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      "body": "Congratulations @articulate! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@articulate/birthday2.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 2 years!</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@articulate) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](http://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=articulate)_</sub>\n\n\n**Do not miss the last post from @steemitboard:**\n<table><tr><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/japanese/@steemitboard/new-japanese-speaking-community-steem-meetup-badge\"><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/64x128/https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmRWbAjbeETEaqSPLcpwYX1JN5pZhdPffv4q6DaBs6xvZm/image.png\"></a></td><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/japanese/@steemitboard/new-japanese-speaking-community-steem-meetup-badge\">New  japanese speaking community Steem Meetup badge</a></td></tr></table>\n\n###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!",
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      "author": "articulate",
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      "title": "The world of crypto and politics are still pretty separate. Here's how that could change",
      "body": "<html>\n<p>When it first emerged, Bitcoin was a dream of libertarians and anarcho-capitalists. It was a payment system which had no need for central banks or governments. It's safe to say that libertarian-minded people have most definitely been an intellectual bulwark for crypto. But they have not gone on any great crusade with it, or fought any significant campaign on the back of it.</p>\n<p>Recently, I found out about BitNation, built on the Ethereum platform. When I made an account and looked around, I found it was a tad limited - but then again, I don't exactly know what I was expecting. <a href=\"https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/bitnation-or-bust\">Vice wasn't too hot about it either. </a>Years ago, when I was first learning about cryptocurrencies, I took private notes on what possibilities there could be. I believed crypto could be expanded into search engines (think of Google's monopoly on search traffic, despite it being integral to the operation of the internet), online marketplaces, web hosting and publishing, and content aggregation (the latter two of which have been partially realised today in the form of Steemit), then into the automatic management of driverless vehicles, 3D printers, energy production/distribution, and finally the services carried out by governments - namely, health, education, welfare and security/policing. Together, that would form a 'cryptostate'.&nbsp;</p>\n<p>In terms of providing governmental services, there is some ambition evident in Bitnation, but it remains coloured by the libertarianism of those who support Bitnation, and crypto more generally. My vision was democratic control of the cryptostate through delegative democracy, with the eventual intention that it could not be opted out of, but with protections for individuals to prevent the system being a 'dictatorship of the majority'. The vision of Bitnation's supporters seems to be that we should abolish conventional nation states, and allow people to opt in or out of DBVNs as they please. But my vision of a cryptostate would encompass every possible service - including, eventually, the capacity of developing more services, which would lead to a singularity scenario - and there would thus be no reason for anyone to want to opt out, because in doing so would be disconnecting themselves from society and the economy.&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Me and Bitnation clash there. But there's also the more commonplace concern that incredibly wealthy people will simply opt out of all DBVNs and therefore also any obligation to pay taxes - while poverty remains rife - and will accumulate ever more wealth until they control the system and it's a de facto dictatorship anyway. Bitnation supporters (Bitnationalists?) argue the wealthy would be kept in check by a reputation system. Which sounds promising and interesting - if hard rules are coded into the system that penalise reputation rather than arrest people for non-payment of taxes, and the reputations of others are penalised for doing business with and helping people who are harming society.&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Reputation would also need to have tangible effects within the system and not just be an indicator for individuals seeking to do business with you, which everyone could easily disregard if the system collapsed. By that, I mean, if you have the lowest reputation possible, you should be at the back of the queue for all services. That seems perfectly consistent with libertarian theory to me - it wouldn't mean arresting people and throwing them in jail or holding them at gunpoint, the most common complaint they seem to have. But it depends if Bitnationalists are actually keen on this. Or if the reputation system can be opted out of as well, in which case the whole thing somewhat falls apart.</p>\n<p>I think one of the bigger challenges Bitnation and crypto overall faces is recognition by societies and governments. The most high-profile and significant acceptances of crypto into the mainstream has been the adoption of blockchain technologies by the financial sector. Asides from that, many libertarian-minded people are quite content to shun government recognition completely - even as governments seek to encroach on vital internet freedoms and civil liberties. Many believe it is simply a matter of developing tools robust enough that governments cannot crack them. For example, ever better encryption, ever more versatile tools like Tor. But I believe that approach is limited. To a certain extent, we also need to be actively participative in the system - not complacent.