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      "body": "<html>\n<p>&nbsp;http://www.briangaller.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Distance-and-Days.jpg</p>\n<p>“Returning home is the most difficult part of long-distance hiking; You have grown outside the puzzle and your piece no longer fits.” ― Cindy Ross, Journey on the Crest[1]</p>\n<p>See my previous posts about <a href=\"https://steemit.com/backpacking/@briangaller/wilderness-adventure-am-i-fit-enough\">assessing fitness</a> and <a href=\"https://steemit.com/backpacking/@briangaller/wilderness-adventure-picking-a-destination-part-1\">selecting a destination</a> based on <a href=\"https://steemit.com/backpacking/@briangaller/wilderness-adventure-picking-a-destination-part-2-terrain\">terrain</a>, <a href=\"https://steemit.com/backpacking/@briangaller/wilderness-adventure-picking-a-destination-part-3-climate-and-weather\">climate, and weather</a>.</p>\n<p>Now it’s time to plan your route in more detail.&nbsp;The main questions are:</p>\n<ul>\n  <li>How far can you&nbsp;go each day?</li>\n  <li>How many days will it take to complete the route?</li>\n</ul>\n<p>It’s important to answer these questions with confidence. The answers determine how much food &amp; cooking fuel you take, what locations you camp at, and how much&nbsp;vacation time you take. The following&nbsp;determine the distance you can safely hike each day.</p>\n<ul>\n  <li>Average Hiking Speed</li>\n  <li>Elevation Changes</li>\n  <li>Amount of Daylight</li>\n</ul>\n<p>The post&nbsp;image is the route my son and I took through the <a href=\"http://www.briangaller.com/yellowstone/\">Southeast corner of Yellowstone in 2016</a>. I used the methods described below to plan our route. The calculations are on the conservative side&nbsp;and worked very well. We were never at risk of hiking in the dark; camping at an unexpected location; or running out of food or fuel. On the fifth day sketchy water crossings&nbsp;delayed us by about&nbsp;three hours.&nbsp;Thorofare Creek wasn't just a creek and The Yellowstone River, well you get the point. We arrived at camp much later than expected, but with plenty of daylight left. &nbsp;</p>\n<h4>Average Hiking Speed</h4>\n<p>Average walking speed is five kilometers per hour or 3.1 miles per hour.[2] &nbsp;The <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naismith's_rule\">Naismith’s Rule</a>[3] &nbsp;also estimates three miles per hour and one additional hour for every 2,000 ft. of ascent. These calculations were created&nbsp;in 1892. Few modifications have been made since then.However, professional mountaineers created them for estimating expeditions. They are not accurate for the typical <strong>recreational</strong> backpacker. They are very&nbsp;aggressive for a new backpacker. Backpack weight, terrain, and&nbsp;an enjoyable pace will slow&nbsp;your speed by one to two miles per hour. I estimate 1.5 miles per hour on relatively flat terrain. This will vary depending on your fitness level. I assume&nbsp;15 minute breaks every hour. It allows for stops to take pictures and simply enjoy nature. I also add an hour for lunch.If you are hiking in bear country, it isn’t smart&nbsp;to be speed walking anyway. Bears have a sense of smell seven&nbsp;times that of a blood hound, but they don’t see or hear that well. It isn’t difficult to surprise a bear by&nbsp;moving fast and quiet, into the wind. My son and I were making good&nbsp;time when we surprised a&nbsp;black bear at about 15 to 20 yards. It was an intense five seconds until the bear decided to go the other way.Learn your&nbsp;average hiking speed during training. Adjust the rule-of-thumb to match. Your speed will change as your fitness improves.&nbsp;</p>\n<h4>Elevation Changes</h4>\n<p>Ascents and descents&nbsp;will slow your average speed. Hiking downhill isn't always faster.&nbsp;It can be risky&nbsp;to go fast on a downhill trail. You should avoid twisted ankles, hyper-extended knees, and falls when you are many miles away from medical care. Don’t make fast descents a part of your plan.Instead of using the Naismith’s rule and adding one hour per 2,000 ft. of ascent, I add 1 hour per 1,000 ft. of ascent. I think this is more accurate, particularly, for hikers who aren’t acclimated to higher&nbsp;altitudes.&nbsp;</p>\n<h4>Amount of Daylight</h4>\n<p>Most forecasts for an area will also include the time of the sunrise and sunset for the area. However, I use <a href=\"http://www.sunrisesunset.com/\">www.sunrisesunset.com</a> to generate a calendar. They even have a list of more than 100 U.S. National Park locations.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>http://www.briangaller.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Sunrise-Sunset-Calendar.jpg</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<h4>Adding It All Up</h4>\n<p>Here is an example calculation for a 12-mile day with a total elevation increase of 2,000 ft.</p>\n<ul>\n  <li>12 miles / 1.5 miles per hour = 8 hours</li>\n  <li>8 hours + 1 hour for lunch = 9 hours</li>\n  <li>9 hours + 2 hours for elevation change (2,000 feet) = 11 hours</li>\n</ul>\n<p>If there are&nbsp;15 hours of daylight I know roughly when I should hit&nbsp;the trail to beat the sunset to camp.I create a route card in a spreadsheet.&nbsp;I either print it and keep it with my maps or I save a screenshot&nbsp;to photos on my phone. I always have the estimated duration of the day’s hike and the hours of daylight. I get my mileage and elevation changes&nbsp;from <a href=\"http://www.alltrails.com/\">http://www.alltrails.com/</a>.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>http://www.briangaller.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Route-Card.jpg</p>\n<p><img src=\"http://www.briangaller.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Route-Card.jpg\"/></p>\n<h4>What are your concerns or comments related to distance planning?</h4>\n<h4>Leave a comment. Ask your questions. Join the discussion. Share with friends.</h4>\n<p>Peace,</p>\n<p>Brian &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n</html>",
