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      "body": "https://steemitimages.com/DQmQNDbhCMaNnv3fJGx25LP2b56c44Vt2CdzKog1rntSQPj/b0e89eda18d64ffb82fa7d05890f7454.jpeg\n\nAs in the previous chapter (https://steemit.com/hacking/@balazs/b-s-it-security-how-to-hack-wifi-networks-chapter-1-introduction-and-network-basics) I have defined some basics,  now I'd like to carry on with it here...\n\n## 3,  How does the packets know where are they heading? (for example on your local network)\nThey don't. It's kinda like an ordinary letter.. they have a destination address, and when it's reached, the addressed picks it up.\nIn the digital world this field contains the target machine's Media Access Control (MAC) Address.\n\nWhat a MAC Address is? \nit's a fix and unique identification number what is burnt into your device, contains the manufacturer, and the make of your network card, and usually you can see in this format: AB:12:CD:34:EF:56 - Yes, it's in HEX (hexadecimal - characters 0-9 + A-F).\n\nTechnically this identifies your machine whenever:\n - it's communicating with the router \n - the router challenging your machine against a White or a Black list (allow or disallow computers to join the network)\n - authorities to identify you from your network traffic.\n\nso in some cases it would be nice if would be able to change it.  - The good news is, you can! However you can not cloak wit this all your tracks, and only applicable for the session you're in (what it means if you restart your PC it reverts back to the original), but with the preciously mentioned macchanger packages, you can change it. Let's see how. \n\nOpen a terminal - don't be afraid a bit of typing- faster and almost as easy as finding a button in a messy windows.\nSo pop up the terminal and start typing: \n`iwconfig` - this will dump all the available network adapters with wireless extension.. you you can ignore the ones without wireless ext. \n\n*This is my output:*\n>lo        no wireless extensions.\n>\n>enp5s0    no wireless extensions.\n>\n>*wlx5056bfad2a2a*  IEEE 802.11abgn  ESSID:off/any  \n>          Mode:Managed  Access Point: Not-Associated   Tx-Power=20 dBm   \n>          Retry short limit:7   RTS thr:off   Fragment thr:off\n>          Power Management:off\n\nAs you can my network card's name is \"wlx5056bfad2a2a\" (on my other laptop I had \"wlp3s0\" .. and \"wlan0\" it changes, don't worry if different, just take a note of it (you can copy-paste in a terminal window with a CTRL + SHIFT + C / V shortcut - the ordinary CRTL + C is used to break a running thing.)\n\nBack to the tracks, take  a note of your wireless device, and now turn it off:\n`ifconfig wlx5056bfad2a2a down` (replace \"wlx5056bfad2a2a\" with your device )\n\nfire up the macchanger's help to see our options: \n`macchanger --help`\n### It will return an output like this: \n>GNU MAC Changer\n>Usage: macchanger [options] device\n>\n>  -h,  --help                   Print this help\n>  -V,  --version                Print version and exit\n>  -s,  --show                   Print the MAC address and exit\n>  -e,  --ending                 Don't change the vendor bytes\n>  -a,  --another                Set random vendor MAC of the same kind\n>  -A                            Set random vendor MAC of any kind\n>  -p,  --permanent              Reset to original, permanent hardware MAC\n>  -r,  --random                 Set fully random MAC\n>  -l,  --list[=keyword]         Print known vendors\n>  -b,  --bia                    Pretend to be a burned-in-address\n>  -m,  --mac=XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX\n>       --mac XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX  Set the MAC XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX\n\n### What we can do here?\n - print the current MAC address with the `-s` option\n -  generate and change the MAC address from the same manufacturer with the option `-e`\n -  get a new MAC from the same kind but from a random manufacturer with the option `-a`\n -  set up a random one `-r`\n - define a MAC address (from a Whitelist) and pretend to be someone else with `-m=\"MAC_ADDRESS\"`\n - or we can revert to the original one with the `-p`\nHow we use it? \n`macchanger -a wlx5056bfad2a2a` _(again replace \"wlx5056bfad2a2a\" with your device ) _\nreturn: \n> Current MAC:   50:56:bf:XX:XX:XX (Samsung Electronics Co.,LTD)\n> Permanent MAC: 50:56:bf:XX:XX:XX (Samsung Electronics Co.,LTD)\n> New MAC:       00:14:83:ed:d9:4d (eXS Inc.)\nIf you've forgotten to turn it down with ifconfig you'll get an error\n> [ERROR] Could not change MAC: interface up or insufficient permissions: Device or resource busy\n\n## 4,  What we really can do with our network cards? \nEvery Network Adapter has 2 modes: Managed, and Monitoring.