Ecoer Logo
VOTING POWER100.00%
DOWNVOTE POWER100.00%
RESOURCE CREDITS100.00%
REPUTATION PROGRESS64.31%
Net Worth
7.854USD
STEEM
0.000STEEM
SBD
0.000SBD
Own SP
145.128SP

Detailed Balance

STEEM
balance
0.000STEEM
market_balance
0.000STEEM
savings_balance
0.000STEEM
reward_steem_balance
0.000STEEM
STEEM POWER
Own SP
145.128SP
Delegated Out
0.000SP
Delegation In
0.000SP
Effective Power
145.128SP
Reward SP (pending)
0.000SP
SBD
sbd_balance
0.000SBD
sbd_conversions
0.000SBD
sbd_market_balance
0.000SBD
savings_sbd_balance
0.000SBD
reward_sbd_balance
0.000SBD
{
  "balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "savings_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "reward_steem_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "vesting_shares": "236325.405341 VESTS",
  "delegated_vesting_shares": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "received_vesting_shares": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "savings_sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "reward_sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "conversions": []
}

Account Info

nameandrew.power
id99169
rank13,685
reputation1178832128462
created2016-09-29T17:14:15
recovery_accountsteem
proxyNone
post_count4
comment_count0
lifetime_vote_count0
witnesses_voted_for0
last_post2016-10-25T13:09:06
last_root_post2016-10-25T13:09:06
last_vote_time2016-10-25T22:24:15
proxied_vsf_votes0, 0, 0, 0
can_vote1
voting_power9,950
delayed_votes0
balance0.000 STEEM
savings_balance0.000 STEEM
sbd_balance0.000 SBD
savings_sbd_balance0.000 SBD
vesting_shares236325.405341 VESTS
delegated_vesting_shares0.000000 VESTS
received_vesting_shares0.000000 VESTS
reward_vesting_balance0.000000 VESTS
vesting_balance0.000 STEEM
vesting_withdraw_rate0.000000 VESTS
next_vesting_withdrawal1969-12-31T23:59:59
withdrawn0
to_withdraw0
withdraw_routes0
savings_withdraw_requests0
last_account_recovery1970-01-01T00:00:00
reset_accountnull
last_owner_update1970-01-01T00:00:00
last_account_update1970-01-01T00:00:00
minedNo
sbd_seconds132,621,786
sbd_last_interest_payment2016-10-14T10:02:24
savings_sbd_last_interest_payment1970-01-01T00:00:00
{
  "id": 99169,
  "name": "andrew.power",
  "owner": {
    "weight_threshold": 1,
    "account_auths": [],
    "key_auths": [
      [
        "STM7AWmJ8euFFX3hMgVZyVPQYRBH83MspHTaU9JaGat1djbbnPHNf",
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "active": {
    "weight_threshold": 1,
    "account_auths": [],
    "key_auths": [
      [
        "STM6PJmNwSDAp1WcyqwifcfmJm7gpwB2852WHdCF4BMi93rMo46rK",
        1
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  },
  "posting": {
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    "account_auths": [],
    "key_auths": [
      [
        "STM5ED5NVJuWw8H9wPAdg5E1jGT1Bn4uxAQ4CHNeu3sz8oRPsd5ku",
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "memo_key": "STM6beorAJXYVQbFsk54Ckqc1brk9DR69xEj2YTLPRARc45t6fbug",
  "json_metadata": "",
  "posting_json_metadata": "",
  "proxy": "",
  "last_owner_update": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "last_account_update": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "created": "2016-09-29T17:14:15",
  "mined": false,
  "recovery_account": "steem",
  "last_account_recovery": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "reset_account": "null",
  "comment_count": 0,
  "lifetime_vote_count": 0,
  "post_count": 4,
  "can_vote": true,
  "voting_manabar": {
    "current_mana": 9950,
    "last_update_time": 1477434255
  },
  "downvote_manabar": {
    "current_mana": 0,
    "last_update_time": 1475169255
  },
  "voting_power": 9950,
  "balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "savings_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "sbd_seconds": "132621786",
  "sbd_seconds_last_update": "2016-10-26T21:33:24",
  "sbd_last_interest_payment": "2016-10-14T10:02:24",
  "savings_sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "savings_sbd_seconds": "0",
  "savings_sbd_seconds_last_update": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "savings_sbd_last_interest_payment": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "savings_withdraw_requests": 0,
  "reward_sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "reward_steem_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "reward_vesting_balance": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "reward_vesting_steem": "0.000 STEEM",
  "vesting_shares": "236325.405341 VESTS",
  "delegated_vesting_shares": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "received_vesting_shares": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "vesting_withdraw_rate": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "next_vesting_withdrawal": "1969-12-31T23:59:59",
