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      "body": "python 版本以太坊\n\n项目地址 \nhttps://github.com/ethereum/pyethapp \nhttps://github.com/ethereum/pyethereum \nhttps://github.com/ethereum/pydevp2p \n其中 pyethapp 依赖pyethereum 和 pydevp2p。pyethereum主要包括对block的处理，对transaction的处理以及以太坊虚拟机部分；pydevp2p 是p2p网络库，主要包括节点发现协议（Node Discovery）的实现，p2p通信协议的实现，并定义了protocol基类和service基类\n\npydevp2p 模块\n\n代码整体结构\n![](https://steemitimages.com/DQmcZ59aR3qAYLEa8rjLSmM5Ay1n5pojzpkNSCugihW9Aaj/image.png)\n\n1.协议基类BaseProtocol [查看代码](https://github.com/ethereum/pydevp2p/blob/develop/devp2p/protocol.py#L18)\n\n子类协议继承BaseProtocol中的command类 \n来实现对不同command进行处理。 \n\n[receive_packet方法](https://github.com/ethereum/pydevp2p/blob/develop/devp2p/protocol.py#L161)\n\n```python\n    def _setup(self):\n\n        # collect commands\n        klasses = [k for k in self.__class__.__dict__.values()\n                   if isinstance(k, type) and issubclass(k, self.command) and k != self.command]\n        assert len(set(k.cmd_id for k in klasses)) == len(klasses)\n\n        def create_methods(klass):\n            instance = klass()\n\n            def receive(packet):\n                \"decode rlp, create dict, call receive\"\n                assert isinstance(packet, Packet)\n                instance.receive(proto=self, data=klass.decode_payload(packet.payload))\n\n            def create(*args, **kargs):\n                \"get data, rlp encode, return packet\"\n                res = instance.create(self, *args, **kargs)\n                payload = klass.encode_payload(res)\n                return Packet(self.protocol_id, klass.cmd_id, payload=payload)\n\n            def send(*args, **kargs):\n                \"create and send packet\"\n                packet = create(*args, **kargs)\n                self.send_packet(packet)\n\n            return receive, create, send, instance.receive_callbacks\n\n        for klass in klasses:\n            receive, create, send, receive_callbacks = create_methods(klass)\n            setattr(self, '_receive_' + klass.__name__, receive)\n            setattr(self, 'receive_' + klass.__name__ + '_callbacks', receive_callbacks)\n            setattr(self, 'create_' + klass.__name__, create)\n            setattr(self, 'send_' + klass.__name__, send)\n\n        self.cmd_by_id = dict((klass.cmd_id, klass.__name__) for klass in klasses)\n```\n\n2.启动peermanager Service\n\n[基类BaseService](https://github.com/ethereum/pydevp2p/blob/develop/devp2p/service.py#L6)，一个service对应一个WireProtocol \n\n先看下客户端启动时用到哪些服务：\n[ethapp启动的服务 ](https://github.com/ethereum/pyethapp/blob/develop/pyethapp/app.py#L41)\n\n其中NodeDiscovery（节点发现服务）, PeerManager（节点管理服务）在pydevp2p 模块中实现。 \n[注册服务并启动](https://github.com/ethereum/pyethapp/blob/develop/pyethapp/app.py#L219)\n\n```python\n    for service in services + contrib_services:\n        assert issubclass(service, BaseService)\n        if service.name not in app.config['deactivated_services'] + [AccountsService.name]:\n            assert service.name not in app.services\n            service.register_with_app(app)\n            assert hasattr(app.services, service.name)\n\n    # start app\n    log.info('starting')\n    app.start()\n```\napp.start() 中调用了所有service的start方法 \n先看peermanager的[start方法](https://github.com/ethereum/pydevp2p/blob/develop/devp2p/peermanager.py#L156)\n\n```python\n    def start(self):\n        log.info('starting peermanager')\n        # try upnp nat\n        self.nat_upnp = add_portmap(\n            self.config['p2p']['listen_port'],\n            'TCP',\n            'Ethereum DEVP2P Peermanager'\n        )\n        # start a listening server\n        log.info('starting listener', addr=self.listen_addr)\n        self.server.set_handle(self._on_new_connection)\n        self.server.start()\n        super(PeerManager, self).start()\n        gevent.spawn_later(0.001, self._bootstrap, self.config['p2p']['bootstrap_nodes'])\n        gevent.spawn_later(1, self._discovery_loop)\n```\ngevent.spawn_later(0.001, self._bootstrap, self.config[‘p2p’][‘bootstrap_nodes’]) 将_bootstrap方法加入协程调度队列，_bootstrap方法将初始化节点（bootstrap_nodes）生成peer对象并开始监听，如果没有bootstrap_nodes，则节点无法加入网络。 \ngevent.spawn_later(1, self._discovery_loop) 启动节点发现服务\n\nself.server.start()启动gevent的StreamServer并用_on_new_connection函数处理新链接\n\n```python\n    def _on_new_connection(self, connection, address):\n        log.debug('incoming connection', connection=connection)\n        peer = self._start_peer(connection, address)\n        # Explicit join is required in gevent >= 1.1.\n        # See: https://github.com/gevent/gevent/issues/594\n        # and http://www.gevent.org/whatsnew_1_1.html#compatibility\n        peer.join()\n\n    def _start_peer(self, connection, address, remote_pubkey=None):\n        # create peer\n        peer = Peer(self, connection, remote_pubkey=remote_pubkey)\n        peer.link(on_peer_exit)\n        log.debug('created new peer', peer=peer, fno=connection.fileno())\n        self.peers.append(peer)\n        # loop\n        peer.start()\n        log.debug('peer started', peer=peer, fno=connection.fileno())\n        assert not connection.closed\n        return peer\n```",
