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      "body": "Congratulations @alexispost! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@alexispost/birthday3.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 3 years!</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@alexispost) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=alexispost)_</sub>\n\n\n###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!",
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      "title": "Behind the \"Dying\" bitcoin: underestimated prices and global consensus",
      "body": "https://i.imgur.com/bZUkJ6O.png\n\nIn recent days, the eyes of the world have focused on the digital currency market. Bitcoin is like a small motor, and it is rising. From the beginning of March, the $3,800 has nearly doubled, and that people are still watching from sideways. It’s time to think about a new wave of time. Bitcoin is quietly coming. A huge reversal move.\n\nThe time is only over, just two months. Of course, it is still not possible to judge the bull market has come, but at least it is certain that bitcoin is \"killing.\" You know, at the end of last year, when Bitcoin fell from a high of $20,000 to a low of $3,200, it fell for a whole year. Many people have a negative sentiment that \"bitcoin may return to zero.\"\n\nTo sum up, there are three kinds of people who produce such negative emotions:\n\n1. Those who do not understand will recognize bitcoin as a scam. The strange thing is that these people never bother to buy a bitcoin, but they believe that bitcoin is a scam. The reason is nothing more than Bitcoin is a code created out of thin air, does not have social value, and now the price of the virtual high is made by some people. In their cognition, bitcoin has to fall until it meets its own inner value judgment, so catching up with the yin of the year, these people have begun to make generous eulogy. Look, the digital currency market bubble is finally bursting. Bitcoin is going to be zero, and those who are trying to achieve wealth in the currency circle should wash and sleep...\n\n2. Those who have jumped into the currency circle and tried to do a big job. Most of the people here are coming because they see a lot of people relying on the success story of the wealth of wealth in the currency circle, and seeing that many people earn a lot of money, they want to step in and try their luck. However, the bad thing is that he just entered the market and caught up with the endless fall. In the currency circle, the inner torture and suffering will be one more day. This group of people suffered from persecuted paranoia without exception, and eventually left the field as an injured old leek.\n\n3. Those who step into the blockchain industry in order to speculate on the currency. These people have no idea of ​​the blockchain in the future of this industry. What is fancy is that the digital currency market is volatile and can wait for an opportunity to make a small fortune. There are many people who believe that they are K-line experts in the traditional stock industry. They try to use arbitrage in the way of doing more or shorting. After the small test, they start to put leverage. As a result, the skyrocketing and plunging of the currency circle can be divided into minutes. These people are out of the game. In the end, these seemingly powerful financial experts, but helplessly smiled and confessed to the dog village, the currency circle was too deep, and with all kinds of conspiracy theories angrily left.\n\nFriends do not have to sit in the right place, the focus of this article is not to analyze the inner OS of these three types of people. You may be able to perceive that those who really have the idea of ​​\"bitcoin will die\" are mostly not based on rational cognition, perhaps because of prejudice, perhaps because of harm, or simply do not understand. In other words, even if Bitcoin is really dead one day, it won't be in the way they think. And once Bitcoin is done, what really dies is the cognitive divide that many people are not willing to cross.\n\nIn fact, in the history of Bitcoin development, there have been several critical moments of dying.\n\n1. In September last year, Bitcoin was exposed to DOS vulnerabilities and super-vulnerabilities. Such security threats can smash the consensus of bitcoin accumulation and the economic incentive system, making Bitcoin unrestricted inflation a worthwhile code. However, the possibility of such security threats is very small. Even if it is discovered, it will be quickly repaired. After all, it is of vital interest to most people.\n\n2. In November last year, Bitcoin's forked currency BCH showed a hard fork due to the breakdown of the consensus. This fork directly led to the bitcoin falling from the price of nearly 7,000 US dollars to about 3,100 US dollars. The game between the two major interest groups behind it made everyone suddenly feel the monopoly and interest manipulation behind the digital currency, and lost faith for a time. There is no doubt that the biggest lifeline for Bitcoin is the consensus of steel casting. If the consensus breaks down, it will be a matter of time before Bitcoin loses its value. However, this time the moth was only caused by one of the bitcoin's sons, and it could not shake the foundation of Bitcoin.