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      "body": "http://www.briangaller.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/IMG_7743.jpg\n\n“Wherever you go, no matter what the weather, always bring your own sunshine.” – Anthony J. D’Angelo[1]\n \n\nClimate and weather are sometimes confused as being the same thing. Yet, they are different. Climate is a description of the average atmospheric conditions over the past hundred years or so. The first consistent recording of weather data across the U.S. started in 1849. The first national weather service started in 1870.[2]\n\nWeather is a description of the more immediate atmospheric conditions. Weather predictions are for a short period of time such as this week. While the Winter climate in Missouri is normally cold, the actual weather this week has been warm. We have had a couple of warm weeks in January and February this year. The temperature has reached over 70 degrees Fahrenheit. 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We ended up making a few tweaks in our equipment. The primary change was packing more socks.\n\nThe combination of hot weather with above average rain created extremely high humidity. Nothing ever dried out even when it wasn’t raining. This in combination with the terrain and my pack weight tore my feet up. I made adjustments to avoid the same thing in Yellowstone. We didn’t get a single drop of rain for eight days in the back country. Oh well.\n\n \n\nIf you are heading to the mountains, research the typical weather at higher elevations. The weather becomes less predictable in the mountains. Storms in the mountains can form suddenly and catch you by surprise if you aren’t paying attention.\n\nI use [Weather Underground History](https://www.wunderground.com/history) to research the climate for an area. As the trip date gets closer, I’ll watch the weather forecast, including radar, for about 15 days out. This gives me a pretty good idea of the kind of weather I should prepare for. I also note the general direction that weather travels in the area. Additionally, I take a [Delorme inReach Explorer](https://buy.garmin.com/en-US/US/p/561269) on my trips. Among other features, it delivers weather forecasts for my exact location via satellite. I’ll cover this device in more detail in a future post.\n\n \n\nResearch won’t prevent the experience of some abnormal weather. Yet, if you plan, you will be able to adjust for abnormal variations.\n\n \n\nThe expected conditions should drive training, equipment, and food choices. I’ll get into a lot more detail in future posts focused on these areas. For now, here is a summary of how climate and weather impacts training, equipment, and food.\n\n \n\nTraining\nTraining should take into consideration the conditions you will be hiking in. If you plan to hike in cold weather then you should do some, if not a majority, of your training in cold weather. Learn how you handle the conditions and how your equipment operates in those conditions. The more extreme that you expect the conditions to be the more training you should do in similar conditions.\n\n \n\nEquipment\nThe weather conditions have a very drastic impact on the equipment you should take with you. Among other things, the climate will impact the:\n\nAmount and types of clothes,\nType of shelter,\nTemperature rating of your sleeping bag,\nType of shoes,\nCooking system and fuel.\n \n\nFood\nIf you will be backpacking during Winter conditions, you will need to plan a higher calorie diet. Your body will need more calories each day than if you were in Spring, Summer, or Fall conditions. The temperature can also change the kinds of food that you can take. For example, taking Hershey bars isn’t practical in a hot climate. Yet, they would do fine in a cold climate.\n\n \n\nWhat climate or weather related questions do you have?\n \n\nPeace,\n\nBrian\n\n \n\n \n\nLeave a comment. Ask your questions. Join the discussion. Share with friends.\n \n\nFeatured Image Source:[4]\n\nFootnotes\n[1]“Weather Quotes – BrainyQuote.”\n[2]“History of the National Weather Service.”\n[3]“What Is the Difference between Weather and Climate?”\n[4]Brian, “2016 Day 7 (08/03/16).”\nBrian, Galler. “2016 Day 7 (08/03/16).” Brian Galler, January 22, 2017. http://www.briangaller.com/yellowstone/2016-route-overview/2016-day-7/.\n“History of the National Weather Service.” Weather.gov. Accessed February 19, 2017. http://www.weather.gov/timeline.\n“Weather Quotes – BrainyQuote.” BrainyQuote. Accessed February 19, 2017. https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/weather.html.\n“What Is the Difference between Weather and Climate?” NOAA. Accessed February 19, 2017. http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/weather_climate.html.",
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