{
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      "author": "steemitboard",
      "body": "Congratulations @camphortree! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@camphortree/birthday2.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 2 years!</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@camphortree) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=camphortree)_</sub>\n\n\n###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!",
      "json_metadata": "{\"image\":[\"https://steemitboard.com/img/notify.png\"]}",
      "parent_author": "camphortree",
      "parent_permlink": "eos-dpos",
      "permlink": "steemitboard-notify-camphortree-20200210t051914000z",
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  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-02-10T05:19:15",
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      "body": "Congratulations @camphortree! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@camphortree/birthday1.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 1 year!</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_[Click here to view your Board](https://steemitboard.com/@camphortree)_</sub>\n\n\n> Support [SteemitBoard's project](https://steemit.com/@steemitboard)! **[Vote for its witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1)** and **get one more award**!",
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{
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      "author": "camphortree",
      "body": "简书版本，格式较这个规范：https://www.jianshu.com/p/f32e50499cdc",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"eos\"],\"links\":[\"https://www.jianshu.com/p/f32e50499cdc\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\"}",
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{
  "block": 25055526,
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "author": "camphortree",
      "body": "eos的出块流程大致如下：\nPlain Text\n........\n//启动生产插件\nproducer_plugin::plugin_startup();\n........\n//出块循环\nmy->schedule_production_loop();\n.........\n//出块\nauto result = start_block();\n..........\n//签名和提交\nauto res = self->maybe_produce_block();\n..........\n以上步骤的核心在于：auto result = start_block();\n这个函数更跟下去会发现，重点在于：\nPlain Text\nchain.start_block(block_time, blocks_to_confirm);\n这个函数才是dops的关键\nC++\nvoid start_block( block_timestamp_type when, uint16_t confirm_block_count, controller::block_status s ) {\n      FC_ASSERT( !pending );\n\n      FC_ASSERT( db.revision() == head->block_num, \"\",\n                (\"db.revision()\", db.revision())(\"controller_head_block\", head->block_num)(\"fork_db_head_block\", fork_db.head()->block_num) );\n\n      auto guard_pending = fc::make_scoped_exit([this](){\n         pending.reset();\n      });\n\n      pending = db.start_undo_session(true);\n\n      pending->_block_status = s;\n      //由当前区块头创建一个新的block_state ---->>>>> 11111\n      pending->_pending_block_state = std::make_shared<block_state>( *head, when ); // promotes pending schedule (if any) to active\n      pending->_pending_block_state->in_current_chain = true;\n      //确认链上的区块  ----->>>>> 22222\n      pending->_pending_block_state->set_confirmed(confirm_block_count);\n      //更新激活的生产者 ----->>>> 33333\n      auto was_pending_promoted = pending->_pending_block_state->maybe_promote_pending();\n       const auto& gpo = db.get<global_property_object>();\n      if( gpo.proposed_schedule_block_num.valid() && // if there is a proposed schedule that was proposed in a block ...\n          ( *gpo.proposed_schedule_block_num <= pending->_pending_block_state->dpos_irreversible_blocknum ) && // ... that has now become irreversible ...\n          pending->_pending_block_state->pending_schedule.producers.size() == 0 && // ... and there is room for a new pending schedule ...\n          !was_pending_promoted // ... and not just because it was promoted to active at the start of this block, then:\n        )\n      {\n         // Promote proposed schedule to pending schedule.\n         if( !replaying ) {\n            ilog( \"promoting proposed schedule (set in block ${proposed_num}) to pending; current block: ${n} lib: ${lib} schedule: ${schedule} \",\n                  (\"proposed_num\", *gpo.proposed_schedule_block_num)(\"n\", pending->_pending_block_state->block_num)\n                  (\"lib\", pending->_pending_block_state->dpos_irreversible_blocknum)\n                  (\"schedule\", static_cast<producer_schedule_type>(gpo.proposed_schedule) ) );\n         }\n         pending->_pending_block_state->set_new_producers( gpo.proposed_schedule );\n         db.modify( gpo, [&]( auto& gp ) {\n            gp.proposed_schedule_block_num = optional<block_num_type>();\n            gp.proposed_schedule.clear();\n         });\n\n          std::cout<<\"\\n========555==========\\n\";\n          std::cout<< fc::json::to_string(*pending->_pending_block_state)<<\"\\n\";\n          std::cout<<\"==========555========\\n\";\n      }\n11111,22222,33333这三步涉及到的数据结构是block_state\nJSON\n{\n    \"id\": \"0000058af1b33d45e4ec927e52b74e8568422f45245dc0399c144bdff6dc16d8\", \n    \"block_num\": 1418, \n    \"header\": {\n        \"timestamp\": \"2018-08-04T07:31:47.500\", \n        \"producer\": \"accountnum33\", \n        \"confirmed\": 0, \n        \"previous\": \"0000058980ac0382075af4216ddbd7be1eae1690a278d7cc04a61570f307b39d\", \n        \"transaction_mroot\": \"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\", \n        \"action_mroot\": \"eaadc508183ba966551e48dba3a44505a95e6a42d7a53f435db39c3dec3584c9\", \n        \"schedule_version\": 1, \n        \"header_extensions\": [ ], \n        \"producer_signature\": \"SIG_K1_KVyKdpLpEXPQUvRR5jZL4FMYvFDNic6tyvX6icLXFKhoriskCg21esduAceX2cZDv2GwcB12TxdneeKMwfzWB2TckZpZvQ\"\n    }, \n    \"dpos_proposed_irreversible_blocknum\": 1370, \n    \"dpos_irreversible_blocknum\": 1370, \n    \"bft_irreversible_blocknum\": 0, \n    \"pending_schedule_lib_num\": 1369, \n    \"pending_schedule_hash\": \"b4ea72a3e20628a54028e681258cd1e6a46b20ae07210836f29087f9f8f37346\", \n    \"pending_schedule\": {\n        \"version\": 1, \n        \"producers\": [ ]\n    }, \n    \"active_schedule\": {\n        \"version\": 1, \n        \"producers\": [\n            {\n                \"producer_name\": \"accountnum11\", \n                \"block_signing_key\": \"EOS8mUftJXepGzdQ2TaCduNuSPAfXJHf22uex4u41ab1EVv9EAhWt\"\n            }, \n            {\n                \"producer_name\": \"accountnum22\", \n                \"block_signing_key\": \"EOS8mUftJXepGzdQ2TaCduNuSPAfXJHf22uex4u41ab1EVv9EAhWt\"\n            }, \n            {\n                \"producer_name\": \"accountnum33\", \n                \"block_signing_key\": \"EOS8mUftJXepGzdQ2TaCduNuSPAfXJHf22uex4u41ab1EVv9EAhWt\"\n            }\n        ]\n    }, \n    \"blockroot_merkle\": {\n        \"_active_nodes\": [\n            \"0000058980ac0382075af4216ddbd7be1eae1690a278d7cc04a61570f307b39d\", \n            \"ab53f4807abffafbcf15fa6edd6ffe72cf73d18689403e389127015b4fd1e544\", \n            \"0275481b63dcb217603558835292d4057d39f9a5d41c9d5302230d379a992b18\", \n            \"af944001e02b80671b6ea50e5f83969fc2db5e56671ff83700a9018336d0fc58\", \n            \"e1ed7b7a82f5507110497fd41f2098a269ffbe8202de0f57393b4aeb27792434\", \n            \"5a36ca2325d5f7b2de22b98de7cf70c0a06cf391fc17f1d242b964d16146dee9\"\n        ], \n        \"_node_count\": 1417\n    }, \n    \"producer_to_last_produced\": [\n        [\n            \"accountnum11\", \n            1394\n        ], \n        [\n            \"accountnum22\", \n            1406\n        ], \n        [\n            \"accountnum33\", \n            1418\n        ], \n        [\n            \"eosio\", \n            1370\n        ]\n    ], \n    \"producer_to_last_implied_irb\": [\n        [\n            \"accountnum11\", \n            1370\n        ], \n        [\n            \"accountnum22\", \n            1370\n        ], \n        [\n            \"accountnum33\", \n            1370\n        ]\n    ], \n    \"block_signing_key\": \"EOS8mUftJXepGzdQ2TaCduNuSPAfXJHf22uex4u41ab1EVv9EAhWt\", \n    \"confirm_count\": [\n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2\n    ], \n    \"confirmations\": [ ], \n    \"block\": {\n        \"timestamp\": \"2018-08-04T07:31:47.500\", \n        \"producer\": \"accountnum33\", \n        \"confirmed\": 0, \n        \"previous\": \"0000058980ac0382075af4216ddbd7be1eae1690a278d7cc04a61570f307b39d\", \n        \"transaction_mroot\": \"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\", \n        \"action_mroot\": \"eaadc508183ba966551e48dba3a44505a95e6a42d7a53f435db39c3dec3584c9\", \n        \"schedule_version\": 1, \n        \"header_extensions\": [ ], \n        \"producer_signature\": \"SIG_K1_KVyKdpLpEXPQUvRR5jZL4FMYvFDNic6tyvX6icLXFKhoriskCg21esduAceX2cZDv2GwcB12TxdneeKMwfzWB2TckZpZvQ\", \n        \"transactions\": [ ], \n        \"block_extensions\": [ ]\n    }, \n    \"validated\": true, \n    \"in_current_chain\": true\n}\n第一步：从当前块头出发，生成一个新的block_state。\nC++\n........\nresult.producer_to_last_implied_irb[prokey.producer_name] = result.dpos_proposed_irreversible_blocknum;\nresult.dpos_irreversible_blocknum                         = result.calc_dpos_last_irreversible(); \n\n/// grow the confirmed count\nstatic_assert(std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::max() >= (config::max_producers * 2 / 3) + 1, \"8bit confirmations may not be able to hold all of the needed confirmations\");\n\n// This uses the previous block active_schedule because thats the \"schedule\" that signs and therefore confirms _this_ block\nauto num_active_producers = active_schedule.producers.size();\nuint32_t required_confs = (uint32_t)(num_active_producers * 2 / 3) + 1;\n\nif( confirm_count.size() < config::maximum_tracked_dpos_confirmations ) {\n   result.confirm_count.reserve( confirm_count.size() + 1 );\n   result.confirm_count  = confirm_count;\n   result.confirm_count.resize( confirm_count.size() + 1 );\n   result.confirm_count.back() = (uint8_t)required_confs;\n} else {\n   result.confirm_count.resize( confirm_count.size() );\n   memcpy( &result.confirm_count[0], &confirm_count[1], confirm_count.size() - 1 );\n   result.confirm_count.back() = (uint8_t)required_confs;\n}\n.......\n当前3个生产节点，required_confs为3，所以11111结束后，confirm_count中会压入3，即当前出产块所需的确认个数。\n下面直接给出几个解释：\nconfirm_count：区块所需确认个数表，从当前出产块往前推，最后的元素为当前出产块所需的确认个数\nproducer_to_last_implied_irb：由生产者确定的不可逆区块候选名单\ndpos_irreversible_blocknum：不可逆区块\ndpos_proposed_irreversible_blocknum：候选不可逆区块\nactive_schedule：已激活的生产者列表\n有了对这几个定义的解释，代码变得很清晰\nC++\n//计算不可逆区块，将不可逆区块候选名单中从小到大排，选出1/3处的区块号作为不可逆区块\nuint32_t block_header_state::calc_dpos_last_irreversible()const {\n   vector<uint32_t> blocknums; blocknums.reserve( producer_to_last_implied_irb.size() );\n   for( auto& i : producer_to_last_implied_irb ) {\n      blocknums.push_back(i.second);\n   }\n   /// 2/3 must be greater, so if I go 1/3 into the list sorted from low to high, then 2/3 are greater\n\n   if( blocknums.size() == 0 ) return 0;\n   /// TODO: update to nth_element \n   std::sort( blocknums.begin(), blocknums.end() );\n   return blocknums[ (blocknums.size()-1) / 3 ];\n}\n上面的程序中出现两次3分之几的算法，第一次是required_confs，没毛病，一个区块要得到2/3个生产者的确认。但是得到2/3的确认与不可逆区块的联系不仅仅是这个，严格来说，不可逆区块是从不可逆区块候选名单中选择出来的。\n第11111步之后的json\nJSON\n{\n    \"id\": \"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\", \n    \"block_num\": 1419, \n    \"header\": {\n        \"timestamp\": \"2018-08-04T07:31:48.000\", \n        \"producer\": \"accountnum11\", \n        \"confirmed\": 1, \n        \"previous\": \"0000058af1b33d45e4ec927e52b74e8568422f45245dc0399c144bdff6dc16d8\", \n        \"transaction_mroot\": \"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\", \n        \"action_mroot\": \"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\", \n        \"schedule_version\": 1, \n        \"header_extensions\": [ ], \n        \"producer_signature\": \"SIG_K1_111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111116uk5ne\"\n    }, \n    \"dpos_proposed_irreversible_blocknum\": 1370, \n    \"dpos_irreversible_blocknum\": 1370, \n    \"bft_irreversible_blocknum\": 0, \n    \"pending_schedule_lib_num\": 1369, \n    \"pending_schedule_hash\": \"b4ea72a3e20628a54028e681258cd1e6a46b20ae07210836f29087f9f8f37346\", \n    \"pending_schedule\": {\n        \"version\": 1, \n        \"producers\": [ ]\n    }, \n    \"active_schedule\": {\n        \"version\": 1, \n        \"producers\": [\n            {\n                \"producer_name\": \"accountnum11\", \n                \"block_signing_key\": \"EOS8mUftJXepGzdQ2TaCduNuSPAfXJHf22uex4u41ab1EVv9EAhWt\"\n            }, \n            {\n                \"producer_name\": \"accountnum22\", \n                \"block_signing_key\": \"EOS8mUftJXepGzdQ2TaCduNuSPAfXJHf22uex4u41ab1EVv9EAhWt\"\n            }, \n            {\n                \"producer_name\": \"accountnum33\", \n                \"block_signing_key\": \"EOS8mUftJXepGzdQ2TaCduNuSPAfXJHf22uex4u41ab1EVv9EAhWt\"\n            }\n        ]\n    }, \n    \"blockroot_merkle\": {\n        \"_active_nodes\": [\n            \"f8a83438724a996caaa42231c39b757bec3d1b6fb0bd2c982812eb2f7fadc377\", \n            \"ab53f4807abffafbcf15fa6edd6ffe72cf73d18689403e389127015b4fd1e544\", \n            \"0275481b63dcb217603558835292d4057d39f9a5d41c9d5302230d379a992b18\", \n            \"af944001e02b80671b6ea50e5f83969fc2db5e56671ff83700a9018336d0fc58\", \n            \"e1ed7b7a82f5507110497fd41f2098a269ffbe8202de0f57393b4aeb27792434\", \n            \"2553b9e4b8225b0f311c2a382fccd027e90f909319616b75933b56f19d20c440\"\n        ], \n        \"_node_count\": 1418\n    }, \n    \"producer_to_last_produced\": [\n        [\n            \"accountnum11\", \n            1419\n        ], \n        [\n            \"accountnum22\", \n            1406\n        ], \n        [\n            \"accountnum33\", \n            1418\n        ], \n        [\n            \"eosio\", \n            1370\n        ]\n    ], \n    \"producer_to_last_implied_irb\": [\n        [\n            \"accountnum11\", \n            1370\n        ], \n        [\n            \"accountnum22\", \n            1370\n        ], \n        [\n            \"accountnum33\", \n            1370\n        ]\n    ], \n    \"block_signing_key\": \"EOS8mUftJXepGzdQ2TaCduNuSPAfXJHf22uex4u41ab1EVv9EAhWt\", \n    \"confirm_count\": [\n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        3  \n    ], \n    \"confirmations\": [ ], \n    \"block\": {\n        \"timestamp\": \"2018-08-04T07:31:48.000\", \n        \"producer\": \"accountnum11\", \n        \"confirmed\": 1, \n        \"previous\": \"0000058af1b33d45e4ec927e52b74e8568422f45245dc0399c144bdff6dc16d8\", \n        \"transaction_mroot\": \"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\", \n        \"action_mroot\": \"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\", \n        \"schedule_version\": 1, \n        \"header_extensions\": [ ], \n        \"producer_signature\": \"SIG_K1_111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111116uk5ne\", \n        \"transactions\": [ ], \n        \"block_extensions\": [ ]\n    }, \n    \"validated\": false, \n    \"in_current_chain\": false\n}\n到第22222步，这个函数确定了候选不可逆区与确认列表的关系\nnum_prev_blocks是指当前节点最后一次出块到现在的间隔，本文使用3个节点，故间隔为24\n比如出块顺序为accountnum33--》accountnum11--》accountnum22--》accountnum33\naccountnum33会把自己的块确认一次\naccountnum11的时候会把33出过的块和自己确认一次。。。。\n确认就是将confirmed数组的相应元素减去1，第一步得到的json中：\n\"confirm_count\":[2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,3]\n此时num_prev_blocks = 24\n所以以下程序的工作是先将confirm_count元素从尾到头减去1，最多遍历num_prev_blocks和confirm_count大小中最小的。\n\"confirm_count\":[2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2]\n由于出现了“0”元素，将0元素的区块号(1406)记录在dpos_proposed_irreversible_blocknum中，然后在更新数组，将0之前的元素去掉。\n\"confirm_count\":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2]\n所以这样看来，dpos_proposed_irreversible_blocknum就是本生产节点在本块确定的候选不可逆区块。而这个参数会在下一次出块时打包进producer_to_last_implied_irb。\nC++\nvoid block_header_state::set_confirmed( uint16_t num_prev_blocks ) {\n   /*\n   idump((num_prev_blocks)(confirm_count.size()));\n\n   for( uint32_t i = 0; i < confirm_count.size(); ++i ) {\n      std::cerr << \"confirm_count[\"<<i<<\"] = \" << int(confirm_count[i]) << \"\\n\";\n   }\n   */\n   header.confirmed = num_prev_blocks;\n\n   int32_t i = (int32_t)(confirm_count.size() - 1);\n   uint32_t blocks_to_confirm = num_prev_blocks + 1; /// confirm the head block too\n   while( i >= 0 && blocks_to_confirm ) {\n      --confirm_count[i];\n      //idump((confirm_count[i]));\n      if( confirm_count[i] == 0 )\n      {\n         uint32_t block_num_for_i = block_num - (uint32_t)(confirm_count.size() - 1 - i);\n         dpos_proposed_irreversible_blocknum = block_num_for_i;\n         //idump((dpos2_lib)(block_num)(dpos_irreversible_blocknum));\n\n         if (i == confirm_count.size() - 1) {\n            confirm_count.resize(0);\n         } else {\n            memmove( &confirm_count[0], &confirm_count[i + 1], confirm_count.size() - i  - 1);\n            confirm_count.resize( confirm_count.size() - i - 1 );\n         }\n\n         return;\n      }\n      --i;\n      --blocks_to_confirm;\n   }\n}\n第22222步之后的输出json为：\nJSON\n{\n    \"id\": \"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\", \n    \"block_num\": 1419, \n    \"header\": {\n        \"timestamp\": \"2018-08-04T07:31:48.000\", \n        \"producer\": \"accountnum11\", \n        \"confirmed\": 24, \n        \"previous\": \"0000058af1b33d45e4ec927e52b74e8568422f45245dc0399c144bdff6dc16d8\", \n        \"transaction_mroot\": \"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\", \n        \"action_mroot\": \"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\", \n        \"schedule_version\": 1, \n        \"header_extensions\": [ ], \n        \"producer_signature\": \"SIG_K1_111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111116uk5ne\"\n    }, \n    \"dpos_proposed_irreversible_blocknum\": 1406, \n    \"dpos_irreversible_blocknum\": 1370, \n    \"bft_irreversible_blocknum\": 0, \n    \"pending_schedule_lib_num\": 1369, \n    \"pending_schedule_hash\": \"b4ea72a3e20628a54028e681258cd1e6a46b20ae07210836f29087f9f8f37346\", \n    \"pending_schedule\": {\n        \"version\": 1, \n        \"producers\": [ ]\n    }, \n    \"active_schedule\": {\n        \"version\": 1, \n        \"producers\": [\n            {\n                \"producer_name\": \"accountnum11\", \n                \"block_signing_key\": \"EOS8mUftJXepGzdQ2TaCduNuSPAfXJHf22uex4u41ab1EVv9EAhWt\"\n            }, \n            {\n                \"producer_name\": \"accountnum22\", \n                \"block_signing_key\": \"EOS8mUftJXepGzdQ2TaCduNuSPAfXJHf22uex4u41ab1EVv9EAhWt\"\n            }, \n            {\n                \"producer_name\": \"accountnum33\", \n                \"block_signing_key\": \"EOS8mUftJXepGzdQ2TaCduNuSPAfXJHf22uex4u41ab1EVv9EAhWt\"\n            }\n        ]\n    }, \n    \"blockroot_merkle\": {\n        \"_active_nodes\": [\n            \"f8a83438724a996caaa42231c39b757bec3d1b6fb0bd2c982812eb2f7fadc377\", \n            \"ab53f4807abffafbcf15fa6edd6ffe72cf73d18689403e389127015b4fd1e544\", \n            \"0275481b63dcb217603558835292d4057d39f9a5d41c9d5302230d379a992b18\", \n            \"af944001e02b80671b6ea50e5f83969fc2db5e56671ff83700a9018336d0fc58\", \n            \"e1ed7b7a82f5507110497fd41f2098a269ffbe8202de0f57393b4aeb27792434\", \n            \"2553b9e4b8225b0f311c2a382fccd027e90f909319616b75933b56f19d20c440\"\n        ], \n        \"_node_count\": 1418\n    }, \n    \"producer_to_last_produced\": [\n        [\n            \"accountnum11\", \n            1419\n        ], \n        [\n            \"accountnum22\", \n            1406\n        ], \n        [\n            \"accountnum33\", \n            1418\n        ], \n        [\n            \"eosio\", \n            1370\n        ]\n    ], \n    \"producer_to_last_implied_irb\": [\n        [\n            \"accountnum11\", \n            1370\n        ], \n        [\n            \"accountnum22\", \n            1370\n        ], \n        [\n            \"accountnum33\", \n            1370\n        ]\n    ], \n    \"block_signing_key\": \"EOS8mUftJXepGzdQ2TaCduNuSPAfXJHf22uex4u41ab1EVv9EAhWt\", \n    \"confirm_count\": [\n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, eos的出块流程大致如下：\nPlain Text\n........\n//启动生产插件\nproducer_plugin::plugin_startup();\n........\n//出块循环\nmy->schedule_production_loop();\n.........\n//出块\nauto result = start_block();\n..........\n//签名和提交\nauto res = self->maybe_produce_block();\n..........\n以上步骤的核心在于：auto result = start_block();\n这个函数更跟下去会发现，重点在于：\nPlain Text\nchain.start_block(block_time, blocks_to_confirm);\n这个函数才是dops的关键\nC++\nvoid start_block( block_timestamp_type when, uint16_t confirm_block_count, controller::block_status s ) {\n      FC_ASSERT( !pending );\n​\n      FC_ASSERT( db.revision() == head->block_num, \"\",\n                (\"db.revision()\", db.revision())(\"controller_head_block\", head->block_num)(\"fork_db_head_block\", fork_db.head()->block_num) );\n​\n      auto guard_pending = fc::make_scoped_exit([this](){\n         pending.reset();\n      });\n​\n      pending = db.start_undo_session(true);\n​\n      pending->_block_status = s;\n      //由当前区块头创建一个新的block_state ---->>>>> 11111\n      pending->_pending_block_state = std::make_shared<block_state>( *head, when ); // promotes pending schedule (if any) to active\n      pending->_pending_block_state->in_current_chain = true;\n      //确认链上的区块  ----->>>>> 22222\n      pending->_pending_block_state->set_confirmed(confirm_block_count);\n      //更新激活的生产者 ----->>>> 33333\n      auto was_pending_promoted = pending->_pending_block_state->maybe_promote_pending();\n       const auto& gpo = db.get<global_property_object>();\n      if( gpo.proposed_schedule_block_num.valid() && // if there is a proposed schedule that was proposed in a block ...\n          ( *gpo.proposed_schedule_block_num <= pending->_pending_block_state->dpos_irreversible_blocknum ) && // ... that has now become irreversible ...\n          pending->_pending_block_state->pending_schedule.producers.size() == 0 && // ... and there is room for a new pending schedule ...\n          !was_pending_promoted // ... and not just because it was promoted to active at the start of this block, then:\n        )\n      {\n         // Promote proposed schedule to pending schedule.\n         if( !replaying ) {\n            ilog( \"promoting proposed schedule (set in block ${proposed_num}) to pending; current block: ${n} lib: ${lib} schedule: ${schedule} \",\n                  (\"proposed_num\", *gpo.proposed_schedule_block_num)(\"n\", pending->_pending_block_state->block_num)\n                  (\"lib\", pending->_pending_block_state->dpos_irreversible_blocknum)\n                  (\"schedule\", static_cast<producer_schedule_type>(gpo.proposed_schedule) ) );\n         }\n         pending->_pending_block_state->set_new_producers( gpo.proposed_schedule );\n         db.modify( gpo, [&]( auto& gp ) {\n            gp.proposed_schedule_block_num = optional<block_num_type>();\n            gp.proposed_schedule.clear();\n         });\n​\n          std::cout<<\"\\n========555==========\\n\";\n          std::cout<< fc::json::to_string(*pending->_pending_block_state)<<\"\\n\";\n          std::cout<<\"==========555========\\n\";\n      }\n11111,22222,33333这三步涉及到的数据结构是block_state\nJSON\n{\n    \"id\": \"0000058af1b33d45e4ec927e52b74e8568422f45245dc0399c144bdff6dc16d8\", \n    \"block_num\": 1418, \n    \"header\": {\n        \"timestamp\": \"2018-08-04T07:31:47.500\", \n        \"producer\": \"accountnum33\", \n        \"confirmed\": 0, \n        \"previous\": \"0000058980ac0382075af4216ddbd7be1eae1690a278d7cc04a61570f307b39d\", \n        \"transaction_mroot\": \"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\", \n        \"action_mroot\": \"eaadc508183ba966551e48dba3a44505a95e6a42d7a53f435db39c3dec3584c9\", \n        \"schedule_version\": 1, \n        \"header_extensions\": [ ], \n        \"producer_signature\": \"SIG_K1_KVyKdpLpEXPQUvRR5jZL4FMYvFDNic6tyvX6icLXFKhoriskCg21esduAceX2cZDv2GwcB12TxdneeKMwfzWB2TckZpZvQ\"\n    }, \n    \"dpos_proposed_irreversible_blocknum\": 1370, \n    \"dpos_irreversible_blocknum\": 1370, \n    \"bft_irreversible_blocknum\": 0, \n    \"pending_schedule_lib_num\": 1369, \n    \"pending_schedule_hash\": \"b4ea72a3e20628a54028e681258cd1e6a46b20ae07210836f29087f9f8f37346\", \n    \"pending_schedule\": {\n        \"version\": 1, \n        \"producers\": [ ]\n    }, \n    \"active_schedule\": {\n        \"version\": 1, \n        \"producers\": [\n            {\n                \"producer_name\": \"accountnum11\", \n                \"block_signing_key\": \"EOS8mUftJXepGzdQ2TaCduNuSPAfXJHf22uex4u41ab1EVv9EAhWt\"\n            }, \n            {\n                \"producer_name\": \"accountnum22\", \n                \"block_signing_key\": \"EOS8mUftJXepGzdQ2TaCduNuSPAfXJHf22uex4u41ab1EVv9EAhWt\"\n            }, \n            {\n                \"producer_name\": \"accountnum33\", \n                \"block_signing_key\": \"EOS8mUftJXepGzdQ2TaCduNuSPAfXJHf22uex4u41ab1EVv9EAhWt\"\n            }\n        ]\n    }, \n    \"blockroot_merkle\": {\n        \"_active_nodes\": [\n            \"0000058980ac0382075af4216ddbd7be1eae1690a278d7cc04a61570f307b39d\", \n            \"ab53f4807abffafbcf15fa6edd6ffe72cf73d18689403e389127015b4fd1e544\", \n            \"0275481b63dcb217603558835292d4057d39f9a5d41c9d5302230d379a992b18\", \n            \"af944001e02b80671b6ea50e5f83969fc2db5e56671ff83700a9018336d0fc58\", \n            \"e1ed7b7a82f5507110497fd41f2098a269ffbe8202de0f57393b4aeb27792434\", \n            \"5a36ca2325d5f7b2de22b98de7cf70c0a06cf391fc17f1d242b964d16146dee9\"\n        ], \n        \"_node_count\": 1417\n    }, \n    \"producer_to_last_produced\": [\n        [\n            \"accountnum11\", \n            1394\n        ], \n        [\n            \"accountnum22\", \n            1406\n        ], \n        [\n            \"accountnum33\", \n            1418\n        ], \n        [\n            \"eosio\", \n            1370\n        ]\n    ], \n    \"producer_to_last_implied_irb\": [\n        [\n            \"accountnum11\", \n            1370\n        ], \n        [\n            \"accountnum22\", \n            1370\n        ], \n        [\n            \"accountnum33\", \n            1370\n        ]\n    ], \n    \"block_signing_key\": \"EOS8mUftJXepGzdQ2TaCduNuSPAfXJHf22uex4u41ab1EVv9EAhWt\", \n    \"confirm_count\": [\n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2\n    ], \n    \"confirmations\": [ ], \n    \"block\": {\n        \"timestamp\": \"2018-08-04T07:31:47.500\", \n        \"producer\": \"accountnum33\", \n        \"confirmed\": 0, \n        \"previous\": \"0000058980ac0382075af4216ddbd7be1eae1690a278d7cc04a61570f307b39d\", \n        \"transaction_mroot\": \"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\", \n        \"action_mroot\": \"eaadc508183ba966551e48dba3a44505a95e6a42d7a53f435db39c3dec3584c9\", \n        \"schedule_version\": 1, \n        \"header_extensions\": [ ], \n        \"producer_signature\": \"SIG_K1_KVyKdpLpEXPQUvRR5jZL4FMYvFDNic6tyvX6icLXFKhoriskCg21esduAceX2cZDv2GwcB12TxdneeKMwfzWB2TckZpZvQ\", \n        \"transactions\": [ ], \n        \"block_extensions\": [ ]\n    }, \n    \"validated\": true, \n    \"in_current_chain\": true\n}\n第一步：从当前块头出发，生成一个新的block_state。\nC++\n........\nresult.producer_to_last_implied_irb[prokey.producer_name] = result.dpos_proposed_irreversible_blocknum;\nresult.dpos_irreversible_blocknum                         = result.calc_dpos_last_irreversible(); \n​\n/// grow the confirmed count\nstatic_assert(std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::max() >= (config::max_producers * 2 / 3) + 1, \"8bit confirmations may not be able to hold all of the needed confirmations\");\n​\n// This uses the previous block active_schedule because thats the \"schedule\" that signs and therefore confirms _this_ block\nauto num_active_producers = active_schedule.producers.size();\nuint32_t required_confs = (uint32_t)(num_active_producers * 2 / 3) + 1;\n​\nif( confirm_count.size() < config::maximum_tracked_dpos_confirmations ) {\n   result.confirm_count.reserve( confirm_count.size() + 1 );\n   result.confirm_count  = confirm_count;\n   result.confirm_count.resize( confirm_count.size() + 1 );\n   result.confirm_count.back() = (uint8_t)required_confs;\n} else {\n   result.confirm_count.resize( confirm_count.size() );\n   memcpy( &result.confirm_count[0], &confirm_count[1], confirm_count.size() - 1 );\n   result.confirm_count.back() = (uint8_t)required_confs;\n}\n.......\n当前3个生产节点，required_confs为3，所以11111结束后，confirm_count中会压入3，即当前出产块所需的确认个数。\n下面直接给出几个解释：\nconfirm_count：区块所需确认个数表，从当前出产块往前推，最后的元素为当前出产块所需的确认个数\nproducer_to_last_implied_irb：由生产者确定的不可逆区块候选名单\ndpos_irreversible_blocknum：不可逆区块\ndpos_proposed_irreversible_blocknum：候选不可逆区块\nactive_schedule：已激活的生产者列表\n有了对这几个定义的解释，代码变得很清晰\nC++\n//计算不可逆区块，将不可逆区块候选名单中从小到大排，选出1/3处的区块号作为不可逆区块\nuint32_t block_header_state::calc_dpos_last_irreversible()const {\n   vector<uint32_t> blocknums; blocknums.reserve( producer_to_last_implied_irb.size() );\n   for( auto& i : producer_to_last_implied_irb ) {\n      blocknums.push_back(i.second);\n   }\n   /// 2/3 must be greater, so if I go 1/3 into the list sorted from low to high, then 2/3 are greater\n​\n   if( blocknums.size() == 0 ) return 0;\n   /// TODO: update to nth_element \n   std::sort( blocknums.begin(), blocknums.end() );\n   return blocknums[ (blocknums.size()-1) / 3 ];\n}\n上面的程序中出现两次3分之几的算法，第一次是required_confs，没毛病，一个区块要得到2/3个生产者的确认。但是得到2/3的确认与不可逆区块的联系不仅仅是这个，严格来说，不可逆区块是从不可逆区块候选名单中选择出来的。\n第11111步之后的json\nJSON\n{\n    \"id\": \"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\", \n    \"block_num\": 1419, \n    \"header\": {\n        \"timestamp\": \"2018-08-04T07:31:48.000\", \n        \"producer\": \"accountnum11\", \n        \"confirmed\": 1, \n        \"previous\": \"0000058af1b33d45e4ec927e52b74e8568422f45245dc0399c144bdff6dc16d8\", \n        \"transaction_mroot\": \"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\", \n        \"action_mroot\": \"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\", \n        \"schedule_version\": 1, \n        \"header_extensions\": [ ], \n        \"producer_signature\": \"SIG_K1_111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111116uk5ne\"\n    }, \n    \"dpos_proposed_irreversible_blocknum\": 1370, \n    \"dpos_irreversible_blocknum\": 1370, \n    \"bft_irreversible_blocknum\": 0, \n    \"pending_schedule_lib_num\": 1369, \n    \"pending_schedule_hash\": \"b4ea72a3e20628a54028e681258cd1e6a46b20ae07210836f29087f9f8f37346\", \n    \"pending_schedule\": {\n        \"version\": 1, \n        \"producers\": [ ]\n    }, \n    \"active_schedule\": {\n        \"version\": 1, \n        \"producers\": [\n            {\n                \"producer_name\": \"accountnum11\", \n                \"block_signing_key\": \"EOS8mUftJXepGzdQ2TaCduNuSPAfXJHf22uex4u41ab1EVv9EAhWt\"\n            }, \n            {\n                \"producer_name\": \"accountnum22\", \n                \"block_signing_key\": \"EOS8mUftJXepGzdQ2TaCduNuSPAfXJHf22uex4u41ab1EVv9EAhWt\"\n            }, \n            {\n                \"producer_name\": \"accountnum33\", \n                \"block_signing_key\": \"EOS8mUftJXepGzdQ2TaCduNuSPAfXJHf22uex4u41ab1EVv9EAhWt\"\n            }\n        ]\n    }, \n    \"blockroot_merkle\": {\n        \"_active_nodes\": [\n            \"f8a83438724a996caaa42231c39b757bec3d1b6fb0bd2c982812eb2f7fadc377\", \n            \"ab53f4807abffafbcf15fa6edd6ffe72cf73d18689403e389127015b4fd1e544\", \n            \"0275481b63dcb217603558835292d4057d39f9a5d41c9d5302230d379a992b18\", \n            \"af944001e02b80671b6ea50e5f83969fc2db5e56671ff83700a9018336d0fc58\", \n            \"e1ed7b7a82f5507110497fd41f2098a269ffbe8202de0f57393b4aeb27792434\", \n            \"2553b9e4b8225b0f311c2a382fccd027e90f909319616b75933b56f19d20c440\"\n        ], \n        \"_node_count\": 1418\n    }, \n    \"producer_to_last_produced\": [\n        [\n            \"accountnum11\", \n            1419\n        ], \n        [\n            \"accountnum22\", \n            1406\n        ], \n        [\n            \"accountnum33\", \n            1418\n        ], \n        [\n            \"eosio\", \n            1370\n        ]\n    ], \n    \"producer_to_last_implied_irb\": [\n        [\n            \"accountnum11\", \n            1370\n        ], \n        [\n            \"accountnum22\", \n            1370\n        ], \n        [\n            \"accountnum33\", \n            1370\n        ]\n    ], \n    \"block_signing_key\": \"EOS8mUftJXepGzdQ2TaCduNuSPAfXJHf22uex4u41ab1EVv9EAhWt\", \n    \"confirm_count\": [\n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        2, \n        3  \n    ], \n    \"confirmations\": [ ], \n    \"block\": {\n        \"timestamp\": \"2018-08-04T07:31:48.000\", \n        \"producer\": \"accountnum11\", \n        \"confirmed\": 1, \n        \"previous\": \"0000058af1b33d45e4ec927e52b74e8568422f45245dc0399c144bdff6dc16d8\", \n        \"transaction_mroot\": \"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\", \n        \"action_mroot\": \"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\", \n        \"schedule_version\": 1, \n        \"header_extensions\": [ ], \n        \"producer_signature\": \"SIG_K1_111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111116uk5ne\", \n        \"transactions\": [ ], \n        \"block_extensions\": [ ]\n    }, \n    \"validated\": false, \n    \"in_current_chain\": false\n}\n到第22222步，这个函数确定了候选不可逆区与确认列表的关系\nnum_prev_blocks是指当前节点最后一次出块到现在的间隔，本文使用3个节点，故间隔为24\n比如出块顺序为accountnum33--》accountnum11--》accountnum22--》accountnum33\naccountnum33会把自己的块确认一次\naccountnum11的时候会把33出过的块和自己确认一次。。。。\n确认就是将confirmed数组的相应元素减去1，第一步得到的json中：\n\"confirm_count\":[2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,3]\n此时num_prev_blocks = 24\n所以以下程序的工作是先将confirm_count元素从尾到头减去1，最多遍历num_prev_blocks和confirm_count大小中最小的。\n\"confirm_count\":[2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2]\n由于出现了“0”元素，将0元素的区块号(1406)记录在dpos_proposed_irreversible_blocknum中，然后在更新数组，将0之前的元素去掉。\n\"confirm_count\":[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2]\n所以这样看来，dpos_proposed_irreversible_blocknum就是本生产节点在本块确定的候选不可逆区块。而这个参数会在下一次出块时打包进producer_to_last_implied_irb。\nC++\nvoid block_header_state::set_confirmed( uint16_t num_prev_blocks ) {\n   /*\n   idump((num_prev_blocks)(confirm_count.size()));\n​\n   for( uint32_t i = 0; i < confirm_count.size(); ++i ) {\n      std::cerr << \"confirm_count[\"<<i<<\"] = \" << int(confirm_count[i]) << \"\\n\";\n   }\n   */\n   header.confirmed = num_prev_blocks;\n​\n   int32_t i = (int32_t)(confirm_count.size() - 1);\n   uint32_t blocks_to_confirm = num_prev_blocks + 1; /// confirm the head block too\n   while( i >= 0 && blocks_to_confirm ) {\n      --confirm_count[i];\n      //idump((confirm_count[i]));\n      if( confirm_count[i] == 0 )\n      {\n         uint32_t block_num_for_i = block_num - (uint32_t)(confirm_count.size() - 1 - i);\n         dpos_proposed_irreversible_blocknum = block_num_for_i;\n         //idump((dpos2_lib)(block_num)(dpos_irreversible_blocknum));\n​\n         if (i == confirm_count.size() - 1) {\n            confirm_count.resize(0);\n         } else {\n            memmove( &confirm_count[0], &confirm_count[i + 1], confirm_count.size() - i  - 1);\n            confirm_count.resize( confirm_count.size() - i - 1 );\n         }\n​\n         return;\n      }\n      --i;\n      --blocks_to_confirm;\n   }\n}\n第22222步之后的输出json为：\nJSON\n{\n    \"id\": \"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\", \n    \"block_num\": 1419, \n    \"header\": {\n        \"timestamp\": \"2018-08-04T07:31:48.000\", \n        \"producer\": \"accountnum11\", \n        \"confirmed\": 24, \n        \"previous\": \"0000058af1b33d45e4ec927e52b74e8568422f45245dc0399c144bdff6dc16d8\", \n        \"transaction_mroot\": \"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\", \n        \"action_mroot\": \"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\", \n        \"schedule_version\": 1, \n        \"header_extensions\": [ ], \n        \"producer_signature\": \"SIG_K1_111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111116uk5ne\"\n    }, \n    \"dpos_proposed_irreversible_blocknum\": 1406, \n    \"dpos_irreversible_blocknum\": 1370, \n    \"bft_irreversible_blocknum\": 0, \n    \"pending_schedule_lib_num\": 1369, \n    \"pending_schedule_hash\": \"b4ea72a3e20628a54028e681258cd1e6a46b20ae07210836f29087f9f8f37346\", \n    \"pending_schedule\": {\n        \"version\": 1, \n        \"producers\": [ ]\n    }, \n    \"active_schedule\": {\n        \"version\": 1, \n        \"producers\": [\n            {\n                \"producer_name\": \"accountnum11\", \n                \"block_signing_key\": \"EOS8mUftJXepGzdQ2TaCduNuSPAfXJHf22uex4u41ab1EVv9EAhWt\"\n            }, \n            {\n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        1, \n        2\n    ], \n    \"confirmations\": [ ], \n    \"block\": {\n        \"timestamp\": \"2018-08-04T07:31:48.000\", \n        \"producer\": \"accountnum11\", \n        \"confirmed\": 1, \n        \"previous\": \"0000058af1b33d45e4ec927e52b74e8568422f45245dc0399c144bdff6dc16d8\", \n        \"transaction_mroot\": \"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\", \n        \"action_mroot\": \"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\", \n        \"schedule_version\": 1, \n        \"header_extensions\": [ ], \n        \"producer_signature\": \"SIG_K1_111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111116uk5ne\", \n        \"transactions\": [ ], \n        \"block_extensions\": [ ]\n    }, \n    \"validated\": false, \n    \"in_current_chain\": true\n}\n综上，实际上dops在代码里面使用是分作两步的。\n1，2/3共识，符合2/3认可的最高区块可以进入”由生产者确定的不可逆区块候选名单”。由于出块轮转，每个生产者所能见证的高度是不一样的。\n2，1/3共识，从“由生产者确定的不可逆区块候选名单”中选择1/3高度的地方得到不可逆区块。\n仔细一想，2还是加强了不可逆区块的共识。",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"eos\",\"dpos\",\"btf\",\"sourcecode\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\",\"format\":\"markdown\"}",