\n\nAs stated above, there are only two points that can kill Bitcoin: security breaches and consensus bankruptcy. The former, because the Bitcoin system has been in operation for 10 years, its technical stability has been conclusive, and it has undergone various tests of life and death. It is difficult to have fatal security holes. In addition to the consensus crisis, Bitcoin is a global cross-border. The existing consensus has also been honed after 10 years, and with the great ecological and social strength, the injection of fresh blood will only make the already built \"Consensus Great Wall\" more majestic and strong, and it is equally difficult to have Destroy the power of the level to kill it.\n\nI am afraid that this is not enough. After all, empty talk about consensus will only make people think that the brainwashing of the faction and the pyramid scheme is not bad. Next, I will talk about my own understanding of the industry. How does the steel-like consensus of Bitcoin be built? In other words, why does Bitcoin \"kill\"?\n\nFirst, the working mechanism of POW\n\nIn short, Bitcoin's normal operation is based on a proof of work mechanism. The bitcoin chain has continued to operate since the first bitcoin block was dug up in 2019. It is the POW that is working proof mechanism to support its normal operation, which means that who contributes the computing power, provides support for the system operation, and who will receive the bitcoin reward provided by the system. Bitcoin now rewards 12.5 bitcoins in a block of about 10 minutes, worth about $90,000. This huge economic reward has attracted the major mining pool groups to work on electricity and mining machines day and night to contribute to the work and maintain the normal operation of the system. The key is that the mining reward is the result of competition, and the reward attribution is unknown. In order to receive the reward, it must continue to contribute computing power.\n\nSatoshi, the father of Bitcoin, is very clever in using the POW mining mechanism to create a \"perpetual motion machine.\" This has enabled the Bitcoin network to continue to operate. Many people have questioned that Bitcoin is a code created out of thin air. Can it be arbitrarily issued? Obviously it is a misconception that it ignores Bitcoin not only code, but also a regular economic incentive system. It is also a system supported by an organization such as mining pools and mining machine manufacturers. And each block has thousands of peer-to-peer transaction information records, which meets various needs of transfer between ordinary users and wallet withdrawal. Users also need to pay a certain fee to initiate mining transactions to be used as mining miners.\n\nWith a more general understanding, the Bitcoin system is actually a complete banking management system that helps users manage assets and process asset trading information. The difference is that Bitcoin does not have the distinction between various banks such as ICBC and ABC. It is a truly cross-border distributed 24-hour accounting system. Individual banks also have the risk of bankruptcy liquidation. Bitcoin is a more stable and decentralized system. It is also trustworthy. It can also process transaction information, as well as asset management. Therefore, the Bitcoin system will continue to operate until one day the upper limit of Bitcoin's 21 million pieces is reached. It seems that each system reward for the block has stopped, but Bitcoin may have already entered the application field by then, and its huge transaction package Demand and transaction fee incentives will be the main driving force for mining mines. It is not difficult to see that the stability and sustainability of the POW working mechanism is directly related to the value of Bitcoin, and its continuous operation supports the value of Bitcoin. I have to say that Nakamoto is a genius. The Bitcoin system is more like a \"perpetual motion machine\" driven by economic mechanisms. How can it die easily?\n\nSecond, the far undervalued bitcoin price\n\nWhen the economist Lang Xianping didn't understand something that didn't produce social value, how could he have such a big price? I am afraid that many people still don't understand why bitcoin is so valuable. Mentioning this, many people are accustomed to using digital gold as a metaphor for bitcoin, associating the upper limit of gold storage with the total supply of bitcoin to determine that bitcoin has a certain price. But this explanation ignores a point. Gold is tangible and most of Bitcoin is invisible, so interpretation will only be repugnant and repelled.\n\nIn fact, the value of Bitcoin is not to replace gold, but to become a digital virtual bank, to play the social accounting value of various banks such as ICBC, ABC and China Merchants Bank. If you give these banks an estimate of the value of the package, what is the price? Only ICBC has a market capitalization of 2 trillion yuan, and the market value of bitcoin, which many people think is already high, is only about 800 billion. As a global distributed asset management system, its current market value is still not comparable to the market value of a domestic bank. So, the value of Bitcoin is now far underestimated. Many currency circles such as Bao Erye and others even threatened that Bitcoin rose to $1 million. It is not arrogant or fucking. Many people don't understand that their respective perceptions of the Bitcoin system are highly different, so they have a very different perception. As for how much Bitcoin can rise, you can tell the difference. If you and I understand Bitcoin, you must know that the price is far underestimated.