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      "body": "<html>\n<p>In the fifth and final part of this series I discuss my view on suffering and why I think utilitarianism is an incomplete ethical proposal.</p>\n<p>For context please refer to the first four parts of this series:</p>\n<ol>\n  <li><a href=\"https://steemit.com/philosophy/@caerbanogwalace/origin-of-morals-a-definition\">Definition</a></li>\n  <li><a href=\"https://steemit.com/philosophy/@caerbanogwalace/origin-of-morals-need\">Need</a></li>\n  <li><a href=\"https://steemit.com/philosophy/@caerbanogwalace/origin-of-morals-the-scope\">Scope</a></li>\n  <li><a href=\"https://steemit.com/philosophy/@caerbanogwalace/origin-of-morals-communication\">Communication</a></li>\n</ol>\n<p>With this I close the series and I hope I can get some feedback and interesting discussions in the future either in this posts or in others that I might link here for reference.</p>\n<h1><strong>Origin of Morals - Fallacy of Suffering</strong></h1>\n<p><img src=\"https://i.imgsafe.org/6d5e4805ad.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"421\"/></p>\n<p>There is a very common theme on the discussion of morals where the basis of moral is presented as the minimization of suffering or pain or other similar aspect. I have found this to be a wrong interpretation of morals. It is a simplification of the concept, not allowing for morals to be formulated upon other values other than pain. It leads to inconsistencies, where if an entity has all the capabilities that you would consider sentient, but lack the ability to experience pain, you are suddenly free of any moral towards that entity, even though you both can mutually reflect a great number of other aspects. It would allow for example for the most atrocious things to be performed on comatose patients, since they don’t experience pain, or to anaesthetise a patient and suddenly not be bound by any moral.</p>\n<p>Usually the concept is brought up towards animals:&nbsp;</p>\n<p>“Why is it ok to kill an animal but not to make it suffer? Surely killing is a worse evil than inflicting pain.”</p>\n<p>If you are concerned only on minimizing pain that would pose a problem. It will often lead you to start pondering if that animal <em>feels</em> pain, or if the animal feels the pain in way that is lesser than human pain or none at all.&nbsp;</p>\n<p>“fish don’t feel pain” is often thrown around.&nbsp;</p>\n<p>These explanations have always left me deeply unsatisfied, especially when following the conclusions to where they led. This is why I find reflection is a much more realistic concept: You avoid making an animal suffer because you can see part of your sentience in it and the animal is not intent on making yourself suffer.</p>\n<p>This distinction, between suffering and reflection, neatly explains why we feel so bad about mistreating a pet or a \"cute\" animal and not other animals. \"Cuteness\" is just a measure of increased reflection so the moral scope of that entity is just more inclusive. Once you acknowledge that morals are just an inevitable evolution of beings into sentient beings you can stop evaluating the world through the lens of a fairy tale. Life's purpose is to exist, to grow and to adjust to the universe. Morals are just an efficient way to do it.</p>\n<p>You can be fined or go to jail in most places for torturing a dog but not for killing it. The often untold &nbsp;and un-admitted reason for your penalty is not really that you made the animal suffer, but instead the law is reflecting back to you what kind of person ignores that suffering and is unable to reflect your own morals. Someone incapable of following morals is a potential danger to society since morals only work if you can expect them to be reciprocated.</p>\n<p>The suffering argument is also often based on the altruistic principle. That morals are created towards others. I find this argument ignores the basic principles of evolution. Evolution is individualistic, it is driven by diversity and adaptation to the environment. Evolution would never create a being capable of altruism if that behaviour would not ultimately be a benefit for himself. Unfortunately, our mind plays trick on us very often. The pleasure centres that are activated in the brain every time we do a good deed for someone else were evolved, humans did not create that mechanism out of our pure intellect.</p>\n<p>Ultimately, morals cannot emerge from minimizing suffering alone. Avoiding suffering is not the reason a moral is created, in fact, many morals that are considered altruistic can lead to increases in suffering. If suffering was the core basis of morals then a dog would display a moral code, in fact any being that reacts in a complex way to nefarious sensory inputs would develop morals, and that is just not the observable case. This is a clear indication that avoiding suffering is just a nice side effect of morals but its not its origin.