      "parent_author": "",
      "parent_permlink": "eos",
      "permlink": "eos-dpos",
      "title": "eos源码解析(三)：dpos共识源码"
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  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-08-14T08:30:18",
  "trx_id": "e96bd60b02eaa11a054c64e6d495c39ac891e819",
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{
  "block": 24128204,
  "op": [
    "vote",
    {
      "author": "camphortree",
      "permlink": "eos-bancor",
      "voter": "ax3",
      "weight": 100
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-07-13T02:58:09",
  "trx_id": "a44347a6ed631921f93d58f6ddc808b61c62fbac",
  "trx_in_block": 21,
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{
  "block": 24128201,
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "author": "camphortree",
      "body": "近来ram经历了大涨大跌，ram的核心是bancor算法，网上有很多对bancor的介绍，这里就不谈了，eos少数派报告的星主Anima对此有深刻的分析。本文直接从源码解析eos的bancor算法。\n最开始，，，我新建了一条链，对，是一条新链。然后在完整的64G内存上购买了10000k 内存。下面的命令是新建一个账户并购买10000k的内存。\n！！！！直接要结果的，跳过源码，后文自取，不谢不谢！！！！\n\n```\ncleos system newaccount eosio --transfer accountnum11 EOS8mUftJXepGzdQ2TaCduNuSPAfXJHf22uex4u41ab1EVv9EAhWt --stake-net \"100000.0000 SYS\" --stake-cpu \"100000.0000 SYS\" --buy-ram-kbytes 10000\n\n```\n在eos的内部，这条命令触发的函数是这样的：\n\n```\n//payer:eosio receiver:accountnum11 bytes:10000\n   void system_contract::buyrambytes( account_name payer, account_name receiver, uint32_t bytes ) {\n      auto itr = _rammarket.find(S(4,RAMCORE));\n      auto tmp = *itr;\n      auto eosout = tmp.convert( asset(bytes,S(0,RAM)), CORE_SYMBOL );\n\n      buyram( payer, receiver, eosout );\n   }\n```\n先调用convert，convert涉及到很多函数，这是bancor真正实现，一并列在下面，我加了打印，后面会放打印结果。。。。\n\n```\nnamespace eosiosystem {\n   asset exchange_state::convert_to_exchange( connector& c, asset in ) {\n\n      real_type R(supply.amount);\n      real_type C(c.balance.amount+in.amount);\n      real_type F(c.weight/1000.0);\n      real_type T(in.amount);\n      real_type ONE(1.0);\n       print(\"\\nconvert_to_exchange \\n\");\n       print( \"supply.amount \", supply.amount , \"\\n\" );\n       print( \"c.balance.amount \", c.balance.amount, \"\\n\" );\n       print( \"c.weight: \", c.weight, \"\\n\" );\n       print( \"in.amount: \", in.amount, \"\\n\\n\" );\n\n      real_type E = -R * (ONE - std::pow( ONE + T / C, F) );\n      print( \"E: \", E, \"\\n\");\n      int64_t issued = int64_t(E);\n\n      supply.amount += issued;\n      c.balance.amount += in.amount;\n\n      return asset( issued, supply.symbol );\n   }\n\n   asset exchange_state::convert_from_exchange( connector& c, asset in ) {\n      eosio_assert( in.symbol== supply.symbol, \"unexpected asset symbol input\" );\n\n      real_type R(supply.amount - in.amount);\n      real_type C(c.balance.amount);\n      real_type F(1000.0/c.weight);\n      real_type E(in.amount);\n      real_type ONE(1.0);\n\n       print(\"\\nconvert_from_exchange \\n\");\n       print( \"supply.amount \", supply.amount , \"\\n\" );\n       print( \"c.balance.amount \", c.balance.amount, \"\\n\" );\n       print( \"c.weight: \", c.weight, \"\\n\" );\n       print( \"in.amount: \", in.amount, \"\\n\\n\" );\n\n     // potentially more accurate: \n     // The functions std::expm1 and std::log1p are useful for financial calculations, for example, \n     // when calculating small daily interest rates: (1+x)n\n     // -1 can be expressed as std::expm1(n * std::log1p(x)). \n     // real_type T = C * std::expm1( F * std::log1p(E/R) );\n      \n      real_type T = C * (std::pow( ONE + E/R, F) - ONE);\n      print( \"T: \", T, \"\\n\");\n      int64_t out = int64_t(T);\n\n      supply.amount -= in.amount;\n      c.balance.amount -= out;\n\n      return asset( out, c.balance.symbol );\n   }\n\n   asset exchange_state::convert( asset from, symbol_type to ) {\n      auto sell_symbol  = from.symbol;\n      auto ex_symbol    = supply.symbol;\n      auto base_symbol  = base.balance.symbol;\n      auto quote_symbol = quote.balance.symbol;\n\n      print( \"From: \", from, \" TO \", asset( 0,to), \"\\n\" );\n      print( \"base: \", base_symbol, \"\\n\" );\n      print(\"base_amount: \", base.balance.amount , \"\\n\");\n      print( \"quote: \", quote_symbol, \"\\n\" );\n       print( \"quote_amount: \", quote.balance.amount, \"\\n\" );\n      print( \"ex: \", supply.symbol, \"\\n\" );\n       print( \"ex_amuont: \", supply.amount, \"\\n\" );\n\n\n      if( sell_symbol != ex_symbol ) {\n         if( sell_symbol == base_symbol ) {\n            from = convert_to_exchange( base, from );\n         } else if( sell_symbol == quote_symbol ) {\n            from = convert_to_exchange( quote, from );\n         } else { \n            eosio_assert( false, \"invalid sell\" );\n         }\n      } else {\n         if( to == base_symbol ) {\n            from = convert_from_exchange( base, from ); \n         } else if( to == quote_symbol ) {\n            from = convert_from_exchange( quote, from ); \n         } else {\n            eosio_assert( false, \"invalid conversion\" );\n         }\n      }\n\n      if( to != from.symbol )\n         return convert( from, to );\n\n      return from;\n   }\n} /// namespace eosiosystem\n```\n然后调用buyram\n```\n  void system_contract::buyram( account_name payer, account_name receiver, asset quant )\n   {\n      require_auth( payer );\n      eosio_assert( quant.amount > 0, \"must purchase a positive amount\" );\n\n      auto fee = quant;\n      fee.amount = ( fee.amount + 199 ) / 200; /// .5% fee (round up)\n      // fee.amount cannot be 0 since that is only possible if quant.amount is 0 which is not allowed by the assert above.\n      // If quant.amount == 1, then fee.amount == 1,\n      // otherwise if quant.amount > 1, then 0 < fee.amount < quant.amount.\n      auto quant_after_fee = quant;\n      quant_after_fee.amount -= fee.amount;\n      // quant_after_fee.amount should be > 0 if quant.amount > 1.\n      // If quant.amount == 1, then quant_after_fee.amount == 0 and the next inline transfer will fail causing the buyram action to fail.