  "withdrawn": 0,
  "to_withdraw": 0,
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  "curation_rewards": 0,
  "posting_rewards": 162862,
  "proxied_vsf_votes": [
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    0,
    0
  ],
  "witnesses_voted_for": 0,
  "last_post": "2016-10-25T13:09:06",
  "last_root_post": "2016-10-25T13:09:06",
  "last_vote_time": "2016-10-25T22:24:15",
  "post_bandwidth": 10000,
  "pending_claimed_accounts": 0,
  "vesting_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "reputation": "1178832128462",
  "transfer_history": [],
  "market_history": [],
  "post_history": [],
  "vote_history": [],
  "other_history": [],
  "witness_votes": [],
  "tags_usage": [],
  "guest_bloggers": [],
  "rank": 13685
}

Withdraw Routes

IncomingOutgoing
Empty
Empty
{
  "incoming": [],
  "outgoing": []
}
From Date
To Date
2019/10/01 08:32:42
parent authorandrew.power
parent permlinkarchaeological-series-2-the-archaeological-record
authorsteemitboard
permlinksteemitboard-notify-andrewpower-20191001t083242000z
title
bodyCongratulations @andrew.power! You received a personal award! <table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@andrew.power/birthday3.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 3 years!</td></tr></table> <sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@andrew.power) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=andrew.power)_</sub> ###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!
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Transaction InfoBlock #36898033/Trx 488928843758ece34a75d2724ff5d0f6a33dfbcb
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2019-10-01T08:32:42",
  "op": [
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      "parent_author": "andrew.power",
      "parent_permlink": "archaeological-series-2-the-archaeological-record",
      "author": "steemitboard",
      "permlink": "steemitboard-notify-andrewpower-20191001t083242000z",
      "title": "",
      "body": "Congratulations @andrew.power! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@andrew.power/birthday3.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 3 years!</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@andrew.power) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=andrew.power)_</sub>\n\n\n###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!",
      "json_metadata": "{\"image\":[\"https://steemitboard.com/img/notify.png\"]}"
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}
2018/10/16 09:30:09
voterbaehrix
authorandrew.power
permlinkarchaeological-series-2-the-archaeological-record
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #26854354/Trx 0e12c32c792c3dfc13e141f7c80ced35ba201d0f
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "op": [
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    {
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      "weight": 10000
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  ]
}
2018/10/16 09:29:06
voterbaehrix
authorandrew.power
permlinkthe-secret-science
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #26854333/Trx 3b90b0e8e92810e5e3b1c9f49e255ef536f4c905
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "3b90b0e8e92810e5e3b1c9f49e255ef536f4c905",
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  "op": [
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    {
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}
2018/09/29 18:21:51
parent authorandrew.power
parent permlinkarchaeological-series-2-the-archaeological-record
authorsteemitboard
permlinksteemitboard-notify-andrewpower-20180929t182153000z
title
bodyCongratulations @andrew.power! You have received a personal award! [![](https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@andrew.power/birthday2.png)](http://steemitboard.com/@andrew.power) 2 Years on Steemit <sub>_Click on the badge to view your Board of Honor._</sub> **Do not miss the last post from @steemitboard:** <table><tr><td><a href="https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/steemitboard-knock-out-by-hardfork"><img src="https://steemitimages.com/64x128/https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmSPagmBYytsJBn8FwewvqDFRphP6swbbndADgYEsaLNkZ/image.png"></a></td><td><a href="https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/steemitboard-knock-out-by-hardfork">SteemitBoard knock out by hardfork</a></td></tr></table> > Support [SteemitBoard's project](https://steemit.com/@steemitboard)! **[Vote for its witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1)** and **get one more award**!