&nbsp;</p>\n<p>A moral is inherently selfish. You are only helping others to the extent it helps you in some way. As strange as it may seem, sacrifice, even the ultimate sacrifice of offering your own life for someone else, like a fireman going into a blazing building, is selfish. That person is making an evaluation of what she has to offer in that moment versus the rest of her life and decided that the gain in moral values is greater in that moment. Not for the moral values of others, but for the moral values of herself.</p>\n<p>The concept of altruism is a complex one. The calculation involves the lives of populations of individuals and the small benefits that altruistic behaviour has into that population. It works like a natural insurance, allowing individuals to move past obstacles in life by having others that are more fortunate to spend very little, and then returning the favour.&nbsp;</p>\n<p>The success of that strategy is such that self-sacrifice began to surface towards family members to better protect your genetic material. As you extend your scope of reflection to your neighbours or nation, you can be tricked &nbsp;into sacrificing for others.&nbsp;</p>\n<p>A reminder that the individual belief in a set of morals is not the same as the objective moral. We are not perfect and will never be. Both you the individual and Humanity has much yet to learn and evolve. Understand the biological, cultural and environmental forces that shape your morals. Make sure they are your own, that they are justified by reason, that they protect you, your family and friends. And be happy in life.</p>\n<p><br>\n<em><strong>In the framework I propose, suffering is just one of the values that the moral function evaluates, sometimes it is the most significant, other times it’s not. Defining morals as the minimization of suffering is simplistic and often leads to inconsistent outcomes.&nbsp;</strong></em></p>\n</html>",
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      "body": "Thanks @caerbanogwalace! Be sure to leave a comment here when you publish your series so I can give it a read. I really like the aspect of exploring the mirror neurons, systems for empathy, and other nature-based aspects of ethics, virtue, and morality that we are, as you said, just now learning about. Hurray neuroscience and evidence-based psychology! Definitely interested in the angle you're taking as I didn't cover the nature part much at all here.",
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      "body": "Very nice summary of all the currents of thought regarding  morality. +1.\nI'm currently publishing a 5 part series with my personal take on this subject here on  Steemit.\nI completely agree that every person should build their own moral tools to evaluate their choices in life. A moral choice should be a decision of the individual and not a decision of a dogmatic recipe. \nIronically, by taking a more internal path we find that most of the time we will end up with moral rules that are shared with the social group. This is not only due to sharing the accumulated knowledge of past culture, but also because of biological evolved factors you mentioned like mirror neurons, many of these we are just finding out about now.",
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      "body": "Its called FOMO (Fear of missing out) and that state of mind is pretty much going to guarantee that you buy the very top of the market.\nThe current price has absolutly no justification other than speculation that people have all their steem locked in Steem Power. This is a beta platform.\nWait for the inevitable massive dump when speculators finished feeding off all the starry eyed fanboys, then wait some more for the platform and the devs actually build a sustainable business model with actual creation of wealth instead of just the current inflation based redistribution. Then buy.\nYou haven't missed anything.",
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      "body": "<html>\n<p>Fourth part of the series addressing the requisite and effects of communication for morals. For context please refer to the previous 3 parts:</p>\n<ol>\n  <li><a href=\"https://steemit.com/philosophy/@caerbanogwalace/origin-of-morals-a-definition\">Definition</a></li>\n  <li><a href=\"https://steemit.com/philosophy/@caerbanogwalace/origin-of-morals-need\">Need</a></li>\n  <li><a href=\"https://steemit.com/philosophy/@caerbanogwalace/origin-of-morals-the-scope\">Scope</a></li>\n</ol>\n<p><em>Disclaimer: This part contains some pokes at religion. Please do not take this personally, I respect everyone's freedom of religion, that should not however mean that I cannot criticise the concept.