</p>\n<p>I would advocate an alternative kind of cryptostate. One which mimics conventional nation states, with:&nbsp;</p>\n<ol>\n  <li>a population determining itself to be part of the cryptostate</li>\n  <li>territorial claims&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>the capacity to enter into relations with other states (and the will to be part of the international community and the 'brotherhood of nations')&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>a government, operated by a parliament</li>\n</ol>\n<p>Let me break that down.</p>\n<h1>1. A population</h1>\n<p>This would be made up of people authenticating their identities on the blockchain then ticking a box claiming citizenship as part of the new state.&nbsp;</p>\n<h1>2. Territorial claims</h1>\n<p>Citizens would be able to authenticate ownership of land (as recognised by their local conventional nation state) on the blockchain, and submit this as a territorial claim.&nbsp;</p>\n<h1>3. International relations</h1>\n<p>The government would likely have a Foreign Minister responsible for appointing ambassadors, establishing physical embassies and campaigning for international recognition.</p>\n<h1>4. Government (and parliament)</h1>\n<p>This is the key innovation compared to other cryptostate models. Parliament would be elected by citizens, who would have powers to petition for recall of members as necessary. There would be a system of delegative democracy - for example, to save yourself going through and voting for 100 people, you could vote for one person, a delegate, to do so on your behalf, perhaps a group or party leader. The more votes a delegate has, the more powerful they are in determining who serves in parliament. Citizens would also be able to vote for changes to the Constitution, which would require a supermajority (either two-thirds or three-quarters support, and requiring an initial number of signatures) as well as recalling previously elected members of Parliament.&nbsp;</p>\n<p>I would envision the head of government would then in turn be elected by Parliament, rather than being elected directly by citizens. The head of government (a Prime Minister, if you like) would put together a cabinet, including a foreign minister but also ministers to develop standard governmental services - health, education, policing, environmental protection, and so on. We could integrate with Bitnation in providing some services to prevent duplication, and consider in-house services later on. A finance minister would be responsible for raising cryptocurrency funds in order to provide the services, by seeking donations, then later by establishing a reputation system to provide priority access to governmental services for higher donors.</p>\n<p>My point is, if we have some of the structures and characteristics of a conventional state, while maintaining the basis of cryptography and the blockchain, we can win recognition, work with conventional governments on areas of common interests, and win legitimacy which will attract more people to the cause.</p>\n</html>",
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      "permlink": "the-total-value-of-all-crypto-is-usd81-bn-the-combined-economies-of-these-countries-produce-that-in-a-year",
      "title": "The total value of all crypto is $81 bn. The combined economies of these countries produce that in a year.",
      "body": "<html>\n<h1><a href=\"http://i.imgur.com/aE5MaEJ.png\">Map.</a></h1>\n<h2>(sorry for no embedded image, editor not working)</h2>\n<h2>List of countries (and dependencies):</h2>\n<ul>\n  <li>Fiji</li>\n  <li>Barbados</li>\n  <li>Sierra Leone</li>\n  <li>Swaziland</li>\n  <li>Togo</li>\n  <li>Montenegro</li>\n  <li>Virgin Islands (U.S.)</li>\n  <li>Maldives</li>\n  <li>Andorra</li>\n  <li>Guyana</li>\n  <li>Burundi</li>\n  <li>Faroe Islands</li>\n  <li>Greenland</li>\n  <li>Lesotho</li>\n  <li>Bhutan</li>\n  <li>Liberia &nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>Belize &nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>Djibouti &nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>Cabo Verde &nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>Central African Republic &nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>Timor-Leste &nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>Seychelles &nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>St. Lucia &nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>Antigua and Barbuda &nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>Solomon Islands &nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>Guinea-Bissau &nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>Grenada &nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>The Gambia &nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>Northern Mariana Islands &nbsp;</li>\n  <li>St. Kitts and Nevis &nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>Samoa &nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>Vanuatu &nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>St. Vincent and the Grenadines &nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>American Samoa &nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>Comoros &nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>Dominica &nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>Tonga &nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>São Tomé and Principe &nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>Federated States of Micronesia &nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>Palau &nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>Marshall Islands &nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>Kiribati &nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>Nauru &nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>Tuvalu</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Countries/dependencies not included:</h2>\n<ul>\n  <li>Aruba &nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>British Virgin Islands &nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>Cayman Islands &nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>Channel Islands &nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>Curaçao &nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>Eritrea &nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>French Polynesia &nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>Gibraltar &nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>North Korea &nbsp;</li>\n  <li>Libya &nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>Monaco &nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>New Caledonia &nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>San Marino &nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>Sint Maarten&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>St. Martin &nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>Syria &nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>Turks and Caicos Islands &nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>Venezuela</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Data source: <a href=\"https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=1&amp;cad=rja&amp;uact=8&amp;sqi=2&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjYk67A9YbUAhWrKsAKHeeNAHIQFggkMAA&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fdatabank.worldbank.org%2Fdata%2Fdownload%2FGDP.xls&amp;usg=AFQjCNGHgCwgT8ORkAY6LAc2tH2o_mMcGQ&amp;sig2=IYV3C2t1Rpq-BdahXY03YQ\">World Bank (click for spreadsheet download)</a></p>\n<p>~ @articulate</p>\n</html>",
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      "body": "Welcome to steemit! Looking out for your posts 😛",
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      "title": "Basic Introductions #1 | Politics and the State",
      "body": "<html>\n<h1><img src=\"https://images.pexels.com/photos/129112/pexels-photo-129112.jpeg?w=740&amp;h=450&amp;auto=compress&amp;cs=tinysrgb\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\"/></h1>\n<p><em>Basic Introductions covers a range of topics of interest to me. The series discusses important, must-know ideas, in terms everyone can understand.</em></p>\n<p><em>This article explains what politics means, as well as what a state is. I've also provided a history of the state and its role. This will help you understand why politics is a part of society.</em> &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p><em>This article is a </em><em><strong>6 minute read.</strong></em></p>\n<h1>What is 'politics'?</h1>\n<p><img src=\"https://images.pexels.com/photos/70292/pexels-photo-70292.jpeg?w=740&amp;h=450&amp;auto=compress&amp;cs=tinysrgb\" width=\"674\" height=\"450\"/></p>\n<p>You might know the word from hearing it. But what does it mean? Politics means 'how we organise people and society'. In particular, think of decisions a group makes, which affects all them. Even if some don't agree. That's politics.<br>\n<br>\nThink of taxes and laws. Few people want to pay taxes, and many would love to break laws, but we must follow them anyway. Some argue this is unfair. Others say it's necessary to fund vital services, and stop crime.<br>\n<br>\nPolitics isn't always about governments. Anywhere groups make decisions, regardless whether all agree, politics happens. That applies to any group of people. They could be in a school, a workplace (think the term 'office politics'), or a homeowners' association. But the most important kind of politics is that involving governments - or rather, states. That's what 'politics', as a general term, usually means.&nbsp;</p>\n<h1><strong>What is a state?</strong></h1>\n<p><img src=\"https://images.pexels.com/photos/128979/pexels-photo-128979.jpeg?w=740&amp;h=450&amp;auto=compress&amp;cs=tinysrgb\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\"/></p>\n<p>A state is an organised community living under a single political system. The word 'state' is usually replaceable with 'country' or 'nation'. States are 'sovereign states' in full. This is because some communities called 'states' are not countries. For example, the fifty states of the US. Under <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo_Convention\">international law,</a> a state must have four characteristics: &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<h2><strong>1. A permanent population&nbsp;</strong></h2>\n<p><img src=\"https://images.pexels.com/photos/280221/pexels-photo-280221.jpeg?w=740&amp;h=450&amp;auto=compress&amp;cs=tinysrgb\" width=\"675\" height=\"450\"/></p>\n<p>For example, <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System\">Antarctica cannot be a state.</a> Nobody lives there permanently. There are 5,000 temporary residents - scientists from other countries.</p>\n<h2><strong>2. A specific territory</strong></h2>\n<p><img src=\"https://images.pexels.com/photos/348/grass-fence-border-property.jpg?w=740&amp;h=450&amp;auto=compress&amp;cs=tinysrgb\" width=\"679\" height=\"450\"/></p>\n<p>That means specific borders, which the state has sole authority in. No other state can have any authority within them. The territory must be on natural land. Artificial islands or structures cannot be the basis for a territory. This means <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand\">the Principality of Sealand,</a> based on this offshore platform...