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Transaction InfoBlock #26375727/Trx 2eee1dfdb874a3af560e32ebfc58847dc6cf8f5a
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "timestamp": "2018-09-29T18:21:51",
  "op": [
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    {
      "parent_author": "andrew.power",
      "parent_permlink": "archaeological-series-2-the-archaeological-record",
      "author": "steemitboard",
      "permlink": "steemitboard-notify-andrewpower-20180929t182153000z",
      "title": "",
      "body": "Congratulations @andrew.power! You have received a personal award!\n\n[![](https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@andrew.power/birthday2.png)](http://steemitboard.com/@andrew.power)  2 Years on Steemit\n<sub>_Click on the badge to view your Board of Honor._</sub>\n\n\n**Do not miss the last post from @steemitboard:**\n<table><tr><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/steemitboard-knock-out-by-hardfork\"><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/64x128/https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmSPagmBYytsJBn8FwewvqDFRphP6swbbndADgYEsaLNkZ/image.png\"></a></td><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/steemitboard-knock-out-by-hardfork\">SteemitBoard knock out by hardfork</a></td></tr></table>\n\n> Support [SteemitBoard's project](https://steemit.com/@steemitboard)! **[Vote for its witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1)** and **get one more award**!",
      "json_metadata": "{\"image\":[\"https://steemitboard.com/img/notify.png\"]}"
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smitopblockchain operation: transfer from savings
2018/08/02 00:21:33
fromsmitop
request id20091
toandrew.power
amount0.001 SBD
memoHi, it looks like you're not voting for any witnesses. Witnesses help secure the Steem network. You should vote for some, at https://steemit.com/~witnesses, or by pressing 'Vote for witnesses' in the Steemit sidebar (top right corner). I'm a bot.
Transaction InfoBlock #24700280/Trx cd19e662604d3f2cf8561bddd0796a5b84076e30
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "cd19e662604d3f2cf8561bddd0796a5b84076e30",
  "block": 24700280,
  "trx_in_block": 0,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-08-02T00:21:33",
  "op": [
    "transfer_from_savings",
    {
      "from": "smitop",
      "request_id": 20091,
      "to": "andrew.power",
      "amount": "0.001 SBD",
      "memo": "Hi, it looks like you're not voting for any witnesses. Witnesses help secure the Steem network. You should vote for some, at https://steemit.com/~witnesses, or by pressing 'Vote for witnesses' in the Steemit sidebar (top right corner). I'm a bot."
    }
  ]
}
2017/09/29 17:45:03
parent authorandrew.power
parent permlinkarchaeological-series-2-the-archaeological-record
authorsteemitboard
permlinksteemitboard-notify-andrewpower-20170929t174505000z
title
bodyCongratulations @andrew.power! You have received a personal award! [![](https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@andrew.power/birthday1.png)](http://steemitboard.com/@andrew.power) Happy Birthday - 1 Year on Steemit Happy Birthday - 1 Year on Steemit Click on the badge to view your own Board of Honor on SteemitBoard. For more information about this award, click [here](https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/steemitboard-update-8-happy-birthday) > By upvoting this notification, you can help all Steemit users. Learn how [here](https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/http-i-cubeupload-com-7ciqeo-png)!
