (3) software tools available to the developers and adopters (by means of developers invested in the system).</p>\n<p>Each of these three components necessary to create an maintain software applications have multiple points of failure, both technical, economical and human resource related leading to a process known as \"End of Life\" for the corresponding software.   For example, management of firms that create these software projects can often shut down these  projects and relegate them to obscurity. The hardware and software on these systems can become outdated often and frequently.</p>\n<h3><b><u>UNSTOPPABILITY - A PROPERTY OF BLOCKCHAIN DAPPS</u></b></h3>\n<p>When all the 3 aspects of a software system that are (often) centralized disappear, then we have a true software system that is unstoppable. Public decentralized blockchains widely adopted makes this happen. For example, on the <a href=\"https://etherscan.io/nodetracker\">Ethereum Blockchain which is a global network with nodes</a> around the world and hosted by different individuals, decentralized applications have the requisite hardware and software to live on for ever. Similarly, when teams developing the software is distributed globally and there is no single organization determining what can/what can't be done, and governance of software is accomplished through governance models that are public, transparent and open to all, such a system becomes unstoppable.</p>\n<p>Such unstoppable systems cannot be regulated, pulled down or forced to abort unless the entire network of computing nodes are stopped. For example, when one country regulates access to these network of nodes, other countries which provide free access to computing resources will provide environments for this innovation to thrive. Similarly, when investors decide to impose regulations such as geographic blocking on the corresponding software, the entire source code of the software can suddenly be forked and start to execute on nodes without the geo-blocking feature.</p>\n<p>Ethereum nodes distributed globally</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.cryptonewtech.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Total-number-of-nodes.jpg\"><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1431 size-full\" src=\"https://www.cryptonewtech.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Total-number-of-nodes-e1576760228900.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"940\" height=\"451\" /></a></p>\n<p>Source - <a href=\"https://etherscan.io/nodetracker\">https://etherscan.io/nodetracker</a></p>\n<p>This in my opinion is the most important and critical aspect of Decentralized applications that Software development firms have to pay attention to.</p>\n<p>Such a one Blockchain DApps is  -<a href=\"https://uniswap.io/\">Uniswap</a></p>\n\n<p></p>\n <br /><center><hr/><em>Posted from my blog with <a href='https://wordpress.org/plugins/steempress/'>SteemPress</a> : https://www.cryptonewtech.com/2019/12/18/unstoppable-blockchain-dapps-via-smart-contracts-on-ethereum/ </em><hr/></center>",
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