\n - Managed mode: The network devices only picks up the packages sent to it. (the packets destination MAC is your one). This is the default usage like, connected to a network and browsing the internet.\n - Monitor mode: Capable capturing ANY packets what is in the WIFI Range. However the packets are encrypted. We can see the source and the destination of the packets as well as the available clients (if there is a White List - WL)\n\n#### How we can enable this monitoring mode? \nIn linux it's easy, just use the `airmon-ng` command from the aircrack-ng packages.\n(make sure your adapter is still down) than just punch in the following command:\n`airmon-ng start wlx5056bfad2a2a`  (replace \"wlx5056bfad2a2a\" with your device )\nreturns:\n> Found 5 processes that could cause trouble.\n> If airodump-ng, aireplay-ng or airtun-ng stops working after\n> a short period of time, you may want to kill (some of) them!\n> \n> PID\tName\n> 996\tNetworkManager\n> 1183\twpa_supplicant\n> 11813\tdhclient\n> \n> Interface\tChipset\t\tDriver\n> wlx5056bfad2a2a\t\tRalink RT2870/3070\trt2800usb - [phy0]\n> \t\t\t\t(monitor mode enabled on mon0)\n\nso we get a new device *mon0* what is technically the same network card in your PC / Laptop but in monitoring mode.\nyou can check by entering `iwconfig` to the terminal again.\n>mon0      IEEE 802.11abgn  Mode:Monitor  Frequency:2.412 GHz  Tx-Power=20 dBm   \n>          Retry short limit:7   RTS thr:off   Fragment thr:off\n>          Power Management:off\n\nAs you can see it's the same just in Mode:Monitor.\n\nI'll continue with some more in the next chapter!",
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      "body": "<html>\n<p>I'm quite sure not the only one who was tagged as geek when I was a kid... but there was a trick what always provided more gratitude than anything else... I'd like to share this story...<br>\n<br>\nSo When I first turned up at a mate's with my laptop... instead of full with movies and games I was the wierdo - having a Linux on it, called Backtrack. I usually steered the conversation towards some topic what would require some googling (back in the day there were no smart phones.. ) asked for the wifi password, and popped the question, \"Ohh.. you know what? .. I don't need your pw. I can crack your wifi\" ... noone really believed me.. \"Sure.. If you want to see it ...\" than I just cracked it. Everyone was amazed, and I've gained some popularity.<br>\nSince than the technology changed a lot. &nbsp;But this is how a Trick turned into a hobby than a profession.<br>\n<br>\n<strong>Hey, Let's get Started!</strong></p>\n<p><strong>1, What do we use?&nbsp;</strong></p>\n<p>We use Linux! <br>\nPreferably <strong>Kali</strong>, But <strong>Ubuntu</strong> or any flavour is suitable if you can get hold of the aircrack-ng and the macchanger packages. With Kali it's installed on default, in any other options you have to install it manually.<br>\n<br>\n<code>sudo apt-get update<br>\nsudo apt-get install macchanger aircrack-ng<br>\n</code><br>\n<strong>2, Network know-how </strong>(Boring but necessary)</p>\n<p><em><strong>What a network really is?</strong></em> - Bunch of connected devices to be able to transfer data and sharing resources between each-other.<br>\nBy method you can have wired or wireless one, in terms of use makes no difference - transferring the same packages towards it's destination.</p>\n<p><em><strong>How your local networks works? </strong></em>You usually connect your device to a router / modem (later on Access Point or AP) what forwards your requests through the Internet Service Provider's (ISP's) network to it's destination.<br>\nhttp://tinypic.com/r/ivx08j/9<br>\nin a nutshell, for example you'd like to visit facebook.com, your PC send a request to your local network, the router/modem gets it on the ISP's network, and through the wide internet it reaches it's destination, facebook in response sends you the data, and it's traveling the same way back, till it reaches your PC and the page displays.</p>\n<p><em><strong>How it's been transferred?</strong></em> All the data, images, HTML code, CSS, Videos are broken down to small pieces packets. These Packets have a destination address, and circulating in the system until it's life expires or reaches it's destination.<br>\nIn case of your local network using WIFI, all the packets are broadcasted in the air, so theoretically anyone in the range would be able capture and read them. (however all the packets are encrypted, so only the ones on the same network as you can decrypt them.)</p>\n<p>Will be continued in the next Chapter!<br>\n</p>\n</html>",
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