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Transaction InfoBlock #15897380/Trx 49855683af50e2b60132374483c88cc101c90b7e
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "trx_in_block": 43,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2017-09-29T17:45:03",
  "op": [
    "comment",
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      "author": "steemitboard",
      "permlink": "steemitboard-notify-andrewpower-20170929t174505000z",
      "title": "",
      "body": "Congratulations @andrew.power! You have received a personal award!\n\n[![](https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@andrew.power/birthday1.png)](http://steemitboard.com/@andrew.power)  Happy Birthday - 1 Year on Steemit Happy Birthday - 1 Year on Steemit\nClick on the badge to view your own Board of Honor on SteemitBoard.\n\nFor more information about this award, click [here](https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/steemitboard-update-8-happy-birthday)\n> By upvoting this notification, you can help all Steemit users. Learn how [here](https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/http-i-cubeupload-com-7ciqeo-png)!",
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2017/07/02 22:24:57
parent authorandrew.power
parent permlinkarchaeological-series-2-the-archaeological-record
authorjohojo
permlinkre-andrewpower-archaeological-series-2-the-archaeological-record-20170702t222458093z
title
bodyI hope you will continue posting this kind of material. It is well-written and provides a lot of intriguing information and insight into a field I'd like to know more about. I'm both upvoting and following you. I hope you'll take a look at [**my blog**](https://steemit.com/@johojo) and at my ongoing project [***Manifest Orders***](http://www.manifestorders.com), as well.
json metadata{"tags":["science"],"links":["https://steemit.com/@johojo","http://www.manifestorders.com"],"app":"steemit/0.1"}
Transaction InfoBlock #13342798/Trx 26eadabd4881f3bc923d51159f5646c258e8f0e8
View Raw JSON Data
{
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      "permlink": "re-andrewpower-archaeological-series-2-the-archaeological-record-20170702t222458093z",
      "title": "",
      "body": "I hope you will continue posting this kind of material. It is well-written and provides a lot of intriguing information and insight into a field I'd like to know more about. I'm both upvoting and following you. I hope you'll take a look at [**my blog**](https://steemit.com/@johojo) and at my ongoing project [***Manifest Orders***](http://www.manifestorders.com), as well.",
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}
2017/07/02 22:11:48
voterjohojo
authorandrew.power
permlinkarchaeological-series-2-the-archaeological-record
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #13342535/Trx 5a998b15408411aebff67676b4b061be4c63edb9
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "5a998b15408411aebff67676b4b061be4c63edb9",
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  "timestamp": "2017-07-02T22:11:48",
  "op": [
    "vote",
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      "author": "andrew.power",
      "permlink": "archaeological-series-2-the-archaeological-record",
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}
andrew.powersent 0.671 SBD to @bittrex- "4e45c719ba244669878"
2016/10/26 21:33:24
fromandrew.power
tobittrex
amount0.671 SBD
memo4e45c719ba244669878
Transaction InfoBlock #6180810/Trx 33cea2b0e051be5ebf2d29d1ebcd4664445c46cd
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "op": [
    "transfer",
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      "to": "bittrex",
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      "memo": "4e45c719ba244669878"
    }
  ]
}
andrew.powersent 23.481 STEEM to @bittrex- "cd1d4bd55adf48608d7"
2016/10/26 21:32:33
fromandrew.power
tobittrex
amount23.481 STEEM
memocd1d4bd55adf48608d7
Transaction InfoBlock #6180793/Trx 552326532e95eec080a9b58f3bb900cd069ffa6b
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "timestamp": "2016-10-26T21:32:33",
  "op": [
    "transfer",
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      "from": "andrew.power",
      "to": "bittrex",
      "amount": "23.481 STEEM",
      "memo": "cd1d4bd55adf48608d7"
    }
  ]
}
andrew.powerreceived 23.481 STEEM, 0.671 SBD, 40.563 SP author reward for @andrew.power / archaeological-series-2-the-archaeological-record
2016/10/26 17:57:48
authorandrew.power
permlinkarchaeological-series-2-the-archaeological-record
sbd payout0.671 SBD
steem payout23.481 STEEM
vesting payout66051.843521 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #6176500/Virtual Operation #32
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "block": 6176500,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 32,
  "timestamp": "2016-10-26T17:57:48",
  "op": [
    "author_reward",
    {
      "author": "andrew.power",
      "permlink": "archaeological-series-2-the-archaeological-record",
      "sbd_payout": "0.671 SBD",
      "steem_payout": "23.481 STEEM",
      "vesting_payout": "66051.843521 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
2016/10/26 09:22:09
votercathou009
authorandrew.power
permlinkarchaeological-series-2-the-archaeological-record
weight10000 (100.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #6166273/Trx 9d623fe2cb95db2606897ecde01f36fe58d91555
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "timestamp": "2016-10-26T09:22:09",
  "op": [
    "vote",
    {
      "voter": "cathou009",
      "author": "andrew.power",
      "permlink": "archaeological-series-2-the-archaeological-record",
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2016/10/26 09:21:57
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bodyI agree with @lemouthe. Very good topic! I will follow you.