</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sealand-sky.jpg/800px-Sealand-sky.jpg\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\"/></p>\n<p>...cannot be a state.</p>\n<h2><strong>3. A government</strong></h2>\n<h2><img src=\"https://images.pexels.com/photos/38888/pexels-photo-38888.jpeg?w=740&amp;h=450&amp;auto=compress&amp;cs=tinysrgb\" width=\"675\" height=\"450\"/></h2>\n<p>A government is the state's means of putting into practice the decisions made. A state can have different governments over time. Old ones lose elections, or are overthrown, and new ones win power.<br>\n<br>\nThe state in a territory only changes on occasion. For example, the Soviet Union <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union\">dissolved into fifteen states</a> in 1991.</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Republics_of_the_USSR.svg/640px-Republics_of_the_USSR.svg.png\" width=\"640\" height=\"438\"/></p>\n<p>It existed for 70 years before.</p>\n<h2><strong>4. The ability to have relations with other states.&nbsp;</strong></h2>\n<p><img src=\"https://images.pexels.com/photos/4666/berlin-eu-european-union-federal-chancellery.jpg?w=740&amp;h=450&amp;auto=compress&amp;cs=tinysrgb\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\"/></p>\n<p>Almost all countries have <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_mission\">embassies.</a> These represent one country's interests within another. They are particularly important, for example, in times of war.</p>\n<h1><strong>Why do we have states?</strong></h1>\n<p><img src=\"https://images.pexels.com/photos/169523/pexels-photo-169523.jpeg?w=740&amp;h=450&amp;auto=compress&amp;cs=tinysrgb\" width=\"675\" height=\"450\"/></p>\n<p>The first states emerged after agriculture was invented. People needed food to live. They depended on farm owners. Farms could produce much more food than hunting or gathering.<br>\n<br>\nFarmowners had power. You could trade the surplus food for other goods. Many people could now devote their time to activities other than gathering food.<br>\n<br>\nWith power came the need to defend it with an army, or risk losing it to someone with a bigger army. If a state cannot defend itself from other states, it cannot expect to survive. Kings led armies. They used religion to make themselves legitimate rulers. Under religion, to go against the king's will was not only to risk your life, but your eternal soul.<br>\n<br>\nOnce they consolidated their power, they had the need to organise it. Social hierarchy, technology, trade, writing and law emerged. These were some of the tools for early states.</p>\n<h1><strong>Were the first states all monarchies?</strong></h1>\n<p><img src=\"https://images.pexels.com/photos/260024/pexels-photo-260024.jpeg?w=740&amp;h=450&amp;auto=compress&amp;cs=tinysrgb\" width=\"658\" height=\"450\"/></p>\n<p>For most of human history, monarchies, led by kings and emperors were the main kind of state. There was little difference between the concept of a monarchy and that of a state. <em>'Sovereign' </em>states had that name because a 'sovereign' was a monarch. Monarchs held <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty\">sovereignty,</a> meaning exclusive authority over a territory.<br>\n<br>\nAbsolute monarchism continued through the Middle Ages up to the 15th century. Democracy existed - but it was often short-lived or limited in its scope. The Isle of Man, despite having a <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tynwald\">democratic parliament</a>, remained a British dependency. Ancient Greek and Roman democracy came to an end. Monarchism stifled and limited any elements of democracy.</p>\n<p>Some countries made progress. For example, the signing of <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Carta\">Magna Carta</a> in England limited the monarch's powers. But progress was slow - it only came when monarchs deemed it an absolute necessity to survive. This changed with <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance\">the Renaissance.</a></p>\n<h1><strong>What was liberalism? How did it change the state?</strong></h1>\n<p><img src=\"https://images.pexels.com/photos/7539/pexels-photo.jpeg?w=740&amp;h=450&amp;auto=compress&amp;cs=tinysrgb\" width=\"675\" height=\"450\"/></p>\n<p>The literate few saw opportunities in technologies like <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press\">printing presses.</a> They envisioned a society where everyone could read. <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism\">Liberalism</a> emerged.<br>\n<br>\nLiberals believed:&nbsp;</p>\n<ul>\n  <li>the individual would be the fundamental unit of society</li>\n  <li>the state should preserve freedom - not threaten it</li>\n  <li>the state should guarantee basic civil rights for all &nbsp;</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Matters came to a head when the United States of America fought and won a war of independence. They were the first colony to beat a European power. Europe valued slow, gradual progress. The threat of revolution reformed monarchies to make them more liberal.</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://images.pexels.com/photos/6895/sunset-flag-america-fields.jpg?w=750&amp;h=750&amp;auto=compress&amp;cs=tinysrgb\" width=\"750\" height=\"500\"/><br>\n<br>\nBut hatred of King George III motivated Americans towards another approach. They would build a new state from scratch. Elected delegates and representatives would run it - not a hereditary monarch. It was a <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic\">republic.</a> The United States remains the oldest sovereign republic.</p>\n<p>The state was shifting from serving nobody but a king, towards serving the people. The intellectual driving force behind this shift was liberalism. Liberalism reflected the issues this new class of intellectuals faced. In particular, the state's intrusion on their conscience, free speech, and free thought.