\n\nThird, the global consensus economy\n\nThe slogan of \"consensus economy\" has been called for a long time, and some people say that it is \"distributed business\". In any case, it is a kind of progress in social economic and production relations. In fact, on the macro level, the economic dividend in the Internet era is a wave of dividends brought about by the asymmetry of information after the social system is connected. The dividend of the mobile Internet is a wave of intelligent speed matching and the improvement of social division of labor after people are terminalized. Dividends; the future blockchain economy era solves a wave of dividends that equalize the distribution of social resources and contributions after the refinement of coarse-grained big data.\n\nFrom the general trend, it is sooner or later that the blockchain is integrated into the social economy to play its due value. As the number one economic system of the blockchain economy, Bitcoin has the broadest consensus in the world, and there are about With 20 to 30 million users, although this is insignificant compared to the total population of 7 billion, 30 million users can support an economy that continues to function healthily, but it is not fat, but if it is once bitcoin globally With more than 100 million users and 1 billion users, its social and economic value is immeasurable.\n\nFor Bitcoin, it has natural decentralization, anonymity, and non-traceability. This means that even if the vision of becoming a global asset transaction management system cannot be realized, even if it is difficult to integrate the Bitcoin system in real business payment scenarios, only Bitcoin is hard to be completely eliminated in the application of dark money and other gray goods. Moreover, the ultimate vision of Bitcoin is much larger than what can be done now. The ultimate goal is to penetrate into all aspects of business and become a new generation of digital virtual banks. Of course, the technical bottleneck to achieve this step of bitcoin is still very large, and its high concurrent processing speed, block capacity, etc. are also obvious in terms of efficiency improvement, and can not carry hundreds of millions of transaction demand inflows, but whether it is Lightning Network is still the origin of various forks, coins, and even cross-chain platforms.\n\nThe so-called consensus economy can also be understood as a social economy. The core of the social economy is not a large and comprehensive scale economy model. It only needs a transaction medium called Token, a transaction carrier that supports Token operations, and a group of individual users who hold Tokens. All contributions from members of this community can be quantified by Token, even if the value of coarse granulation can be motivated immediately, and the final value-added return will be shared equally for each user in the community, and social resources can be more equitably distributed. . With this in mind, it is not difficult to understand what the blockchain economy will do. The value of Bitcoin is self-evident.\n\nHaving said that, do you still think Bitcoin can be killed?",
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      "permlink": "how-does-the-blockchain-appreciate-in-value-and-how-does-the-blockchain-accelerate-the-economy-s-value",
      "title": "How does the blockchain appreciate in value and how does the blockchain accelerate the economy’s value?",
      "body": "https://traderdotexposed.files.wordpress.com/2019/03/bitcoin-01.jpg\n\nThe Internet we often talk about refers to the Internet network, also known as the Internet. Through a network of networks and networks, a large network is formed by communication, and a single huge global network is logically formed. The nodes in the network are interconnected by routers, switches, firewalls and other network security devices, and access various servers and computing terminals to provide services, allowing users to use computers, mobile phones and other Internet terminals to access the network to enjoy services.\n\nThe Internet can traced it's origin from the US Army's ARPA in 1969, first used for military links, and then connected to four major computers at the University of California, Los Angeles, Stanford Research, UCSB (University of California), and Utah University. The agreement was carried out by Cambridge University's BBN and MA and began online in December 1969.\n\nOn the other hand, the NSF Network, originally funded by the National Science Foundation, is designed to connect five supercomputer centers across the United States for more than 100 US universities to share their resources. The NSF network also uses the TCP/IP protocol and is connected to the Internet. The ARPA network and the NSF network were originally for scientific research, and their main purpose is to provide users with valuable resources to share large mainframes. As the number of access hosts increases, more and more people use the Internet as a communication and communication tool. Some companies have also launched commercial activities on the Internet.\n\nWith the commercialization of the Internet, its huge potential in communication, information retrieval, and customer service has been tapped, making the Internet a qualitative leap and eventually going global. The emergence of the communication protocol and the www agreement further improved the entire Internet architecture.\n\n\nAfter we understand the Internet, what is the value of the Internet?