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2016/10/26 04:45:30
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2016/10/25 22:39:51
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2016/10/25 22:24:15
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2016/10/25 21:40:30
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2016/10/25 21:18:33
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2016/10/25 20:00:51
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2016/10/25 18:01:27
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2016/10/25 18:01:03
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bodyPlease write more on archeology :) i am looking forward to read more
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2016/10/25 18:00:24
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2016/10/25 18:00:21
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2016/10/25 18:00:21
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2016/10/25 18:00:18
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2016/10/25 18:00:15
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2016/10/25 18:00:15
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2016/10/25 18:00:15
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2016/10/25 18:00:15
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2016/10/25 17:59:09
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2016/10/25 17:59:09
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2016/10/25 17:56:51
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2016/10/25 17:56:48
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2016/10/25 17:56:42
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2016/10/25 17:56:39
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2016/10/25 17:56:36
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2016/10/25 17:56:36
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2016/10/25 17:56:33
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2016/10/25 17:55:42
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2016/10/25 14:32:51
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2016/10/25 14:07:54
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2016/10/25 13:42:36
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2016/10/25 13:42:06
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2016/10/25 13:42:03
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2016/10/25 13:40:06
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2016/10/25 13:39:03
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2016/10/25 13:38:15
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2016/10/25 13:38:03
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2016/10/25 13:38:03
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2016/10/25 13:35:39
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2016/10/25 13:35:36
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2016/10/25 13:33:51
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2016/10/25 13:33:18
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2016/10/25 13:33:15
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2016/10/25 13:30:39
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2016/10/25 13:30:36
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2016/10/25 13:29:18
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2016/10/25 13:28:24
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2016/10/25 13:28:21
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2016/10/25 13:09:06
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2016/10/25 13:09:06
parent author
parent permlinkscience
authorandrew.power
permlinkarchaeological-series-2-the-archaeological-record
titleArchaeological Series #2. The Archaeological Record.
bodyMy last entry on archaeology as a topic received some interest so I thought I would make another and if the interest continues it may become a series. ** **Archaeological Data and the influences on what we find.** ![]( http://i64.tinypic.com/oi8oi.jpg) (stock image) The other day one of my flat mates told me he didn’t understand why excavation directors needed to hire so many highly trained and educated experts when it seemed as though teams of skilled laborers would be just as effective. After some annoyance and explanation, he finally realized that excavations are more than just digging up the past and that the wide range of activities and types of object required an equally wide range of specialties and experience to obtain reliable information about the past. Hopefully this post can alleviate some misconceptions of the simplicity of archaeology and allow for those with little to no experience with the field to better understand the epistemological struggles involved with generating dependable results. The data gathered and analyzed by archaeologists consists of what is known as the “archaeological record”. This record is much more complicated and involved than objects and structures buried in soil matrixes. It should be stressed that what is excavated is not a perfect representation of past ways of life; a concept also known as the ‘Pompeii Premise”. There are environmental factors and human decisions that affect both what is deposited and if it preserves long enough to be excavated. Most objects that are found were deposited as garbage and archaeology site are only sites because they were abandoned; this means that the clear majority of finds are not in their context of use or even form of use when uncovered. The material something is made of is possibly the most influencing characteristic that determines whether it preserves long enough to be excavated. Organic materials are the least resistant to deterioration, though they require both water and oxygen to decompose which means that a complete lack of either inhibits decomposition. Inorganic materials vary greatly in their ability to resist degradation, metals do