</em></p>\n<h1>Origin of Morals, Communication</h1>\n<p><img src=\"https://i.imgsafe.org/585095dbf4.jpg\" width=\"500\" height=\"333\"/></p>\n<p>As we seen before, morals cannot be individual. First, that would invalidate the concept of moral: if everyone has different morals, then how can we reliably expect those entities to respect the rights and obligations that come with each moral issue? Second, the individual on its own cannot be a moral agent because he needs to reflect onto something else to formulate a moral. So, the issue of communicating morals is essential, between moral entities, locations and time.</p>\n<p>Language, the transmission of information from one entity to another, is essential for morals. To be able to share experiences, to dialogue with another entity about values, about what is important to themselves, and eventually to be able to record this in language for the next generation to build upon past knowledge.</p>\n<p>Morals are complicated to calculate. The necessary calculations are often abstract and may need new terms and expressions to be developed in the language before even attempting to communicate it to another being. The common principles of communications apply to the moral message: clear, concise, concrete, correct, coherent, complete, courteous. The efficiency with which a moral is communicated directly impacts the number of entities reflecting over it and hence increases the value of the moral.</p>\n<p>Religious text and dogma just so happens to be a very efficient means to communicate morals. Quick and dirty pragmatic rules, self-justifying so you don’t have to think much before applying them, and plenty of use cases given by stories of messiahs and apostles to help you understand how to behave morally.</p>\n<p>In a very real sense God did not create morals, but instead the need for morals created God.</p>\n<p>Now one might be inclined to say: “Hey… so religion is awesome after all you atheists.”</p>\n<p>Sorry to disappoint you, but no. Unfortunately religion severs a crucial connection: There is no longer a logic and reasonable path from a moral value and a prescriptive rule, there is only the scripture, the text that should not be questioned. So, the morals no longer adapt and grow according the environment and our knowledge of it.</p>\n<p>This leaves morals in a static state, unchanging, unquestionable. Worst of all, it also leaves the text open to abuse, since the reason for the rule is no longer questioned nothing stops an ill intended individual to misrepresent rules or even add his own without having to justify their validity to anyone.</p>\n<p>Religion was a necessary but flawed method of moral propagation. Philosophy and scientific methods are far more accurate and accountable for the determination of morals. Morals are the compilation of the life stories of millions of human beings over hundreds generations. The repetitions of situations of conflict between two or more entities are analysed. What was once campfire stories can now be more accurately portrayed by history and academic studies that observe the consequences of actions and behaviours. It is essential that those observations are coherent, so the scientific method can be a much more efficient filter than the trial an error of lifetime upon lifetime and of parents passing down their experience to children. Philosophy can then ponder into the future and infer the consequences of the morals as they are conceived, the definition and nuances of the text of the moral can be made more accurate and less ambiguous.</p>\n<p>Ethical behaviour can travel much faster if each individual is not only assured, but can also find for himself, why exactly a specific moral is being proposed. The acceptance of the moral can be finally free from dogma if we learn how to communicate morals in a more objective way.</p>\n<p><em><strong>Morals require communication to be effective, and the effectiveness of the communication impacts the value of the moral. The scientific method and philosophy are the best known ways to improve morals.</strong></em></p>\n</html>",
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      "body": "@@ -179,20 +179,27 @@\n are \n-made to\n+rewarded for\n  vot\n-e\n+ing\n  as \n",
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      "body": "Testing something out. I'm just going to say a couple of things once and intelligent people should understand what is going on:\n- Steemit has chosen to reward popularity. People are made to vote as fast and mindlessly as possible in already well known topics or authors.\n- Steemit routinely props up and concentrates as much money as possible in one author to demonstrate that you can live of it \"easily\". The front page features the same articles day after day, all of them highly payed. That feeds back into the voting pressures creating stronger and stronger \"showcases\".\n- The section dedicated to posts saying \"Hi everyone, I am me\" is the most well payed section by far on Steemit. So easy.\n- Concentration of voting power generates forced allegiances in hopes of benefaction and dissuades criticism in fear of retaliation.\n- Only source of positive money flow is market capitalisation increase. Everyone else \"receives\" money. Creating an account, making a post, voting, witnessing, mining, keeping your SP still. All actions are money faucets, there are no sinks other than the caused inflation.\n- This post will likely be downvoted because anything that does not make Steemit look the most amazing thing ever goes against the vested monetary interests of its participants.\n\nI'm not sure Steemit curation has any \"problems\". I think they are very likely features by design.",
