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      "body": "The Turkish Lira continues its decent against the greenback and Euro. As a possible support for its embattled currency, the Central Bank of Turkey (CBRT) has added a near $5Bn worth of gold to its stash. Meanwhile, Bitcoin is trading at a premium on Turkish Exchanges.\n\nThe Turkish Lira continued into free-fall against major currencies the week of November 6, reaching an all-time low against the Euro, and a near record-low against the US Dollar (See Graph 2 & 3). The downward pressure the Lira is facing against the Euro and US Dollar can be attributed to multiple possibilities; the US Federal Reserve’s interest rates hikes, the increasing yields on two-year US treasuries, and continued political controversies from Washington and Berlin.\n![Screen Shot 2017-11-13 at 4.46.25 PM.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmVDDEQS9G3cF7QkY8W9b8j6WCF6fv3sX7peckR9uKgENM/Screen%20Shot%202017-11-13%20at%204.46.25%20PM.png)\n![Screen Shot 2017-11-13 at 4.46.31 PM.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmTnfhGYxq2VSR5jRZe7ePgoJ6FFCPkbX1AaaCfC9e2k2y/Screen%20Shot%202017-11-13%20at%204.46.31%20PM.png)\n**Bitcoin Premium**\n\nBitcoin is trading at a whopping 6.0-8.0% premium versus Bitfinex rates based on the three main Turkish Exchanges BTCTurk, Koinim and Paribu (See Graph 1). The Brazilian Real has the most expensive Bitcoin premium at a massive 11% (See Graph 1). Localbitcoins average at time of writing was also around 6%. Total trade volume from these three exchanges currently amount for less than 1%, however Diar has been informed by sources that there has been an increased interest in new accounts.\n![Screen Shot 2017-11-13 at 4.46.19 PM.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmV6SKJqqR9UvUfW9g8rbxU6LVbvenGHuTAFJ5ak33Dx6i/Screen%20Shot%202017-11-13%20at%204.46.19%20PM.png)\n\n**Central Bank Positive On Bitcoin…or Not?**\n\nIn a bit of a bipolar statement to local news Vatan, CBRT President Murat Cetinkaya stated, that the Central Bank has established a group to further research Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies as they “may contribute to financial stability.” He also said however, that while there are no current laws in place against Bitcoin, that citizens should refrain from using them.\n\n**Inflation**                        \n\nA driving factor for increased demand, and the premium price on Bitcoin, could possibly be the rising inflation that Turkey is facing. Standard & Poor’s (S&P) analysts estimate that inflation could be as high as 10.8% through to year-end, while dropping slightly to 7.9% in 2018. While the CBRT estimates it at a whole percentage point lower, official statistics place inflation at an eyeballing 11.2% in September 2017. CBRT Governor Murat Cetinkaya said \"the rise in oil prices and the depreciation of the Turkish lira elevated the cost pressures in the third quarter.”\n\n**Gold Reserves Grow**\n\nIn a speech last December Mr Erdogan said “those who keep US Dollar or e=Euro currency under their mattress should come and turn them into Liras or gold.” In 2012, the CBRT allowed commercial banks to store their required deposits in the form of metals. And while this has swelled gold reserves, its evident that the CBRT is hoarding gold at an increasing rate (See Graph 4). Consumer demand for gold in Turkey is up 73%; gold imports are close to 7 times as much as last quarter.\n![Screen Shot 2017-11-13 at 4.46.36 PM.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmWX8tpMqw4xFFzC7eF56zgkBBWbkE52MuSzxCrXQWrpSG/Screen%20Shot%202017-11-13%20at%204.46.36%20PM.png)\n\n**Deteriorating Economically…and Politically**\n\nIn early October, the US suspended its travel visa program in Turkey and only in early November did a partial return of the service begin. The White House greeted Turkish Prime Minister Binali Yildirim in a meeting last week with US Vice President Mike Pence. While the two countries expressed their hope for the strengthening of bilateral relationships and constructive dialogue, Mr Pence also expressed concern for a spate of arrests that lack transparency (including Americans) in Turkey, which remains under a state-of-emergency following a failed attempted coup last year.\n\nThe relationship with Germany, who is by and far the largest economic partner driving $36Bn in bilateral trade, is also witnessing strain. While Berlin hasn’t formally announced restrictions, they have used their influence to cut off private funding to Turkey. Germany alone accounts for about 11% of total foreign loans sent to Ankara, following the U.K. Much like the US, Germany is also concerned about Turkeys treatment of its journalists, and German citizens following the contentious Turkish Referendum in April that gave President Recep Tayyip Erdogan broad powers.",
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      "title": "Continental Monopolies Rein Cryptocurrency Visa Cards",