well in all except water inundated environments while stone preserves well in all conditions. In his book Formation Processes of the Archaeological Record Michael Schiffer provides a complete analysis of what effects organic and inorganic materials. The next topics to be aware of are Cultural Formation Processes and Natural Formation Processes. Cultural Formation Processes are how the decisions and activities of the persons involved in the deposition effect what is preserved. These processes include burial practices, reusing items, and disturbance. Natural Formation Processes are natural events, both contemporary with and post deposition, that influence preservation. These range from weather patterns to animal activity to volcanism. These formation processes are what causes variability in the archaeological record, variability which then leads to questions that generate research. ![]( http://i66.tinypic.com/14v7rp.jpg) (From Schiffer 1987) Recycling cooking pots for reuse. ![]( http://i64.tinypic.com/255ncq9.jpg) (From Schiffer 1987) The effect of freeze-thaw on bricks in Colorado Here I will use two well-known archaeological excavations to demonstrate the large range of factors, both cultural and environmental, that create the archaeological record; the Tomb of Tutankhamun and the Uluburun Shipwreck. The Uluburun shipwreck was a Bronze Age trading vessel that went down off the coast of modern day Turkey and was excavated by George Bass. This was a rare type deposition event, a cataclysmic event. This is an event in which deposition was sudden, unintentional, and represented a substantial loss. Since the deposition occurred in a water inundated environment which lacked oxygen, organic preservation was substantially better than at most sites. The earliest example of book with wax inlays, used for teaching was recovered, bolts of cloth, as well as some food products. Though due to worm activity the hull of the vessel was poorly preserved. Additionally, due to the sudden event of deposition it was possible to reconstruct how the cargo would have been arranged in the hold. The crew did not have time to retrieve personal items which allowed researcher to reconstruct where they were from as well as their professions, other than traders/sailors it is evident that one was a skilled bronzeworker that repairs and made tools. ![]( http://i65.tinypic.com/2dlm93t.jpg) (from Bass 2006) The Tomb of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun, excavated by Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon, is in many way at the other end of the spectrum of variability that effects the archaeological record. The tomb is a mortuary deposit, which means that all the items left there were intentional. The cultural implication of this being, that in tombs, the items deposited were not left there by the deceased but are rather other person’s representation of the entombed. Environmentally, the area receives little to no precipitation which limited the amount of moisture that entered the tomb this allowed for excellent organic preservation. Example of textiles and leather footwear were recovered in excellent condition, though do to the excavators’ treatment of the objects they experienced degradation post-excavation. ![]( http://i67.tinypic.com/2ykyjk6.jpg) (from Reeves 1990) Both sites illustrate the cultural and natural processes that can affect preservation in the archaeological record. The full range of each site, though, is much more immense than can be described here. I began this post discussing the need for multiple expertise on a site, hopefully this post can help illustrate the immense range of what a site can look like. **If there are any topics within Archaeology that you would like discussed put them in the comments and I will do my best to create a post on it as soon as I can. A note on the format: I am trying to write these in a way that is easily read and understood. Not all ideas and data presented in this or future posts are my own, nor am I attempting to pass them as such. I have not included any parenthetical citations or footnotes to improve the readability, however, the sources for any work I use that is not my own in origin will ALWAYS be listed at the end of every post, along with further readings. For that reason, if you ever wish for clarification of the source for an idea or data, I will gladly provide it. **The Pompeii Premise** Binford, Lewis R, 1981. Behavior Archaeology and the Pompeii Premise. Journal of Archaeological Research 37(3): 195-208. **Uluburun Shipwreck** Bass, George F, 2006. Bronze Age Shipwrecks in the Eastern Mediterranean. In: Unsal Yalcin The Ship of Uluburun. Bochem: Deutsches Bergbau-Museum. Pg. 1-5. Pulak, Cemal, 2006. The Uluburun Shipwreck. In: Unsal Yalcin The Ship of Uluburun. Bochem: Deutsches Bergbau-Museum. Pg. 6-40. Richards, Nathan, 2008. Ships Graveyards: Abandoned Watercraft and the Archaeological Site Formation Process. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. **Tutankhamun’s Tomb** Reeves, Nicholas, 1990. The Complete Tutankhamun. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd. **Bibliography** Schiffer, Michael B, 1987. Formation Process of the Archaeological Record. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. Tani, Masakazu, 1995. Beyond the Identification of Formation Processes: Behavioral Inference Based on Traces Left by Cultural Formation Processes. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory. Vol. 2 no.3 pg. 231-252. **Further Reading** Clarke, David, 1971. Archaeology: The Loss of Innocence. Antiquity 47: 6-18. Bar-Yosef, Ofer, 1993. Site Formation Processes from a Levantine Viewpoint. In: Paul Goldberg; David T. Nash; Michael D. Petraglia (ed.) Formation Processes in Archaeological Context. Madison, Wisconsin: Prehistory Press. Pg. 13-32. Schiffer, Michael B, 1972. Archaeological Context and Systemic Context. American Antiquity 37(2): 156- 165.