\n\n\nThe emergence of a new thing will inevitably require its best use, honesty and reliability. Nowadays, the Internet can be called the information Internet, and the information is shared on the Internet. In short, in the transaction process, the two parties can understand the details of the products through the Internet, and basically transparent to both parties. There are many understandings of the concept of value, the value of information, the value of real money, the value of property, the transmission of trust between people, etc., now online banking on the Internet, third-party payment platforms, various shopping sites, various The website of the certification body, etc., is actually a kind of transfer of value.\n\n\nPerhaps in daily life, more concerned about the value transfer of property, but from the concept of the overall Internet, value needs not only a transfer, but more important is the transfer of trust, regardless of information or property, in the process of transfer The trust between them is a problem that exists all the time. The current model is through a large intermediary structure, major banks, major central organizations, etc. as a trust intermediary.\n\n\n1. For example, when you buy an item, the other seller and you are the first to pay the fee or the first transaction, this time you need a third-party intermediary to transfer.\n\n\n2. Or you have a certificate to tell the other party, but the other party can only be confirmed by going to the certification body or by a third-party circumstantial agency. The transfer of value between each other must have the problem of cumbersome process and cost of transmission. This is a question of trust between the two parties.\n\n\n3. So from the perspective of the Internet, your security control in the process of delivery will become a problem that needs to be studied thoroughly. Perhaps there is a tampering in the process of transmission, then the value of the final delivery is inconsistent with the value of the previous commitment. The problem.\n\n\n4. Security on the Internet is a problem. Confidentiality is also a problem. If any technical control in the process of transmission is threatened by security, personal information will be leaked, so privacy is also a problem of value Internet.\n\n\n5. The security and stability issues of the intermediary server, in the event of an interruption, the entire process will be stagnant.\n\n\nBlockchain, driving the rise of value economy\n\n\nAs we all know, Bitcoin fired in 2013, when thousands of altcoins came out. After the suppression, most of them were forgotten by investors because of lack of innovation, and the real wave of the second wave of price increases was The intelligent contract platform allows many blockchain startup teams to easily issue their own tokens, and then evolved into an ICO boom, which was then stopped by the Chinese government. After short-term adjustment, it continues to ferment continuously on a global scale. And spread.\n\n\nThen, the ICO project is definitely mixed, but after a deep analysis from the perspective of value economics, it is not so simple.\n\n\nBelow, we look at the value of the blockchain value ecology from the perspective of value economics.\n\n\nWhen the ICO was once hot, many people linked the ICO to the IPO and formed a lot of conclusions. But when we go deeper into the analysis, we will find that there are actually many different places.\n\n\nWe know that the corporate system is the cornerstone of modern economic society. As a study of the existence of the enterprise, institutional economics was once popular in the 1990s.\n\n\nCos, the Nobel laureate in economics in 1991, proposed the transaction cost theory, that is, there is a set of transaction costs in the external market, which makes the economic activities in the external market completely uneconomic. When the enterprise is small, the division of labor within the enterprise is more Efficient, but as the scale of the enterprise expands, the organizational costs within the enterprise will gradually become larger. When the transaction cost of the external market exceeds the transaction cost of the external market, the re-expansion of the enterprise will no longer be economic, and the organizational cost and the market transaction cost will balance each other. The place is the reasonable boundary of the organization.\n\n\nAccording to this theory, if the market transaction cost is low enough, the property rights can be clearly defined, and the enterprise does not need to exist. The individual rationalization behavior will make the whole society reach the Pareto optimality through external market transactions and cooperation.\n\n\nLet's look back at the blockchain. In the blockchain economy, property rights are clearly defined and fully securely protected, and in a particular blockchain project, all major transactions pass established code or intelligence. The contract has been agreed, and the transaction cost is very low. Therefore, in this established project ecology, the market-based transaction cost based on the certificate is almost zero, and the enterprise organization does not need to appear. The individual chooses the market according to the rules of the game. It can make the whole ecology reach Pareto optimality.\n\n\nOf course, this matter can be understood from another angle. The blockchain organization can make the internal organization cost nearly zero, so the organizational boundary can be expanded unconstrained until it covers the external imperfection and has higher transaction cost. market. Because the internal internalization mechanism of the organization is also based on code conventions, the expansion of the organization is equivalent to replacing the original market with the blockchain market. In fact, it is a replacement of the market environment.