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      "body": "python 版本以太坊\n\n项目地址 \nhttps://github.com/ethereum/pyethapp \nhttps://github.com/ethereum/pyethereum \nhttps://github.com/ethereum/pydevp2p \n其中 pyethapp 依赖pyethereum 和 pydevp2p。pyethereum主要包括对block的处理，对transaction的处理以及以太坊虚拟机部分；pydevp2p 是p2p网络库，主要包括节点发现协议（Node Discovery）的实现，p2p通信协议的实现，并定义了protocol基类和service基类\n\npydevp2p 模块\n\n代码整体结构\n![](https://steemitimages.com/DQmcZ59aR3qAYLEa8rjLSmM5Ay1n5pojzpkNSCugihW9Aaj/image.png)\n\n1.协议基类BaseProtocol [查看代码](https://github.com/ethereum/pydevp2p/blob/develop/devp2p/protocol.py#L18)\n\n子类协议继承BaseProtocol中的command类 \n来实现对不同command进行处理。 \n\n[receive_packet方法](https://github.com/ethereum/pydevp2p/blob/develop/devp2p/protocol.py#L161)\n\n```python\n    def _setup(self):\n\n        # collect commands\n        klasses = [k for k in self.__class__.__dict__.values()\n                   if isinstance(k, type) and issubclass(k, self.command) and k != self.command]\n        assert len(set(k.cmd_id for k in klasses)) == len(klasses)\n\n        def create_methods(klass):\n            instance = klass()\n\n            def receive(packet):\n                \"decode rlp, create dict, call receive\"\n                assert isinstance(packet, Packet)\n                instance.receive(proto=self, data=klass.decode_payload(packet.payload))\n\n            def create(*args, **kargs):\n                \"get data, rlp encode, return packet\"\n                res = instance.create(self, *args, **kargs)\n                payload = klass.encode_payload(res)\n                return Packet(self.protocol_id, klass.cmd_id, payload=payload)\n\n            def send(*args, **kargs):\n                \"create and send packet\"\n                packet = create(*args, **kargs)\n                self.send_packet(packet)\n\n            return receive, create, send, instance.receive_callbacks\n\n        for klass in klasses:\n            receive, create, send, receive_callbacks = create_methods(klass)\n            setattr(self, '_receive_' + klass.__name__, receive)\n            setattr(self, 'receive_' + klass.__name__ + '_callbacks', receive_callbacks)\n            setattr(self, 'create_' + klass.__name__, create)\n            setattr(self, 'send_' + klass.__name__, send)\n\n        self.cmd_by_id = dict((klass.cmd_id, klass.__name__) for klass in klasses)\n```\n\n2.启动peermanager Service\n\n[基类BaseService](https://github.com/ethereum/pydevp2p/blob/develop/devp2p/service.py#L6)，一个service对应一个WireProtocol \n\n先看下客户端启动时用到哪些服务：\n[ethapp启动的服务 ](https://github.com/ethereum/pyethapp/blob/develop/pyethapp/app.py#L41)\n\n其中NodeDiscovery（节点发现服务）, PeerManager（节点管理服务）在pydevp2p 模块中实现。 \n[注册服务并启动](https://github.com/ethereum/pyethapp/blob/develop/pyethapp/app.py#L219)\n\n```python\n    for service in services + contrib_services:\n        assert issubclass(service, BaseService)\n        if service.name not in app.config['deactivated_services'] + [AccountsService.name]:\n            assert service.name not in app.services\n            service.register_with_app(app)\n            assert hasattr(app.services, service.name)\n\n    # start app\n    log.info('starting')\n    app.start()\n```\napp.start() 中调用了所有service的start方法 \n先看peermanager的[start方法](https://github.com/ethereum/pydevp2p/blob/develop/devp2p/peermanager.py#L156)\n\n```python\n    def start(self):\n        log.info('starting peermanager')\n        # try upnp nat\n        self.nat_upnp = add_portmap(\n            self.config['p2p']['listen_port'],\n            'TCP',\n            'Ethereum DEVP2P Peermanager'\n        )\n        # start a listening server\n        log.info('starting listener', addr=self.listen_addr)\n        self.server.set_handle(self._on_new_connection)\n        self.server.start()\n        super(PeerManager, self).start()\n        gevent.spawn_later(0.001, self._bootstrap, self.config['p2p']['bootstrap_nodes'])\n        gevent.spawn_later(1, self._discovery_loop)\n```\ngevent.spawn_later(0.001, self._bootstrap, self.config[‘p2p’][‘bootstrap_nodes’]) 将_bootstrap方法加入协程调度队列，_bootstrap方法将初始化节点（bootstrap_nodes）生成peer对象并开始监听，如果没有bootstrap_nodes，则节点无法加入网络。 \ngevent.spawn_later(1, self._discovery_loop) 启动节点发现服务\n\nself.server.start()启动gevent的StreamServer并用_on_new_connection函数处理新链接\n\n```python\n    def _on_new_connection(self, connection, address):\n        log.debug('incoming connection', connection=connection)\n        peer = self._start_peer(connection, address)\n        # Explicit join is required in gevent >= 1.1.\n        # See: https://github.com/gevent/gevent/issues/594\n        # and http://www.gevent.org/whatsnew_1_1.html#compatibility\n        peer.join()\n\n    def _start_peer(self, connection, address, remote_pubkey=None):\n        # create peer\n        peer = Peer(self, connection, remote_pubkey=remote_pubkey)\n        peer.link(on_peer_exit)\n        log.debug('created new peer', peer=peer, fno=connection.fileno())\n        self.peers.append(peer)\n        # loop\n        peer.start()\n        log.debug('peer started', peer=peer, fno=connection.fileno())\n        assert not connection.closed\n        return peer\n```",
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