      "body": "With the rapid increase in price for Bitcoin, holders are reluctant to spend, which pushes down demand from consumers on merchants to accept the currency. Cryptocurrency debit cards provide a way to seemingly eliminate fiat currencies in adopter’s daily lives. But there is a clear chokepoint for cryptocurrency spending as only two significant Money Services Businesses issue Visa Cards ­– WaveCrest in Europe, and Metropolitan Commercial Bank in the US (See Table Below)\n\nBitcoin, along with other cryptocurrencies, are only accepted by a handful of merchants around the world and even that has been decreasing. According to a recent report by Morgan Stanley, Bitcoin is only accepted by three of the top 500 online merchants, down from five merchants last year. Overstock.com, Expedia and Newegg accept Bitcoin. Overstock reportedly generates as much as $5 million of revenue per year from Bitcoin.\n\n**Low-Spend**\n\nThere are several adoption problems facing Bitcoin as a currency. With the price of Bitcoin having grown by more than 600% in 2017, holders are reluctant to spend it in the hope of further gains against the Greenback and other fiat currencies. And unlike with credit card transactions, the consumer rather than the merchant covers the transaction fees of Bitcoin payments.\n\nBitcoin is also dealing with scalability issues, which only deepens the problem. In the past quarter, the average transaction fee has oscillated from about $2 all the way to $9.\n\nMost smaller transactions are currently unfeasible with Bitcoin which turns some merchants to alternative cryptocurrencies such as Litecoin or DASH. Most often, Bitcoin is being used as a store of value and as a speculation vehicle. Thus there is a lack of demand from consumers, which consequently doesn’t put pressure on merchants to invest in Bitcoin infrastructure.\n\nFor users that want to use cryptocurrencies for everyday transactions, there is an option to use one of the cryptocurrency debit cards. Cryptocurrency enthusiasts are mostly skeptical of cryptocurrency debit cards because they introduce a third party, which leads to centralization of the ecosystem. But until more merchants are willing to accept cryptocurrencies directly, there is no other option to function without fiat currencies.\n\nAll of the cards can be bought online from a company for a flat fee after fulfilling Know-Your-Client (KYC) checks and location requirements - either as virtual or plastic card. After the delivery, the card is then activated and can be loaded with funds by sending the supported cryptocurrency to the online wallet associated with the card. Most of the cards only support Bitcoin but some also support Litecoin, Ether and Dash. TokenCard is developing a debit card that will support payments with ERC20 tokens. Uquid, which is currently still running an ICO and has yet to release a card, promises to work with 90 different cryptocurrencies. Wirex and Bitwalla have ShapeShift support allowing for instant swap across multiple currencies.\n\n**Spot-Rate vs Fiat-On-Deposit**\n\nSome debit cards allow holding cryptocurrencies and only after a payment is made, the cryptocurrency is sold for the amount paid in fiat currency. Some other cards need to be loaded with cryptocurrencies, which is then immediately converted to fiat (See Table). Each company has little different but similar fees for ATM withdrawal, foreign exchange conversion and sometimes also charge a monthly service fee and a transaction fee.\n\n**EU: WaveCrest Issuer Monopoly**\n\nCurrently, all the widespread debit cards are issued by Visa, none by Mastercard. Moreover, the majority of cards are issued by the same issuing company - WaveCrest Holdings Limited. WaveCrest is a prepaid access provider working under license from Visa International. The company is FinCEN-registered Money Services Business (MSB) based in Gibraltar.\n\nReportedly due to the new Visa regulations, WaveCrest announced in September that it will no longer issue or maintain cards outside of the European territory (EEA, Turkey, Switzerland and Israel).\nIt added that all the existing cards outside of the European territory will cease to function from October 15. Before this announcement, WaveCrest allowed shipping their cards globally. On the back of this announcement, already issued cryptocurrency debit cards (TenX, Xapo, Cryptopay.me, Coinsbank, Wirex, Bitwala, Shakepay, SpectroCoin and Mobi) stopped working for people outside of the European territory.\n\n**US: Metropolitan Commercial Bank Monopoly**\n\nBitPay is the only card that currently ships to both Europe and the United States because they use two different issuers - WaveCrest for Europe and Metropolitan Commercial Bank for the United States. Shift uses Metropolitan Commercial Bank as their only card issuer and their card is thus only available to the U.S. citizens.\n\nThe only cryptocurrency card that currently ships globally is WageCan Golden Card. It is unclear which card issuer WageCan uses but they charge a $162 issuance fee and also have a 2.5% ATM withdrawal fee.\n\nMonaco, which raised $25Mn in their ICO in June, has recently announced that they reached an agreement with Wirecard AG to issue Visa cards for Singapore residents. 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