\n\n\nRecently, some blockchain practitioners have proposed the concept of DAO (Distributed Autonomous Organization), which is a distributed autonomous organization.\n\n\nWe believe that the blockchain project is actually an ecology, or an industrial cluster.\n\n\nSimilar to the existing ecological or industrial clusters, each participating entity can be regarded as an economic entity with independent accounting input and output and independent marketization. Everyone through the market-oriented mechanism to generate synergy and interest exchange, this ecology has no unified equity, no unified market value, is completely connected by the interest mechanism and various market-oriented ties.\n\n\nHowever, the transaction cost of the traditional market is very difficult to change. To achieve low transaction costs, there must be clear and strict property rights definition, sufficient credit support and efficient and frictionless trading environment. The blockchain system is set by code and smart contract. Clear and low-cost trading rules, through clearing and fully secure property rights carriers through cryptography and pass-through, through the decentralization mechanism to achieve group-constrained credit endorsement, thus constructing a transaction in a specific blockchain system An extremely low cost ecological market environment.\n\n\nIn this environment, there is no need for the emergence of corporate organizations, because any enterprise with organized costs is uneconomical, individuals can completely benefit from market-based mechanisms, and the entire ecosystem is self-supporting without the support of corporate activities. Operation, through the individual interests maximization choice and frictionless ecological intra-market mechanism to achieve Pareto optimal.\n\n\nTo understand this, we can look at the ecology of Bitcoin. All of its participants can be an individual, but participants must run Bitcoin code in the Bitcoin ecosystem and pay the corresponding labor according to the code rules. Get the corresponding return. Because of this simple and effective ecological design, everyone just pursues their own interests according to the rules of the game, and the entire ecosystem has achieved perfect self-operation through the design of the code and the mechanism behind its interests, and has been verified by practice for nearly ten years. .\n\n\nTherefore, the blockchain value ecology is a new species that is different from the organizational form of the enterprise. It is essentially an open market environment based on code and citation system. In this environment, there is no need for enterprise organization. And even if the existing industrial clusters, along with the development of the blockchain, can construct a blockchain ecology that creates similar value, this ecology will also attract existing high-friction market-based practitioners into the low-friction market. Chain ecology, in order to achieve organizational organization (in fact, to eliminate unnecessary organizational costs), that is, industrial blockchain, in fact, is the upgrading of the industrial market environment.\n\n\nWe know that the company creates value, and thus obtains a return on value, and the income minus the profit generated by the expenditure supports the value of the company's equity, so the value of the company is implemented in equity. Because there is no company in the blockchain ecology, there is no corresponding equity to carry the value. The value of the blockchain ecology is mainly reflected in the ecological operation of the blood, which is the root of the blockchain value ecology and enterprise organization. One of the differences.\n\n\nHere, we would like to extend the point of view, from the perspective of value economics, the production relationship is actually a set of logic of value generation, and a model of group collaboration to create value. Both productivity and production relationships are created to create maximum value increment services.\n\n\nThe advancement of science and technology, the improvement of technology, and the increase in productivity are reflected in the increase in value increment, the optimization of production relations, and the improvement of collaboration efficiency, as well as the increase in value. Therefore, the progress of productivity and production relations is to serve the value maximization, and the total function is the value increment.\n\n\nTherefore, there is another inference in value economics: an economy has an optimal solution in terms of production relations under the given conditions of human nature and productivity (technical boundary). That is to say, under the established boundary, based on the maximization of the total value and the validity of the distribution, it is possible to find the best production relationship.\n\n\nTo take a step back, in an imperfect environment, there is at least a reasonable state range for real economic operating rules. If this state is not met, under the benefit-driven, more effective economic operating rules and the resulting industrial clusters will dominate. And then to attract and promote the entire society to move to a better model.\n\n\nIn this sense, the blockchain is an improvement of the production relationship under the existing technology boundary conditions, because based on the code and the pass, the members of the blockchain value ecology can exchange and cooperate better, and the benefits are timely. Feedback can maximize the stimulation of ecological participants, and also allow more people to quickly enter the collaborative state. The improvement of this production relationship is the systemic dividend of the blockchain value ecosystem.",