&nbsp;</p>\n<h1><strong>What were the flaws of liberalism?</strong></h1>\n<p><img src=\"https://images.pexels.com/photos/221012/pexels-photo-221012.jpeg?w=740&amp;h=450&amp;auto=compress&amp;cs=tinysrgb\" width=\"675\" height=\"450\"/></p>\n<p>One side effect of liberalism's individualism was displacement within communities. For a long time, there had been a general idea. People should act in a way that best helps their communities. Ties existed between people and communities, through this natural duty to serve. But liberalism said the individual, not the community, was the basic unit of society. No such duty existed, and it was individual choice whether to fulfil it. The <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution\">industrial revolution</a> pushed many into work in factories.</p>\n<p>They lived in cramped, poor-quality terraces outside them. There were no air quality controls, poor working conditions - and no sense of community. Everyone was there desperate to escape the widespread poverty of centuries past. &nbsp;&nbsp;Spurring this shift was <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith\">Adam Smith's</a> work, <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations\">The Wealth of Nations.</a> It said society would be generally better if everyone pursued their own self-interest. Even above all else. Published in 1776, it was the intellectual driving force behind the industrial revolution.<br>\n<br>\nThe liberal intelligentsia were rich people. They weren't hurt by this displacement. They were not harmed by the downsides to their school of thought.</p>\n<h1><strong>What is socialism?</strong></h1>\n<p><img src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Karl_Marx.jpg/410px-Karl_Marx.jpg\" width=\"410\" height=\"480\"/></p>\n<p>In 1848, the <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto\">Communist Manifesto</a> by <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx\">Karl Marx</a> was published. This was key in putting a face to <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism\">socialism,</a> a major new political movement. It was rooted in the <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution\">French Revolution of 1789.</a></p>\n<p>Socialists believed:&nbsp;</p>\n<ul>\n  <li>workers should all have equal ownership of farms/factories</li>\n  <li>they should operate them only for their own benefit</li>\n  <li>monarchy, religion, and letting the rich own factories/farms should be abolished&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>the rich performed no labour - but they made an extravagant living&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>this was because they owned the farms/factories and made the profit</li>\n  <li>this happened while workers toiled in poor conditions for little wages.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>They called this flawed system capitalism. It was the latest in a series of systems which had existed since the invention of agriculture. All which oppressed ordinary working people.<br>\n<br>\nIn the decades that would follow, socialism split off into many different tendencies. They each had a different vision of what socialism looked like, and how to achieve it.</p>\n<h1><strong>Why was Marxism revised? How did revisionism change the state?</strong></h1>\n<p><img src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/LeninEnSuizaMarzo1916--barbaroussovietr00mcbr.png\" width=\"387\" height=\"527\"/><img src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Bernstein_Eduard_1895.jpg\" width=\"411\" height=\"550\"/></p>\n<p>By the 20th Century, Marxists realised Marx had championed an economic, not political theory. His writings seemed to suggest they only needed to wait for capitalism to destroy itself. They had no need to overthrow it. Thus, two main schools revised, or changed Marxism:</p>\n<h2>1. Revolutionary revisionism: Marxism-Leninism</h2>\n<p><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin\">Vladimir Lenin</a> led revolutionary revisionism. He led his Bolshevik Party to establish the Soviet Union. This was the world's first communist state. They believed that communism was the only ethical system to run a society, and that capitalism and communism could not exist together. Lenin believed a <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguardism\">'vanguard'</a> - his Bolsheviks - would lead an immediate, permanent, <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_revolution\">worldwide revolution</a> and overthrow all capitalist states, uniting the world under a union of socialist states.</p>\n<h2>2. Democratic revisionism: social democracy</h2>\n<p><img src=\"https://images.pexels.com/photos/258117/pexels-photo-258117.jpeg?w=740&amp;h=450&amp;auto=compress&amp;cs=tinysrgb\" width=\"674\" height=\"450\"/></p>\n<p>Second was democratic revisionism, led by <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein\">Eduard Bernstein.</a> It rejected Marxist ideas of <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_conflict\">class struggle.</a> They didn't believe the idea that <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_materialism\">economic development drove history.</a> They didn't want to overthrow capitalist states. Instead, they tried to get elected to national parliaments. They would use them to improve working and living conditions for ordinary people.<br>\n<br>\nThe West feared global communism, led by the Soviet Union. They also faced the efforts of social democrats to tax the rich more than the poor. To have the state buy major industries like railways, energy and telephone services. To regulate corporations and the financial sector. To introduce healthcare paid for through taxes.