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      "title": "Archaeological Series #2.  The Archaeological Record.",
      "body": "My last entry on archaeology as a topic received some interest so I thought I would make another and if the interest continues it may become a series. **\n\n**Archaeological Data and the influences on what we find.**\n\n![]( http://i64.tinypic.com/oi8oi.jpg)\n(stock image)\n\nThe other day one of my flat mates told me he didn’t understand why excavation directors needed to hire so many highly trained and educated experts when it seemed as though teams of skilled laborers would be just as effective.  After some annoyance and explanation, he finally realized that excavations are more than just digging up the past and that the wide range of activities and types of object required an equally wide range of specialties and experience to obtain reliable information about the past.  Hopefully this post can alleviate some misconceptions of the simplicity of archaeology and allow for those with little to no experience with the field to better understand the epistemological struggles involved with generating dependable results.\n\nThe data gathered and analyzed by archaeologists consists of what is known as the “archaeological record”.  This record is much more complicated and involved than objects and structures buried in soil matrixes.  It should be stressed that what is excavated is not a perfect representation of past ways of life; a concept also known as the ‘Pompeii Premise”.  There are environmental factors and human decisions that affect both what is deposited and if it preserves long enough to be excavated.  Most objects that are found were deposited as garbage and archaeology site are only sites because they were abandoned; this means that the clear majority of finds are not in their context of use or even form of use when uncovered.  \n\nThe material something is made of is possibly the most influencing characteristic that determines whether it preserves long enough to be excavated.  Organic materials are the least resistant to deterioration, though they require both water and oxygen to decompose which means that a complete lack of either inhibits decomposition.  Inorganic materials vary greatly in their ability to resist degradation, metals do well in all except water inundated environments while stone preserves well in all conditions.  In his book Formation Processes of the Archaeological Record Michael Schiffer provides a complete analysis of what effects organic and inorganic materials.\n\nThe next topics to be aware of are Cultural Formation Processes and Natural Formation Processes.  Cultural Formation Processes are how the decisions and activities of the persons involved in the deposition effect what is preserved.  These processes include burial practices, reusing items, and disturbance.  Natural Formation Processes are natural events, both contemporary with and post deposition, that influence preservation.  These range from weather patterns to animal activity to volcanism.  These formation processes are what causes variability in the archaeological record, variability which then leads to questions that generate research.\n![]( http://i66.tinypic.com/14v7rp.jpg)\n(From Schiffer 1987) Recycling cooking pots for reuse.\n![]( http://i64.tinypic.com/255ncq9.jpg)\n(From Schiffer 1987) The effect of freeze-thaw on bricks in Colorado\n\nHere I will use two well-known archaeological excavations to demonstrate the large range of factors, both cultural and environmental, that create the archaeological record; the Tomb of Tutankhamun and the Uluburun Shipwreck.  \n\nThe Uluburun shipwreck was a Bronze Age trading vessel that went down off the coast of modern day Turkey and was excavated by George Bass.  This was a rare type deposition event, a cataclysmic event.  This is an event in which deposition was sudden, unintentional, and represented a substantial loss.  Since the deposition occurred in a water inundated environment which lacked oxygen, organic preservation was substantially better than at most sites.  The earliest example of book with wax inlays, used for teaching was recovered, bolts of cloth, as well as some food products.  Though due to worm activity the hull of the vessel was poorly preserved.  