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      "body": "[Source](https://www.chainnews.com/articles/282598776238.htm)\n[Plagiarism](http://www.plagiarism.org/plagiarism-101/what-is-plagiarism/) is the copying & pasting of others work without giving credit to the original author or artist. Plagiarized posts are considered spam. \r\n\r\nSpam is discouraged by the community, and may result in action from the [cheetah bot](https://steemit.com/faq.html#What_is__cheetah).\r\n\r\n[More information and tips on sharing content.](https://steemcleaners.org/copy-paste-plagiarism/)\r\n\r\nIf you believe this comment is in error, please contact us in [#disputes on Discord](https://discord.gg/YR2Wy5A)",
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      "title": "IEO 没有牛市",
      "body": "在 Binance LaunchPad 的 BTT 带来最高十倍收益后，BNB 市值一路走高，相比近期低点上涨了近 233%，市值已经排到了全球第八。Binance 这种直接帮助项目进行销售并上线的方式被称之为 IEO，Initial Exchange Offerings。\n\n因为拥有众多流量（韭菜），也直接导致项目火爆，很多人去抢，尽管中签率低，但只要抢到了就意味着赚钱。\n\nBinance 是最早发行 Token 的 Exchange 之一，它发了之后 Huobi、OKEx 才发的，它们的 Token 某种程度上像是一种证劵和功能性 Token 的结合体，持有 Token 可以获得 Exchange 的利润（利润回购），或直接抵扣手续费。\n\n现在，在 IEO 之后，Token 又加上了另外一种功能，和以太坊上的 DApps 募资使用 ETH 一样，IEO 也需要使用 Exchange Token 才能参与。\n\n这种方式很直接地增加了 Token 的应用场景，带来了活跃度，韭菜们只要想赚钱，只要想参与 IEO，那么就必须先买 Token。而且就算没有抢到，你也有可能在平台内继续交易。\n\n所以，在 Binance LaunchPad 启动之后，其他 Exchange 也坐不住了，Huobi 要搞 Prime，BitMax 今天开了 DOS，其他 Exchange 也蠢蠢欲动。\n\n但我对于 IEO 的可持续性感到好奇，也就是说这种模式究竟能撑多久？\n\n在 IXO、交易挖矿、STO 凉凉后，IEO 会带来牛市，笑到最后吗？\n\n看着热闹，实际上回报并不高\n现在的 IEO 似乎塑造了一种牛市来了的氛围，一堆人堆在一起锣鼓喧天，试图抢中稀少的名额，但实际上回报却并不高。\n\n以 Binance 近期的 Celer 和 BitMax 的 DOS 为例，进行大概的估算：\n\nCeler 的个人硬顶为 1500 美元，假设平均回报率为 500%，中签率为 1%，也就是说它实际上的平均期望为 1500*500%*1%=75 美元\n\nBitMax 的个人上限为 20,000 枚 DOS，即 240 美元，假设平均回报率为 500%，中签率为 6.25%（小松鼠 32 个账号中了 2 个），那么平均期望为 240*500%*6.25%=75 美元\n\n这个数字还需要去掉成本，比如资料、代抢人的工资。\n\n算完之后惊呆了，炒币侠看了想流泪，曾经亏了好几辆宝马小轿车，现在赚上几十刀就乐开了花。\n\nIEO 没有解决核心问题\n2017 年以太坊价格的上涨很大一部分原因是 DApps 和 IXO 的兴起，想要投资 DApps 就必须先买 ETH，需求很旺盛带来了价格的上涨。\n\n我们疯狂买入 ETH，投资一个项目，好，上线了，把它卖掉，再换成 ETH，再投资下一个。\n\n市场上行过程中，ETH 的价格变成了一个数字，一直上涨但卖盘是小于买盘的（此刻的流动性实际上是虚假的），我们曾经是纸面上的百万富翁。\n\n但就算是这么多的需求也没有掩盖住一个事实，好的项目、好的资产标的是稀缺的。在短暂的旺盛需求刺激过后，市场将回归正常。\n\n无论是 IXO，STO，还是 IEO，都不得不正面这一个事实，它们都仅仅只是一种帮助项目融资或者发展的方法，但最核心实质的问题还是这个项目到底怎么样，最后能不能成功？\n\nIEO 的频率不会高\n刚刚提到了单个项目的期望回报是很低的，那我多抢几个行不行？\n\n答案是：不行。\n\n不同于以太坊上曾经出现海量项目，IEO 的项目数量会变得更加稀少，Exchange 应该会尽可能筛选出优质项目，只有这样才能利用交易所资源更大程度上帮助项目落地和发展。\n\nBinance 现在的 IEO 频率似乎是一个月一次，如果不控制频率，这个泡沫将更快破裂。\n\n出于以上两点，我认为 IEO 不会带来牛市。\n\n现在的 Binance 还不是区块链\nBinance 是一个非常成功的区块链项目，相比较其他什么区块链看视频、聊天等等，资产交易目前看来是现阶段最旺盛的用户需求，全球流动性，7*24 可交易，不管熊市牛市，韭菜们都得交易。\n\n有着旺盛的需求，和众多用户，BNB 才得以屹立不倒。\n\n但一个有趣的现象是：实际上现在的 Binance 是一家公司，它只是一家服务于区块链领域的中心化公司，公司的领导人是 CZ 和何一。\n\n被顶礼膜拜的 CZ、何一不正是 Binance 的中心吗？\n\n目前来看，Binance 的建造模式是大教堂式的，而不是集市。\n\nBinance 使用利润回购 BNB，但我们怎么知道它的真实利润是多少，又怎么知道 Binance 说的数字是真的？这也可能将是所有证劵 Token 除监管外面临的又一挑战，如何让用户相信你没有作弊？\n\n从前 Binance 是一家 Exchange 的时候，这种自上而下的组织架构似乎没有问题。但当它试图成为 Binance Chain，社区成员在纷纷讨论 BNB 能不能超越 ETH 时，如何去扩展 Binance Chain 的生态，如何治理，如何吸引更多参与者将会是核心问题。\n\nIEO 面临着 Exchange 团队的道德风险\n刚刚提到回购的利润实际上是不可验证的，但这目前看起来是无解的，既然你买了我的 Token，那就相信我。\n\n现在 IEO 也面临着同样的问题，Exchange 有着既当运动员又当裁判的作弊嫌疑，特别是越小的 Exchange 就存在着越高的风险：\n\n互相勾结：在一级市场遇冷的情况下，项目方出卖 / 输送利益给 Exchange，以换取 IEO 机会\n\n倾销额度：现在部分 Exchange 和项目的早期投资者达成了合作，直接通过 Exchange 倾销额度，这种现象表明了早期投资者对未来市场的担忧\n\n估值过高：由于优质 Exchange 数量有限，在投机心理的驱使下，将会带来用户的 FOMO，这时可能将变相抬高项目的估值，在未来用户可能将遭遇损失\n\n操纵市场 ......\n\n尤其在市场行情不好时，这些情况将更有可能出现，将损害用户利益。\n\n一旦未来出现越来越多 IEO，频率也越来越高，需要保持警惕。",
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      "author": "alexispost",
      "permlink": "grin",
      "title": "道说区块链：号称取代比特币的匿名币Grin，是否值得投资？",
      "body": "https://i.imgur.com/TKLH0G5.jpg\n\n最近大家关注的Grin，在这篇文章里我来分析它的投资价值！\n\n大多数文章对Grin的价格判断都是依照它上线以来的价格走势进行分析。我会用另外的方法对Grin的价格给出估值。\n\n1. Grin的价格决定于市值和发行量\n\n\nGrin的价格由公式：Grin的价格 = Grin的总市值 / Grin的总发行量 来决定。\n\n\n2. Grin的总市值\n\n\n我们先来评估Grin的总市值。由于Grin是新发行的币，因此没有足够的历史数据，无法通过历史数据对市值给出估值。那怎么评估它的市值？因为Grin的定位非常清晰，就是用于日常支付的隐私货币，所以我们就拿隐私货币中的三个典型案例作类比。\n\n\n在隐私货币中，最有名也是排名最靠前的三大数字货币是：门罗币（Monero），达世币（DASH）和大零币（ZCASH）。\n\n\n以2019年2月7日的交易价格为参考，这三者的市值分别为49亿人民币，38.56亿人民币和18.66亿人民币。现在所有数字货币的总市值为7963亿人民币，所以这三者所占总市值的比分别为0.62%，0.48%和0.23%。\n\n\n如果Grin的发展一路顺利，那么可以乐观地假设Grin的市值会超过门罗，也就是超过数字货币总市值的0.62%。如果Grin的发展很一般，那么总市值可能还不如大零币，也就是低于数字货币总市值的0.23%。我们取保守的估值，也就是Grin的市值达到总市值的0.23%。\n\n\n3. Grin的总发行量\n\n\nGrin的总发行量无上限，因此在评估它的发行量时不能像比特币那样取一个固定发行量（2100万枚）作为参考。但从它的发行机制可以看出，20年后它的发行量会达到6.5亿枚，年通货膨胀率会降到5%以下，并且会随着时间增长，膨胀率逐渐降低，最后无限趋于0。\n\n\n实际上5%的通货膨胀率对货币价格的影响就很小了，因此我们就拿20年后6.5亿枚的发行量作为它的发行量参考值。\n\n\n4. Grin价格的合理区间\n\n\n可以认为Grin在发展良好的情况下，总市值起码能达到大零币的水平，占所有数字货币总市值的0.23%。Grin的总发行量参考值为6.5亿，在20年后达到这个标准。\n\n\n假设20年后，数字货币总市值是现在的10倍，就会接近8万亿人民币，那么Grin的总市值就是184亿人民币。\n\n\n按照公式Grin的价格 = Grin的总市值 / Grin的总发行量，可以算出Grin在20年后的价格为28元人民币。如果更乐观一些，假设20年后，数字货币总市值是现在的100倍，那么届时Grin的价格将是280元人民币。\n\n\n因此，20年后Grin的价格保守估计为280元人民币到28元人民币之间。\n\n\n注意：这里估算的是20年后的价格，而不是现在的价格。如果取无风险利率3%来折算，将20年后的280元和28元折算到今年的估值，那么价格就是155元人民币到15.5元人民币之间。\n\n\n因此，如果Grin的价格在今年低于15.5元人民币，就值得关注，高于155元人民币就值得警惕。\n\n\n以后每年，Grin的价格估值就在前一年的基础上上涨3%。",
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      "title": "比特币“大崩盘”！史上最大骗局坍塌，让这些人民群众怎么办？",