<br>\n<br>\nBoth the communist threat and social democracy transformed the state again. It now had an active role in protecting the most vulnerable in society. It would fill the gaps where the self-interest proposed by Adam Smith had failed.</p>\n<p>-</p>\n<h1>Thanks for reading!</h1>\n<h2>If you enjoyed reading, please consider:</h2>\n<ul>\n  <li>upvoting</li>\n  <li>following me</li>\n  <li>commenting</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Let me know:</h2>\n<ul>\n  <li>what you thought of this article</li>\n  <li>if you have any suggestions for the next one</li>\n  <li>if I missed anything or got something wrong</li>\n</ul>\n<p>~ @articulate</p>\n<h2>Image credits:</h2>\n<ul>\n  <li>Karl Marx c/o International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam</li>\n  <li>Lenin c/o Wilhelm Plier</li>\n  <li>Eduard Bernstein c/o German Historical Museum, Berlin</li>\n  <li>Sealand c/o Ryan Lackey</li>\n  <li>Soviet Union map c/o Donk (Wikipedia)</li>\n</ul>\n</html>",
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      "title": "Basic Introductions #1 | Politics and the State",
      "body": "<html>\n<h1>Basic Introductions #1</h1>\n<h2>Politics and the State</h2>\n<p><img src=\"https://images.pexels.com/photos/129112/pexels-photo-129112.jpeg?w=740&amp;h=450&amp;auto=compress&amp;cs=tinysrgb\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\"/></p>\n<p><em>Basic Introductions covers a range of topics of interest to me. The series discusses important, must-know ideas, in terms everyone can understand.</em></p>\n<p><em>This article explains what politics means, as well as what a state is. I've also provided a history of the state and its role. This will help you understand why politics is a part of society.</em> &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p><em>This article is a </em><em><strong>6 minute read.</strong></em></p>\n<h1>What is 'politics'?</h1>\n<p><img src=\"https://images.pexels.com/photos/70292/pexels-photo-70292.jpeg?w=740&amp;h=450&amp;auto=compress&amp;cs=tinysrgb\" width=\"674\" height=\"450\"/></p>\n<p>You might know the word from hearing it. But what does it mean? Politics means 'how we organise people and society'. In particular, think of decisions a group makes, which affects all them. Even if some don't agree. That's politics. <br>\n <br>\nThink of taxes and laws. Few people want to pay taxes, and many would love to break laws, but we must follow them anyway. Some argue this is unfair. Others say it's necessary to fund vital services, and stop crime.<br>\n <br>\nPolitics isn't always about governments. Anywhere groups make decisions, regardless whether all agree, politics happens. That applies to any group of people. They could be in a school, a workplace (think the term 'office politics'), or a homeowners' association. But the most important kind of politics is that involving governments - or rather, states. That's what 'politics', as a general term, usually means.&nbsp;</p>\n<h1><strong>What is a state?</strong></h1>\n<p><img src=\"https://images.pexels.com/photos/128979/pexels-photo-128979.jpeg?w=740&amp;h=450&amp;auto=compress&amp;cs=tinysrgb\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\"/></p>\n<p>A state is an organised community living under a single political system. The word 'state' is usually replaceable with 'country' or 'nation'. States are 'sovereign states' in full. This is because some communities called 'states' are not countries. For example, the fifty states of the US. Under <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo_Convention\">international law,</a> a state must have four characteristics: &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<h2><strong>1. A permanent population&nbsp;</strong></h2>\n<p><img src=\"https://images.pexels.com/photos/280221/pexels-photo-280221.jpeg?w=740&amp;h=450&amp;auto=compress&amp;cs=tinysrgb\" width=\"675\" height=\"450\"/></p>\n<p>For example, <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System\">Antarctica cannot be a state.</a> Nobody lives there permanently. There are 5,000 temporary residents - scientists from other countries.</p>\n<h2><strong>2. A specific territory</strong></h2>\n<p><img src=\"https://images.pexels.com/photos/348/grass-fence-border-property.jpg?w=740&amp;h=450&amp;auto=compress&amp;cs=tinysrgb\" width=\"679\" height=\"450\"/></p>\n<p>That means specific borders, which the state has sole authority in. No other state can have any authority within them. The territory must be on natural land. Artificial islands or structures cannot be the basis for a territory. This means <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Sealand\">the Principality of Sealand,</a> based on this offshore platform...</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sealand-sky.jpg/800px-Sealand-sky.jpg\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\"/></p>\n<p>...cannot be a state.</p>\n<h2><strong>3. A government</strong></h2>\n<h2><img src=\"https://images.pexels.com/photos/38888/pexels-photo-38888.jpeg?w=740&amp;h=450&amp;auto=compress&amp;cs=tinysrgb\" width=\"675\" height=\"450\"/></h2>\n<p>A government is the state's means of putting into practice the decisions made. A state can have different governments over time. Old ones lose elections, or are overthrown, and new ones win power. <br>\n <br>\nThe state in a territory only changes on occasion. For example, the Soviet Union <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union\">dissolved into fifteen states</a> in 1991.</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Republics_of_the_USSR.svg/640px-Republics_of_the_USSR.svg.png\" width=\"640\" height=\"438\"/></p>\n<p>It existed for 70 years before.