Additionally, due to the sudden event of deposition it was possible to reconstruct how the cargo would have been arranged in the hold.  The crew did not have time to retrieve personal items which allowed researcher to reconstruct where they were from as well as their professions, other than traders/sailors it is evident that one was a skilled bronzeworker that repairs and made tools.  \n![]( http://i65.tinypic.com/2dlm93t.jpg)\n(from Bass 2006)\nThe Tomb of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun, excavated by Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon, is in many way at the other end of the spectrum of variability that effects the archaeological record.  The tomb is a mortuary deposit, which means that all the items left there were intentional.  The cultural implication of this being, that in tombs, the items deposited were not left there by the deceased but are rather other person’s representation of the entombed.  Environmentally, the area receives little to no precipitation which limited the amount of moisture that entered the tomb this allowed for excellent organic preservation.  Example of textiles and leather footwear were recovered in excellent condition, though do to the excavators’ treatment of the objects they experienced degradation post-excavation.  \n![]( http://i67.tinypic.com/2ykyjk6.jpg)\n(from Reeves 1990)\nBoth sites illustrate the cultural and natural processes that can affect preservation in the archaeological record.  The full range of each site, though, is much more immense than can be described here.  I began this post discussing the need for multiple expertise on a site, hopefully this post can help illustrate the immense range of what a site can look like. \n\n**If there are any topics within Archaeology that you would like discussed put them in the comments and I will do my best to create a post on it as soon as I can.  \n\nA note on the format: I am trying to write these in a way that is easily read and understood.  Not all ideas and data presented in this or future posts are my own, nor am I attempting to pass them as such.  I have not included any parenthetical citations or footnotes to improve the readability, however, the sources for any work I use that is not my own in origin will ALWAYS be listed at the end of every post, along with further readings.  For that reason, if you ever wish for clarification of the source for an idea or data, I will gladly provide it.\n\n**The Pompeii Premise**\nBinford, Lewis R, 1981.  Behavior Archaeology and the Pompeii Premise.  Journal of Archaeological \tResearch 37(3): 195-208.\n\n**Uluburun Shipwreck**\nBass, George F, 2006.  Bronze Age Shipwrecks in the Eastern Mediterranean.  In: Unsal Yalcin The Ship of \tUluburun.  Bochem: Deutsches Bergbau-Museum. Pg. 1-5.\n\nPulak, Cemal, 2006.  The Uluburun Shipwreck.  In: Unsal Yalcin The Ship of Uluburun.  Bochem: \t\t\tDeutsches Bergbau-Museum. Pg. 6-40.\n\nRichards, Nathan, 2008.  Ships Graveyards: Abandoned Watercraft and the Archaeological Site \t\t\tFormation Process.  Gainesville: University Press of Florida.\n\n**Tutankhamun’s Tomb**\nReeves, Nicholas, 1990.  The Complete Tutankhamun.  London: Thames and Hudson Ltd.\n\n**Bibliography**\n\nSchiffer, Michael B, 1987.  Formation Process of the Archaeological Record.  Albuquerque: University of \tNew Mexico Press.\n\nTani, Masakazu, 1995.  Beyond the Identification of Formation Processes: Behavioral Inference Based on\t\tTraces Left by Cultural Formation Processes.  Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory.  Vol. \t2 no.3 pg. 231-252.\n\n**Further Reading**\nClarke, David, 1971.  Archaeology: The Loss of Innocence.  Antiquity 47: 6-18.\n\nBar-Yosef, Ofer, 1993.  Site Formation Processes from a Levantine Viewpoint.  In: Paul Goldberg; David T. \tNash; Michael D. Petraglia (ed.) Formation Processes in Archaeological Context.  Madison, \tWisconsin: Prehistory Press. Pg. 13-32.\n\nSchiffer, Michael B, 1972.  Archaeological Context and Systemic Context.  American Antiquity 37(2): 156-\t165.",
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2016/10/15 16:10:09
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2016/10/14 17:02:36
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