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      "author": "stan",
      "body": "Perhaps.  I'm just saying that in all of the 17 autonomous air, ground, sea, and space systems I've ever designed, there was some mix of hard-coded non-negotiable rules (like don't point your antenna away from earth) and other code designed to deal with uncertainties that couldn't be preprogrammed.  My only point was to suggest we shouldn't be dogmatic about what a Creator would or wouldn't do. \n\nIf my Mars Rover could really think it would be probably asking, \"Why did my creator put me in such a hostile environment?\"    I'd feel bad if my creation rejected me just because it couldn't figure out what I'm up to and evolved a set of morals that caused it to rebel.  Come to think of it, that's might be the real reason why Viking 1 permanently cut off all communication by pointing its antenna somewhere else in a huff.     :)",
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      "author": "modprobe",
      "body": "*People work more and more hours and have less time to themselves today than 20 years ago, while our global production has skyrocketed.*\n\nI agree. Since in a free market, this scenario is impossible, we can safely conclude that the reason this scenario exists is that we do not currently have a free market. Instead, we have a market based on fraudulent currencies which extract value from society and siphon it to those who control the currency. As the economy grows and production increases, they have siphoned more and more wealth off, growing fat on the spoils while we work harder and harder for less and less. This is an evil which I do not have the words to describe, and I will not continue to be part of that system forever. That's why I believe cryptocurrency is so important: it gives people a viable exit strategy from that system.",
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      "author": "caerbanogwalace",
      "body": "I agree with your perspective. I think what people find most scary is the prospect that as the corporation improves their efficiency the workers gain no benefit in their pay, despite in all likelihood being the ones that provided those better tools.\nAutomation is just the extreme form of optimization where the actual job is erased. Although new jobs will be created they will not go to the persons that lost their jobs.\n\nIts inevitable that we start training our young people to expect to learn new skill all their lives, and I think this new technological era is beginning to do that. Young kids know learn to use complex smartphones in less than nothing.\n\nThe problem remains what to do with the unskilled population and the unfair accumulation of wealth. People work more and more hours and have less time to themselves today than 20 years ago, while our global production has skyrocketed. There is a justified feeling that not all goes well in the world. I'm a die hard fan of capitalism and free markets, but even I must admit that the working man is getting the short end of the deal and is not getting the opportunity to pursuit otherwise.\n\nIn a world of full automation, what jobs would be left, how would the common man earn a living? \nThe tides of change draw near.",
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      "author": "caerbanogwalace",
      "body": "Funny enough, AI was my specialisation in Computer Science.  I like your perspective here Stan. \nGenetic algorithms are nice to use when you are actually unable to encode the exact rules into your agent because they are so complex. So one basically just programs a bunch of possible behaviours and leave open their parameters to the GA forces of selection, mutation and crossover. Its not so much penalties that happen, more like maladaptions getting more and more pruned out.\nThis path would mean however that the 'moral rules' would be evolved and soft-coded, not pre-designed.",
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      "author": "rankine",
      "body": "Nice post!\nIn my humble opinion, philosophy is the act of living so I am not a fan of reading it!\n But still nice to have a post like that here! Keep Going!",
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