\n\n      INLINE_ACTION_SENDER(eosio::token, transfer)( N(eosio.token), {payer,N(active)},\n         { payer, N(eosio.ram), quant_after_fee, std::string(\"buy ram\") } );\n\n      if( fee.amount > 0 ) {\n         INLINE_ACTION_SENDER(eosio::token, transfer)( N(eosio.token), {payer,N(active)},\n                                                       { payer, N(eosio.ramfee), fee, std::string(\"ram fee\") } );\n      }\n\n      int64_t bytes_out;\n\n      const auto& market = _rammarket.get(S(4,RAMCORE), \"ram market does not exist\");\n      _rammarket.modify( market, 0, [&]( auto& es ) {\n          bytes_out = es.convert( quant_after_fee,  S(0,RAM) ).amount;\n      });\n\n      eosio_assert( bytes_out > 0, \"must reserve a positive amount\" );\n\n      _gstate.total_ram_bytes_reserved += uint64_t(bytes_out);\n      _gstate.total_ram_stake          += quant_after_fee.amount;\n\n      user_resources_table  userres( _self, receiver );\n      auto res_itr = userres.find( receiver );\n      if( res_itr ==  userres.end() ) {\n         res_itr = userres.emplace( receiver, [&]( auto& res ) {\n               res.owner = receiver;\n               res.ram_bytes = bytes_out;\n            });\n      } else {\n         userres.modify( res_itr, receiver, [&]( auto& res ) {\n               res.ram_bytes += bytes_out;\n            });\n      }\n      set_resource_limits( res_itr->owner, res_itr->ram_bytes, res_itr->net_weight.amount, res_itr->cpu_weight.amount );\n   }\n```\n直接，打印输出：\n\n```\n1786293ms thread-0   apply_context.cpp:28          print_debug          ] \n[(eosio,buyrambytes)->eosio]: CONSOLE OUTPUT BEGIN =====================\nFrom: 10240000. RAM TO 0.0000 SYS\nbase: 0,RAM\nquote: 4,SYS\nex: 4,RAMCORE\n\nconvert_to_exchange \nsupply.amount 100000000000000\nc.balance.amount 68719476736\nc.weight: 5.000000000000000e-01\nin.amount: 10240000\nE: 7.448915928520706e+06\n\nFrom: 744.8915 RAMCORE TO 0.0000 SYS\nbase: 0,RAM\nquote: 4,SYS\nex: 4,RAMCORE\n\nconvert_from_exchange \nsupply.amount 100000007448915\nc.balance.amount 100 0000 0000\nc.weight: 5.000000000000000e-01\nin.amount: 7448915\nT: 1.489893921873264e+06\n\nFrom: 148.2443 SYS TO 0. RAM\nbase: 0,RAM\nquote: 4,SYS\nex: 4,RAMCORE\n\nconvert_to_exchange \nsupply.amount 100 0000 0000 0000\nc.balance.amount 100 0000 , 0000\nc.weight: 5.000000000000000e-01\nin.amount: 1482443\nE: 7.410567426369141e+06\n\n\nFrom: 741.0567 RAMCORE TO 0. RAM\nbase: 0,RAM\nquote: 4,SYS\nex: 4,RAMCORE\n\nconvert_from_exchange \nsupply.amount 100000007410567\nc.balance.amount 68719476736\nc.weight: 5.000000000000000e-01\nin.amount: 7410567\nT: 1.018576016383362e+07\n\n\n[(eosio,buyrambytes)->eosio]: CONSOLE OUTPUT END   =====================\n\n```\n这三个在后文中常见：\n1,  base:RAM\n2,  quote:SYS\n3,  ex:RAMCORE\n\n我们根据结果倒推算法。\n第1步,调用conver_to_exchange将RAM单位换算成RAMCORE单位\n\n![CodeCogsEqn.gif](https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/7298875-f629b3e3b43e1bd3.gif?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip)\n对应变量：\n```\nsupply.amoumt  : 10^14\nbase.balance.amount  :   68719476736  即64G\nin.amount   :   10240000\n结果 E = 74485915\nsupply.amount += 74485915\nbase.balance.amount += 10240000\n```\n第2步，conver_frome_exchange函数将RAMCORE换算成SYS\n\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZ7a6QRj6SzFWEqwbrLq5huwSwUuDRDdMW1sih6n1eGMv/image.png)\n\n对应变量：\n```\n//这是ram的初始资金池容量，100万，之所以是10次方，是因为在eos内部，为取整方便，SYS的单位是“分”，不是“元”。 \nquote.balance.amount  :  10^10   \nsupply.amount -= 7448915\nquote.balance.amount -= 1489893\n结果T=1489893\n```\n上面的分析是从ram-->sys ，意思是要购买10000k的ram，大概需要1489893分钱的SYS即149个EOS。但是像“supply.amount -= ” “quote.balance.amount -=”并不会对supply做真正的修改，只是修改的镜像。在调用buyram时使用“_rammarket.modify”才能修改系统的amount。\n\n以下的两步是在buyram函数中进行的。\n下面是大家比较关心的手续费问题：之所以要加上199，是要确保1分钱的交易也是需要手续费的，真是雁过拔毛呀！！！除以200 就是乘以0.005。没毛病。。。话说我算术不好。。。1/200 = 0.005 。\n```\n          fee.amount = ( fee.amount + 199 ) / 200;\n```\n第3步，将SYS转换成RAMCORE，调用conver_to_exchange函数：\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmWnaJBoZKtsXV2p4V7MWX2z1k5QVGxGikPvL6EnTuHPLA/image.png)\n对应变量：\n```\nsupply.amount : 10^14\nin.amount  : 1482443\nquote.balance.amount  : 10^10\n结果E = 7410567\n```\n第4步，调用conver_from_exchange 将RAMCORE换算成RAM\n![CodeCogsEqn (3).gif](https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/7298875-d7b4372bb6c355b2.gif?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip)\n对应变量：\n```\nbase.banalce.amount : 64G\nbase.banalce.amount -= 10185760\n```\n所以，最后，我们想买10240000byte的ram,结果只买了10185760byte的ram，其余的，扣了手续费。\n实际上，卖出ram时，过程和前两步一样，不过在最后收取0.005的手续费。\n将上文中，前两步的公式整合，化简，可以发现：\n\n![image.png](https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/7298875-213756a564a55629.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)\n\n后两步的公式整合，化简可得到：\n\n![image.png](https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/7298875-92e9a793d70257e5.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)\n\n呵呵！并没有什么0.5/1000之类的幂，也没了什么RAMCORE。\n不知道为啥BM一定要两步转换，强行引入RAMCORE，难道是为了确保RAMCORE的总量不变吗？希望知道的童靴答疑。",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"eos\",\"eosram\",\"bancor\"],\"image\":[\"https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/7298875-f629b3e3b43e1bd3.gif?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip\",\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZ7a6QRj6SzFWEqwbrLq5huwSwUuDRDdMW1sih6n1eGMv/image.png\",\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmWnaJBoZKtsXV2p4V7MWX2z1k5QVGxGikPvL6EnTuHPLA/image.png\",\"https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/7298875-d7b4372bb6c355b2.gif?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip\",\"https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/7298875-213756a564a55629.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240\",\"https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/7298875-92e9a793d70257e5.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\",\"format\":\"markdown\"}",
      "parent_author": "",
      "parent_permlink": "eos",
      "permlink": "eos-bancor",
      "title": "eos源码解析（二） ： bancor算法"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-07-13T02:58:00",
  "trx_id": "2a3b3c818e7c49828f2601f4b0016ed0e5177cce",
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{
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  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "author": "camphortree",
      "body": "@@ -52,16 +52,47 @@\n .ini%0A2, \n+ find %22rpc-endpoint%22  and set %22\n rpc-endp\n@@ -112,16 +112,36 @@\n 0.1:8090\n+%22 then save the file\n %0A3,  run\n",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"witness-category\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\"}",
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