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      "permlink": "steemitboard-notify-cryptochaincal-20200313t120621000z",
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      "body": "Congratulations @cryptochaincal! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@cryptochaincal/birthday2.png</td><td>Happy Steem Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 2 years!</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@cryptochaincal) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=cryptochaincal)_</sub>\n\n\n**Do not miss the last post from @steemitboard:**\n<table><tr><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/downvote-challenge-add-up-to-3-funny-badges-to-your-board\"><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/64x128/https://steemitimages.com/0x0/![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmUuJkZdnSpHVWssxF82ntymqXg4Pvk6K6bYvckUYVRsnj/image.png)\"></a></td><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/downvote-challenge-add-up-to-3-funny-badges-to-your-board\">Downvote challenge - Add up to 3 funny badges to your board</a></td></tr></table>\n\n###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!",
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      "title": "Taxation of Cryptocurrencies",
      "body": "Although the use of cryptocurrencies in business transactions is relatively small in contrast to the use of FIAT, the opportunities to increase tax revenues have become more apparent to governments. This has wide ranging effects on cryptocurrency investors.\n\nIRS Notice 2014-21 states that virtual currencies may be considered as property for taxation purposes. Payments made using virtual currencies are subject to financial reporting. Essentially, losses and gains made from the sale of cryptocurrencies are subject to tax laws.\n\nUnder the notice by IRS, cryptocurrencies mined by Bitcoin miners are to be included in gross income at fair maket value as of the date of receipt. The IRS states, “If a taxpayer’s mining of virtual currency constitutes a trade or business, and the mining activity is not undertaken by the taxpayer as an employee, the net earnings from self-employment (generally, gross income derived from carrying on a trade or business less allowable deductions) resulting from those activities constitute self- employment income and are subject to the self-employment tax.”\n\nFor users of cryptocurrency exchances such as Coinbase, data privacy may be of concern as Coinbase and other exchanges face increasing pressure from the IRS to provide them with information on their users for tax collection purposes. Coinbase has attempted to assist its users in meeting their tax obligations by introducing a cryptocurrency tax calculator. The tool is to be used by users and their tax professionals as reference to prepare their tax filings. First in first out and Specific Identification methodology are approaches that may be used in the application of cost basis to individual sales or exchange of digital assets.\n\nIn Japan, cryptocurrency investors may be taxed 15-55% of their cryptocurrency profits. Japan’s National Tax Agency classified profits made from cryptocurrency as miscellaneous income. It was stated that there was no need to declare digital currency gains “for those who have an income of ¥200,000 ($1,838) or less by selling virtual currency, provided there is no other income.”\n\nWhile the benefits of increased tax revenues stemming from the cryptocurrency market may be appreciated, some may argue that the liabilities incurred for participants in a relatively young cryptocurrency market could stifle growth and interest in the markets. Taxation on the markets is necessary for future growth of not only cryptocurrency markets but other sectors of society but it is important for tax agencies to maintain a balance. Some may argue that the crash of cryptocurrencies is inevitable, therefore governments should gain whatever tax revenue possible while it lasts. This is a contentious notion that may not be far from the truth for some government agencies.\n\nRegardless of the reasons for taxation in different economies, the benefits will be felt as cryptocurrencies add a new twist to the dynamics of tax liabilities. A donation in Bitcoin, for example, may allow a donor to deduct the value of their asset from their taxes as a charitable donation. The audit trail of blockchain means that it will also be easier to ascertain the provision and use of a cryptocurrency to a charity.\n\nWhile meeting tax obligations may seem next to impossible as a cryptocurrency investor, Blockchain technology has the potential to enhance an individual’s capability to meet their tax obligations. As the technology develops, smart contracts could enhance the ability of individuals and organizations to meet cross-border transactions that are under tax laws of different jurisdictions. Transaction based taxes could be paid automatically to government agencies upon the execution of transactions, thus reducing the administrative costs of transactions.\n\nFor most, tax is rarely ever fun but it is necessary. For cryptocurrency investors, it could be even more important as much remains seemingly ambiguous in the legal sphere of cryptocurrencies.",
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      "body": "It is often said that emerging markets stand to gain the most from the application of blockchain. The opportunities for developing economies to leapfrog ahead of the curve to meet their true growth potentials. Reducing the gaps between poor and rich in these economies is essential for human development. Blockchain may ensure that the imminent growth in these economies are enjoyed by as many participants in the economy, not just a few. \n\nLeapfrogging is one of the many examples by which emerging economies have used their lack of infrastructure as opportunities for the creation or use of innovative methods of achieving the same or similar advancements to those of economies with developed infrastructure. An example being the countries like Kenya and South Africa which have utilised near-universal telephone access using 3G networks instead of laying down copper cables.\n\nHarvard Business Review highlights the incredible work of Hernando de Soto, who has worked for decades on finding solutions to the formal economy for the world’s poorest people. Hernando outlines the reasons for the lack of access to the formal economy:\n\n1. Unreliable record-keeping systems in developing world countries.\n2. Lack of trust in government’s collecting information about transactions and individuals\n\nAmong other salient points, the International Finance Corporation highlights various challenges of blockchain application in emerging economies. In order to benefit from a distributed system, some form of commonalities between standards of different blockchains may need to be achieved. It is important to establish consortia initiatives in different industries to achieve harmony in the application of blockchain for market participants. Lack of trust between competition caused by rivalry may need to be solved in order to achieve this. While this is not a widespread issue across emerging economies, it remains, nonetheless an issue in a number of emerging economies.\n\nAdditionally, the rapid development in blockchain has outpaced developments in regulations that could be used to bolster the progress of blockchain start-ups and propagators in emerging economies. This is a challenge which unfortunately, could lead to lack of recognition of digital assets in emerging economies, thus onboarding of blockchain may be deterred.\n\nThe significantly high costs of implementing blockchain technology may serve as one of the greatest challenges to the adoption of blockchain in emerging economies. Issues of integration with legacy systems as well as relatively few skilled personnel who may be able to ensure that  blockchain projects are successful.\n\nOrganisations such as Ripple are making significant efforts to increase their influence in emerging markets. In a statement, Patrick Griffin stated ““Whether it’s a teacher in the U.S. sending money home to his family in Brazil or a small business owner in India trying to move money to open up a second store in another country, it’s imperative that we connect the world’s financial institutions into a payments system that works for their customers, not against them.”\n\nThe organization has partnered with over 100 financial institutions including those in emerging markets to improve financial transactions across different regions across the globe. It plans to partner with over half of the world’s financial institutions, many of which will be in emerging economies. This could provide the impetus for cashless societies in the long-run for these emerging economies, thus serving as encouragement for more individuals to joint the formal economy.\n\nAs emerging economies continue to grow, adoption of blockchain may change the dynamics of microeconomics in ways which other economies have not experienced before. The relatively small size of cryptocurrencies and blockchain in relation to the size of more conventional financial institutions may, however, be a reason that the effects of blockchain in emerging economies may be different from anticipated.",
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      "body": "Interesting,  Yes I'm also curious as to how Agora does this and medicates its risk of fraud. \nAs with any system, there's always an exploit. But I think its definitely a step in the right direction!",
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      "body": "This is fantastic news.  I had a very interesting talk with one of the founders of a similar startup recently on the use cases of blockchain in political climates such as these. I genuinely see a future where the risks of violence at polling stations will be reduced as people probably won't have to go to polling stations anymore.\n\nFor now, though, it would be interesting to learn how Agora mitigates the risk of a vote being changed on account of the validation channels. For example, the votes are collected and ready to be validated. What are the risks of the votes being changed prior to validation? \n\nGreat read.",
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