      "body": "2008年9月，以雷曼兄弟的倒闭为开端，金融危机在美国爆发并向全世界蔓延。为应对危机，各国政府采取量化宽松等措施，救助由于自身过失而陷入危机的大型金融机构。这些举措带来了广泛的质疑，并一度引发了“占领华尔街”运动，大众对传统金融的愤怒达到了顶点。\n\nhttps://cryptofeedss.files.wordpress.com/2019/02/pexels-photo-1099296.jpeg\n\n\n\n故事的开头，是一个叫“中本聪”的人。他发明了一种数字货币：比特币。2009年1月3日，中本聪在位于芬兰赫尔辛基的一个小型服务器上挖出了比特币的第一个区块——创世区块（Genesis Block），并获得了“首矿”奖励——50个比特币。\n\n比特币诞生了。\n\n而“比特币”就像金子一样，蕴藏在“矿山”，也就是比特币系统里，然后需要去“挖”，也就是通过电脑或者专业设备不断去运算，最终获得“金子”（比特币）。\n\n人们被这个财富游戏吸引住了，蜂拥而入的人越来越多。\n\n造富神话，越来越多，越来越惊人。\n\n2011年，一个女生在知乎提问，“大三学生手头有 6000 元，有什么好的理财投资建议？”\n\n当天，巴比特创始人长铗回复：“买比特币，保存好钱包文件，然后忘掉你有过6000元这回事，五年后再看看。”\n\n他说的没错，从2011年到2018年，比特币从3美元一度蹿升至最高点时的1.9万美元，如果那个大三学生将6000元全部买了比特币，此时早已是千万身家。\n\n越来越多人相信：投资比特币等数字货币，就是抓住了一个连努力都不要的发财机会。\n\n在最疯狂的时候，比特币人民币交易额占到全球总盘子的98%，可见中国玩家之多。\n\n炒币到底火到什么程度？有个段子说，某知名企业有位工程师，在相亲网站简历上写自己是工程师，结果没人理会，改成区块链（比特币底层技术）工程师，一下子收了360多封求爱信。\n\n鲁迅先生一句话，人所皆知：世上本没有路，走的人多了，也就成了路。\n\n当一种赚钱方式人所皆知了，那肯定就赚不到钱了。因为，通往财富自由的路上，人越来越多，也就意味着捷径消失了，最终大家只能获得平均的回报。\n\n信徒们滚滚而来，可真正实现财富自由的往往是被簇拥的那个人。\n\n其他的人，我们称之为：众人拾柴火焰高，比特币价格也不断突破天花板。有人为了“挖矿”，专门把机器都搬到四川、内蒙、新疆等电站周边，承包电站来摊低用电成本。\n\n比特币是理想主义者的产品，这为今日的路线分歧引发的纷争埋下伏笔。\n\n在我们身高一米四的时候，我们都是理想主义者，就如哈维尔所言“我们坚持一件事情，并不是因为这样做了会有效果，而是坚信，这样做是对的。”\n\n区块链技术是由一群信仰自由主义的奥地利学派经济学者和IT从业者发起的，推动整个体系初期的建设推动是一些顶尖的程序员、黑客，数学天才，密码专家以及各色奇能异士共同完成的，他们创造了一个最顶级的联盟。同任何此类组织一样，他们的共同点是高智商、高度自愿、高度推崇自由主义。\n\n理想状态下，区块链虽然是为了对抗中心化货币体系的无能（金融危机）和对大众的盘剥（通货膨胀税、铸币税等）。搞革命总得扛个大旗，这个“为民请命”的大旗一竖起来，立即就产生了共鸣，迅速火遍全球。\n\n但是，有人的地方就有江湖，有江湖的地方，就有利益，在利益面前理想主义不堪一击。\n\n比特币在短短八年间，创造了上千万倍的增长，创造了无数造富神话，名利之下内部开始分化。\n\n以程序员为代表的“（信仰去中心化-经济自由主义者）原教旨主义者”主张坚持“去中心化”的初衷，并保持原定的2100万枚比特币数量不变，通过程序的更新降低交易成本，这对广大韭菜们是利好的。但控制比特币产能（资本家，矿工一族)的“修正主义者”们则主张扩容（实际上就是通胀），并最终替代全球央行，收取铸币税。\n\n1\n\n“修正主义者”代表是有“澳洲中本聪”之称的克拉格赖特，而原教旨主义者的代表是比特币大陆的吴忌寒。路线和理念分歧不可调和，双方爆发了“算力战”，希望通过算力影响对方加密货币的稳定运行和交易，这增加了比特币价格的不确定性，开始有人抛售。\n\n而澳洲中本聪还威胁矿工，如果支持吴忌寒，他将以美元大量抛售比特币，他认为比特币市场没有空间了，比特币将跌至1000美元以下，这加剧了比特币价格下跌。\n\n历史上路线之争导致分裂的故事数不胜数，就如同水泊梁山宋江和晁盖，晁盖是典型的绿林派，而宋江就是典型的招安派，一个要啸聚山林，快意恩仇，自在潇洒，一种想封妻荫子名留青史“重回体制内”，这是两种理念的分裂；近代国共建国理念分裂也爆发了内战……\n\n或许中本聪在创造比特币之处也没预料到事件的发展。但终归，两派的导火索引起了比特币的崩塌，也是理想主义的消亡。\n\n2018年11月20日下午，比特币报价击穿4300美元防线，人民币报价跌破30000元，再创新低，从2017年12月17日涨至最高19891.99美元的顶峰，比特币暴跌近80％。\n\n而在十一个月前，比特币曾一度最高涨到19891.99美元。2009年第一个公布比特币汇率为1美元兑换1309.03个比特币，8年时间，比特币就翻了2000多万倍，大概世间没有资产的价格增长可与之匹敌了。\n\n2017年是币圈最风光的一年，比币特价格一路上扬，而交易所、空气币、矿机等衍生领域也创造了一个个的造富神话。\n\n2\n\n在《新帕尔格雷夫经济学大辞典》中，泡沫经济的定义是: “泡沫状态这个名词，就是一种或一系列资产在一个连续过程中急剧上涨，开始的价格上升会使人们产生还要涨价的预期,于是又吸引了新的买主——这些人一般只是想通过买卖牟取利润，而对这些资产本身的使用和产生盈利的能力是不感兴趣的。随着涨价常常是预期的逆转，接着就是价格暴跌，最后以金融危机告终。”\n\n巴菲特在多个场合评论过比特币：远离比特币，它基本上就是个海市蜃楼；你不能为比特币做估值，它就不是一个生产价值的资产，它是那种真正的泡沫；一样资产的内在价值可以简单地定义为，在这项资产的有生之年里所有未来现金流的折现价值。\n\n大佬李笑来道出了币圈的醒世名言：区块链的共识价值不值钱……但因为人太多，有共识，也会产生价值。\n\n比特币是标准的零和游戏，前人利润不是来自比特币本身产生的现金流，而是后来者产生还要涨价的预期，纷纷买入推升价格的差价。所以，在众多人的上涨的共识下，不断有人前仆后继。当价格下跌后，预期反转，就产生相反的自我强化的反身性，众人顿时做鸟散。\n\n反映人气的BTC的Google全球搜索热度的变化与比特币价格就十分吻合。\n\n此外，历史上数轮泡沫发酵时间总比崩溃后的时间长，比特币亦然，而且比特币涨幅无人能出其左右。\n\n可见，比特币的共识要来得更坚定，泡沫也更坚硬，最困难也无章法可循地就是判断共识的强度，所以，只能当一个旁观者。毕竟，我们的世界充满了荒谬，我们的人生也是，你无法测量荒谬的程度。\n\n比如钻石就在几代人的意识里形成了牢固的共识，一堆碳原子就变成了忠贞爱情的象征物。比特币是技术者的理想国的试验场，站在现代互联网技术尖端的码农拧成一股力量。\n\n郁金香的背后是乌合之众，而且供给具有很大弹性，有其他观赏植物作为估值参照，郁金香泡沫的破灭，不会再有卷土重来的机会。而比特币去中心化，无估值参照物，上涨过程中经历了93%、88%、70%的跌幅，但是最后又再创出新高，比特币的共识与郁金香的共识不可一概而论。\n\n3\n\n共识基础是流量，流量才是核心竞争力，在流量之上才能谈质量。\n\n李笑来在《韭菜的自我修养》一书里写：为什么会出现这种你一买它就开始跌，你一卖它就开始涨的吊诡情况，因为每一次行情结束根本原因都是入场资金枯竭。就像牛市里买菜的大妈都进场了，后面还有新的接盘新资金吗，行情是不是到头了。\n\n再比如互联网经济其实也是流量经济。而现在已经进入流量枯竭时代，剩下的玩家只能刺刀拼刺刀抢流量。艾瑞咨询数据显示，2018年Q3移动互联网用户规模环比Q2末仅增长2700万台，月环比增速收窄至1%以内，中国移动互联网用户总量趋于饱和，存量时代人口红利殆尽。\n\n流量存量博弈下，快手、抖音等短视频的快速蹿红，挤占了腾讯游戏流量的时长。回到比特币，在2017年达到癫狂高点时，无人不知比特币，盛极而衰。\n\n金庸在神雕里写道：在绝情谷中，三人徘徊数月，杨过终是不辞而别。陆无双大恸，程英却道：“三妹，你瞧这些白云聚了又聚，散了又散，人生离合，亦复如斯。你又何必烦恼？”她话虽如此说，却也忍不住流下泪来。\n\n有些流量就像这白云聚了又散，一群乌合之众聚集而成，容易各自夺路而逃，共识生命周期短。\n\n影视圈的鲜肉们自带顶级流量，单条微博转发能过千万，片酬瞬间打破老一辈演员的上限。发行人为何愿意用天价片酬投一群没有面瘫脸演员？本质上高片酬是演员背后顶级流量以及团队流量运营能力的对价，而演技只是赠品。\n\n但是，这种模式的困境在于，没有质量的流量就像浮云，没有演技这些基本功加持，迟早衰退。今年知名的流量演员暑期档热播电视剧收视率纷纷扑街，而加拿大吴亦凡也身陷刷榜质疑声中，流量小生的面临全面崩塌。\n\n从流量质量的角度看，比特币因程序猿的理想而创造，自带信仰值，流量的共识强度比流量小生不知道高到哪里去，这也是几次三番比特币暴跌后还能卷土重来。\n\n因此，“比特币是泡沫”是客观事实，但是“有共识的人多了它就是一个有价值的泡沫”也是客观事实。但是，它没有估值之锚，跌至多深，涨至多高，无法度量。比特币背后的共识附带信仰，信仰要怎么衡量呢？此次下跌会否导致技术派信仰崩塌？\n\n有网友发帖表示，自己在币价最高峰时投入的10万元，现在只剩下2000多元。\n\n市值大幅缩水让人明白什么是绝望，很多人愤然离场。某币圈资深玩家表示自己的资产已亏损85%以上，宣布“破产”。\n\n目前，比特币在4000美元左右，已跌破成本价。相较于最高点1.9万美元（15万人民币）下跌超过76%，早已腰斩。\n\n你以为你在“炒币”，但却被币炒了。\n\n这两年，币圈造富之快，捞钱之易，在人类商业史上，都堪称绝无仅有。几年前，比特币意味着财富：“一币一别墅”，在圈子里广为流传。\n\n到了今天，清仓却意味着自由。刚开始以为是一个很有意思的游戏，而如今却发现只是个残酷的笑话。\n\n这场游戏的疯狂程度，和结局远远超过了人类历史的想象。\n\n七年时间暴涨四百万倍，比特币已经成为人类历史上最大的一次资产泡沫！远超当年荷兰“郁金香狂热”和英国“南海公司骗局”。\n\n举个例子：\n\n2010年，美国程序员Laszlo Hanyecz用10000个比特币换了总价值25美元的2个“棒！约翰”披萨，相当于一个比特币值0.0025美元。\n\n而7年后，一个比特币已经超过2000美元，涨了近80万倍！\n\n即便楼市疯狂，也不过三四年翻一番。\n\n如果说，房子是硬通货，那么，比就是硬通货中的硬通货。\n\n比特币的暴涨，给普通人脆弱的心理以猛烈一击。人人都在抱怨“年年都有风口、年年错过风口”，而比特币等数字货币出现，成了人人豪赌的风口，惟恐错过最后一个暴富机会！\n\n2017年，以比特币为代表的数字货币迎来暴涨的年份，两万美元高位创造一个个财富自由神话。\n\n被《华尔街日报》称为“中国拥有比特币最多的人。”李笑来，则成为多数玩币的人膜拜的对象。\n\n他自己则透露，持有量为6位数。即便以最保守的10万个计算，他的财富一度超过100亿人民币！\n\n以至于他在谈比特币投资时，“风轻云淡”地说：“睡一觉多了两个亿。”\n\n但事实上，币圈人士财富来得之快，让他们自己都发抖和害怕；所以炒币的土豪，他们都很低调，他们财富的绝大多数，要么选择刻意隐瞒，要么都转移海外了，现在呈现在世人面前的，很可能只是冰山一角。\n\n网友分享自己的“炒币”感受：\n\n在我持有比特币的那一个月里，一天24小时，几乎每20分钟，我都会不自觉看一看行情。这一秒，盈利3000，下一秒，亏损4000，再下一秒，盈利5000。\n\n盈利的时候，我会想，要不要抛售？要不要追涨？回落的时候我会想，要不要补仓？要不要加杠杆？当下跌的厉害的时候，我就慌了，要不要抛售了止损？会不会彻底崩盘？\n\n最狂热的时期，有人开始创造新的数字货币，只需要几十张PPT，就能从渴望暴富的人群那里募集到几百万，上千万资金。\n\n所有的“套路”都可以披上区块链（数字货币的底层技术）外衣。各种空手套白狼、庞氏骗局，一旦披上了“区块链”外衣，便成了香饽饽。\n\n“假币”以理财投资为宣传噱头，却行传销诈骗之实。投资者往往会被这些“假币”眼花缭乱的包装所迷惑，深陷其中难以自拔。\n\n财富转移与财富创造，两字之差，天壤之别。那些发虚拟代币一夜暴富的，他们没有几个是做实业的，要么把钱转移出境，要么被任意挥霍。\n\n这次比特币暴跌，矿机论斤卖也上了热搜！对于矿场来说，电费都赚不回来，还要啥自行车啊！不对，还要啥矿机，趁早转身脱身才是上策吧。\n\n人类历史上，金融骗局数不胜数，他们都有一个共同特点：一夜暴富！\n\n在金融投机这件事上，人性从未改变过。骗局总是能把人的欲望刺激到一个极致，把人的智商碾压！",
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    "comment",
    {
      "parent_author": "",
      "parent_permlink": "crypto",
      "author": "alexispost",
      "permlink": "2019-dapp",
      "title": "去中心化交易所：2019年Dapp复苏的关键？",