</p>\n<h2><strong>4. The ability to have relations with other states.&nbsp;</strong></h2>\n<p><img src=\"https://images.pexels.com/photos/4666/berlin-eu-european-union-federal-chancellery.jpg?w=740&amp;h=450&amp;auto=compress&amp;cs=tinysrgb\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\"/></p>\n<p>Almost all countries have <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_mission\">embassies.</a> These represent one country's interests within another. They are particularly important, for example, in times of war.</p>\n<h1><strong>Why do we have states?</strong></h1>\n<p><img src=\"https://images.pexels.com/photos/169523/pexels-photo-169523.jpeg?w=740&amp;h=450&amp;auto=compress&amp;cs=tinysrgb\" width=\"675\" height=\"450\"/></p>\n<p>The first states emerged after agriculture was invented. People needed food to live. They depended on farm owners. Farms could produce much more food than hunting or gathering. <br>\n <br>\nFarmowners had power. You could trade the surplus food for other goods. Many people could now devote their time to activities other than gathering food. <br>\n <br>\nWith power came the need to defend it with an army, or risk losing it to someone with a bigger army. If a state cannot defend itself from other states, it cannot expect to survive. Kings led armies. They used religion to make themselves legitimate rulers. Under religion, to go against the king's will was not only to risk your life, but your eternal soul. <br>\n <br>\nOnce they consolidated their power, they had the need to organise it. Social hierarchy, technology, trade, writing and law emerged. These were some of the tools for early states.</p>\n<h1><strong>Were the first states all monarchies?</strong></h1>\n<p><img src=\"https://images.pexels.com/photos/260024/pexels-photo-260024.jpeg?w=740&amp;h=450&amp;auto=compress&amp;cs=tinysrgb\" width=\"658\" height=\"450\"/></p>\n<p>For most of human history, monarchies, led by kings and emperors were the main kind of state. There was little difference between the concept of a monarchy and that of a state. <em>'Sovereign' </em>states had that name because a 'sovereign' was a monarch. Monarchs held <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty\">sovereignty,</a> meaning exclusive authority over a territory. <br>\n <br>\nAbsolute monarchism continued through the Middle Ages up to the 15th century. Democracy existed - but it was often short-lived or limited in its scope. The Isle of Man, despite having a <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tynwald\">democratic parliament</a>, remained a British dependency. Ancient Greek and Roman democracy came to an end. Monarchism stifled and limited any elements of democracy.</p>\n<p>Some countries made progress. For example, the signing of <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Carta\">Magna Carta</a> in England limited the monarch's powers. But progress was slow - it only came when monarchs deemed it an absolute necessity to survive. This changed with <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance\">the Renaissance.</a></p>\n<h1><strong>What was liberalism? How did it change the state?</strong></h1>\n<p><img src=\"https://images.pexels.com/photos/7539/pexels-photo.jpeg?w=740&amp;h=450&amp;auto=compress&amp;cs=tinysrgb\" width=\"675\" height=\"450\"/></p>\n<p>The literate few saw opportunities in technologies like <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press\">printing presses.</a> They envisioned a society where everyone could read. <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism\">Liberalism</a> emerged.<br>\n<br>\nLiberals believed:&nbsp;</p>\n<ul>\n  <li>the individual would be the fundamental unit of society</li>\n  <li>the state should preserve freedom - not threaten it</li>\n  <li>the state should guarantee basic civil rights for all &nbsp;</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Matters came to a head when the United States of America fought and won a war of independence. They were the first colony to beat a European power. Europe valued slow, gradual progress. The threat of revolution reformed monarchies to make them more liberal. <br>\n<br>\nBut hatred of King George III motivated Americans towards another approach. They would build a new state from scratch. Elected delegates and representatives would run it - not a hereditary monarch. It was a <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic\">republic.</a> The United States remains the oldest sovereign republic.</p>\n<p>The state was shifting from serving nobody but a king, towards serving the people. The intellectual driving force behind this shift was liberalism. Liberalism reflected the issues this new class of intellectuals faced. In particular, the state's intrusion on their conscience, free speech, and free thought.&nbsp;</p>\n<h1><strong>What were the flaws of liberalism?</strong></h1>\n<p><img src=\"https://images.pexels.com/photos/221012/pexels-photo-221012.jpeg?w=740&amp;h=450&amp;auto=compress&amp;cs=tinysrgb\" width=\"675\" height=\"450\"/></p>\n<p>One side effect of liberalism's individualism was displacement within communities. For a long time, there had been a general idea. People should act in a way that best helps their communities. Ties existed between people and communities, through this natural duty to serve. But liberalism said the individual, not the community, was the basic unit of society. No such duty existed, and it was individual choice whether to fulfil it. The <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution\">industrial revolution</a> pushed many into work in factories.</p>\n<p>They lived in cramped, poor-quality terraces outside them. There were no air quality controls, poor working conditions - and no sense of community. Everyone was there desperate to escape the widespread poverty of centuries past. &nbsp;&nbsp;Spurring this shift was <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith\">Adam Smith's</a> work, <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations\">The Wealth of Nations.</a> It said society would be generally better if everyone pursued their own self-interest. Even above all else. Published in 1776, it was the intellectual driving force behind the industrial revolution. <br>\n <br>\nThe liberal intelligentsia were rich people. They weren't hurt by this displacement. They were not harmed by the downsides to their school of thought.</p>\n<h1><strong>What is socialism?</strong></h1>\n<p><img src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Karl_Marx.jpg/410px-Karl_Marx.jpg\" width=\"410\" height=\"480\"/></p>\n<p>In 1848, the <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto\">Communist Manifesto</a> by <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx\">Karl Marx</a> was published. This was key in putting a face to <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism\">socialism,</a> a major new political movement. It was rooted in the <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution\">French Revolution of 1789.</a></p>\n<p>Socialists believed:&nbsp;</p>\n<ul>\n  <li>workers should all have equal ownership of farms/factories</li>\n  <li>they should operate them only for their own benefit</li>\n  <li>monarchy, religion, and letting the rich own factories/farms should be abolished&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>the rich performed no labour - but they made an extravagant living&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>this was because they owned the farms/factories and made the profit</li>\n  <li>this happened while workers toiled in poor conditions for little wages.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>They called this flawed system capitalism. It was the latest in a series of systems which had existed since the invention of agriculture. All which oppressed ordinary working people.<br>\n<br>\nIn the decades that would follow, socialism split off into many different tendencies. They each had a different vision of what socialism looked like, and how to achieve it.</p>\n<h1><strong>Why was Marxism revised? How did revisionism change the state?</strong></h1>\n<p><img src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/LeninEnSuizaMarzo1916--barbaroussovietr00mcbr.png\" width=\"387\" height=\"527\"/><img src=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Bernstein_Eduard_1895.jpg\" width=\"411\" height=\"550\"/></p>\n<p>By the 20th Century, Marxists realised Marx had championed an economic, not political theory. His writings seemed to suggest they only needed to wait for capitalism to destroy itself. They had no need to overthrow it. Thus, two main schools revised, or changed Marxism:</p>\n<h2>1. Revolutionary revisionism: Marxism-Leninism</h2>\n<p><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin\">Vladimir Lenin</a> led revolutionary revisionism. He led his Bolshevik Party to establish the Soviet Union. This was the world's first communist state. They believed that communism was the only ethical system to run a society, and that capitalism and communism could not exist together. Lenin believed a <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguardism\">'vanguard'</a> - his Bolsheviks - would lead an immediate, permanent, <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_revolution\">worldwide revolution</a> and overthrow all capitalist states, uniting the world under a union of socialist states.</p>\n<h2>2. Democratic revisionism: social democracy</h2>\n<p><img src=\"https://images.pexels.com/photos/258117/pexels-photo-258117.jpeg?w=740&amp;h=450&amp;auto=compress&amp;cs=tinysrgb\" width=\"674\" height=\"450\"/></p>\n<p>Second was democratic revisionism, led by <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein\">Eduard Bernstein.</a> It rejected Marxist ideas of <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_conflict\">class struggle.</a> They didn't believe the idea that <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_materialism\">economic development drove history.</a> They didn't want to overthrow capitalist states. Instead, they tried to get elected to national parliaments. They would use them to improve working and living conditions for ordinary people.<br>\n <br>\nThe West feared global communism, led by the Soviet Union. They also faced the efforts of social democrats to tax the rich more than the poor. To have the state buy major industries like railways, energy and telephone services. To regulate corporations and the financial sector. To introduce healthcare paid for through taxes. <br>\n <br>\nBoth the communist threat and social democracy transformed the state again. It now had an active role in protecting the most vulnerable in society. It would fill the gaps where the self-interest proposed by Adam Smith had failed.</p>\n<p>-</p>\n<h1>Thanks for reading!</h1>\n<h2>If you enjoyed reading, please consider:</h2>\n<ul>\n  <li>upvoting</li>\n  <li>following me</li>\n  <li>commenting</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Let me know:</h2>\n<ul>\n  <li>what you thought of this article</li>\n  <li>if you have any suggestions for the next one</li>\n  <li>if I missed anything or got something wrong</li>\n</ul>\n<p>~ @articulate</p>\n<h2>Image credits:</h2>\n<ul>\n  <li>Karl Marx c/o International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam</li>\n  <li>Lenin c/o Wilhelm Plier</li>\n  <li>Eduard Bernstein c/o German Historical Museum, Berlin</li>\n  <li>Sealand c/o Ryan Lackey</li>\n  <li>Soviet Union map c/o Donk (Wikipedia)</li>\n</ul>\n</html>",
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