      "body": "https://i.imgur.com/Q1NZkBL.jpg\n以太坊和EOS是构建去中心化应用程序（Dapps）的两个主要平台，其市值分别为150亿美元和20亿美元。然而，Dapp的用户数量与这些项目的市值或估值没有关联，用户最多也才几千人。\n\n虽然Dapp的去中心化功能令人印象深刻，抛开使用率迄今为止最高的博彩类不谈，曾经中心化的方式，使Dapp仍然需要多年时间才可能被主流所接纳。\n\n不过短期内，我们都应该为此高兴，因为Dapp的去中心化交易所上线了。\n\n在区块链上构建去中心化交易所有利于对该区块链上的原生币进行点对点交易。其工作原理是，用户只需将加密货币钱包连接到去中心化交易所，就可以开始与其智能合约进行交互。这个过程自动匹配、验证和执行交易，无需第三方。传统上，DEX是建立在以太坊区块链上的（例如Kyber，0x Protocol，Airswap）。然而，最近它扩展到了其他区块链上，如EOS或NEO。\n\n作为一个独立的交易所，去中心化交易所是一个促进流动性的Dapp，但可以说，它们的功能不止于此。以下阐述原因。\n\nDapp通常需要多代币操作。你可能需要原生Dapp代币、以太坊发送并确认区块链上的交易，存储代币（Sia和Storj）来存储Dapp的数据，或者根据项目的具体需求，可能还需要一些其它代币。\n\n个别项目可能会用这些代币来支持后端服务，但是这些Dapp用户不太可能会用这样的代币投资组合（除了正确比率之外）来操作应用程序。Dapp可以与DEX集成，后者将所有代币提取到后端——提供一种“即时”机制，打造无缝的用户体验。\n\n在整个过程中，无需第三方API或帐户设置。以下是其中两个突出用例。\n\n流动性和支付\n\nMelonport与去中心化交易所（如0x，OasisDEX和Kyber Network）的集成就是利用了DEX流动性池的好例子。Melonport正试图开发一种去中心化资产管理工具，其前端在IPFS上运行，而后端则利用一系列以太坊智能合约。\n\n在这种情况下，DEX为资金管理者提供流动性，让资金管理者在管理其投资组合时可以直接进入流动性池。对于资金管理者来说，一键交换资产是非常方便的一个功能，他们可以即时进行交易或对冲他们的投资。\n\nEtheremon（以太小怪兽）与Kyber Network（首批与Kyber链上流动性集成的dapp之一）的集成是DEX的另一个用例。随着越来越多Dapp的诞生，不同加密货币的数量也在增加——从而形成了一个更加分散的代币生态系统。加密货币持有者不太可能只持有像比特币或ETH这样的传统币，他们的钱包里可能还有大量其他山寨币。\n\n然而，大多数Dapp通常只接受ETH和游戏里的原生币。这意味着玩家每次在玩游戏时需要把他们手中持有的代币换成以太币或游戏代币，这可能会影响用户的游戏体验。\n\n在这种情况下，DEX像是救星一般的出现了，它提供交换服务，允许玩家使用任何支持的ERC-20代币进行支付，如Basic Attention（BAT）、OmiseGo（OMG）或Zilliqa（ZIL）。它将繁琐的支付流程简化为仅一个步骤，使用户能够畅享游戏，并推动了整个Dapp生态系统的采用。\n\nDEX的下一步目标是什么？\n\n毫无疑问，DEX将在加密货币的采用中发挥关键作用。但目前，它们仍处于起步阶段——DEX仅为小众用户所使用，并且其背后的技术仍处于相对初期的阶段。\n\n然而，DEX带来的利益和优势是不容小视的。Radar Relay在8月份就完成了1000万美元的A轮融资。Airswap最近与合作伙伴SPiCE VC和Securitize在公共区块链上完成了世上首个安全代币转移。P2P兼容的证券转让为传统证券市场的运作方式（中介机构从中作梗）带来了一项重大创新。\n\n最后，像Binance这样的中心化交易所正考虑建立自己的DEX，尽管它们是市场上领先的交易所之一。综上所述，DEX必须考虑到相关的合规措施，有些将自己标榜为“DEX”的平台，比如EtherDelta，最近就因经营无牌交易所而受到SEC的抨击。\n\n区块链无疑会推动技术DNA的发展。但我们不应该将区块链视为一个互联网上的玩意儿，一个去中心化的工具，而真正应该关注的问题是“我们能用这项技术做哪些以前做不到的事？”\n去中心化交易所很好地抓住了这一点——这是历史上第一次，用户能够通过非托管钱包（它使用户能够点对点消费和交易货币）完全控制自己的资金。",
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      "body": "Bitcoin may be the supreme king of cryptocurrencies, but Ethereum held its own unique title, as the first choice digital token platform. CoinMarketCap’s data shows that as of publishing time, 94 of the top 100 currency tokens are running on the Ethereum blockchain.\n\neth\n94% Of The Top 100 Altcoins Are Ethereum-based\n\nThe sheer number of top 100 ranked tokens built on the Ethereum platform illustrate an industry landscape in which Ethereum is the primary platform of choice for the crypto devs.\n\nOf the top six non-Ethereum cryptocurrencies in the top 100 bracket, two are deploying the protocol known as Omni Layer. The other two are Stellar-based, and NEO-based. The most popular of stable coin, Tether, uses the Omni layer protocol.\n\nSince its official launch in 2015, Ethereum has benefited from its pioneer advantages. Although cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin existed earlier than Ethereum, but bitcoins are not mean on providing the same functionality. or features of Ethereum offers. Although Bitcoin is primarily a payment instrument and is a store of value similar to gold, Ethereum was designed as a development platform.\n\nBeside Ethereum’s track records, another important factor to the dominant position of Ethereum is it’s ERC-20 token standard. Although Ethereum tokens come in many standards, ERC-20 is currently the most commonly used.\n\nIn layman term, ERC-20 is a set of requirements that allows developers to make their tokens compatible with other tokens reside in the same ecosystem. One factor driving the popularity of the standard is that for a project, creating a digital token for decentralized applications(DApp) or initial coin offering(ICO) is a relatively easy method.\n\nRecently, with the increasing support from cryptocurrency exchanges, ERC-20 tokens have been getting huge boost. As early as October 2018, Coinbase added support for its first ERC-20 token, adding 0x (ZRX). Since then, the arguably the most popular US-based Bitcoin platform started to support other popular ERC-20 tokens, such as Basic Attention Token (BAT), USD Coin (USDC), Loom Network (Loom), and Maker (MKR). The busiest ERC-20 token on the market today is Binance Coin.\n\nAlthough critics of the Ethereum platform downplay its monopoly status, and the competing project will eventually replace it, the picture indicates has no real threat in sight – at least not in the leading tokens crowd just yet.",
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      "title": "从货币本质看数字货币未来",
      "body": "数字货币的出现，提出了一系列值得思考的新问题：数字货币究竟能否成为真正的货币？数字货币的未来究竟如何？本文从新的货币视角，重新审视了货币的本质，并由此出发，分析论证了私营数字货币作为货币的致命缺陷，提出了数字货币作为“通证+簿记系统”的未来发展方向。 以比特币、以太币为代表的数字货币引起越来越多人的兴趣。有的人看到了投机炒作的机会，有的人深信其会成为未来货币，还有一些人对其背后的区块链技术充满期待。虽然数字货币目前市场规模不大（2018年1月曾经达到最高市值时也仅与苹果公司的市值相当），但其高风险特征已经引起各监管当局乃至二十国集团（G20）的关注。数字货币的出现，也提出了一系列值得思考的新问题：数字货币究竟能否成为真正的货币？数字货币的未来究竟如何？本文从货币的视角，重新审视数字货币的本质，并提出其未来几个可能的发展方向。\n\nhttps://i.imgur.com/gqKLAJl.jpg\n\n货币的本质新解：货币三要素\n \n传统上，货币被认为主要行使三种职能：价值尺度、交换媒介、价值储藏。如今，人们越来越倾向于认为，货币的核心是信任（trust），是不信任的各方对中间方（货币发行方）的信任，并形成了有关货币的共识。货币本质上是由人类构建的一种社会机制（social institution），为信任缺失问题提供了一种解决方案。这套社会机制至少包含三大要素：记账货币、可流通信用、通证与簿记系统。\n\n记账货币（money of account）\n\n在人类历史长河中，信用/债务的出现远早于铸币的出现。最早的农业帝国时代（公元前3500—公元前800年）就已经出现用于记录信用/债务关系的虚拟信用货币；而最早的铸币出现在轴心时代（Axial Age，公元前800—公元600年）。建立和解除广泛的信用/债务关系，需要有公认的价值衡量标准。记账货币从早期的具体物品（如银、大麦）发展到今天抽象的货币单位（如“元”“美元”“英镑”）是衡量债务、信用或任何其他经济价值的基本单位，履行着货币作为价值尺度的职能。记账货币仅仅用于记账，与任何实物没有关系。早在公元前2000年的古巴比伦，以记账货币标注的信用网络（credit networks）就已经使用。无论从历史还是现实的角度，记账货币起源于中心化的权威机构（国家或神庙），而不是传统货币经济理论认为通过市场中分散个体讨价还价得出。\n\n记账货币与长度、重量单位一样，都是抽象的度量单位，不同点在于，重量与长度单位一经定义即可保持不变，而记账货币的价值却是变化的：随着一国生产、税收、分配等经济制度和形势的变化可能会变得更高（升值），也可能变得更低（贬值），因此，一个好的记账货币，需要通过一整套机制来确保其价值的稳定。\n\n可流通信用（transferable credit）\n\n无论具体物理形态或载体是什么（贝壳、黄金、纸张……），货币本质上体现了发行者和持有者之间的债务—信用关系。货币具有两面性，它是发行者的一种债务（debt）或责任（obligation），也是持有者的一种信用（credit）或索偿权（claim）。换句话说，货币是发行者（债务人）签发的借据（IOU），同时又是持有者（债权人）可以用于支付（购买物品、服务或冲抵债务）的信用。因此，货币的创造影响资产和负债两边，可以通过资产和负债操作来记录这种社会关系。\n\n货币是信用，但信用并不都是货币。货币国定论认为，强制征税并决定以何种方式纳税的主权权力，决定了国家发行的借据是最可接受的债务形式，因而只有国家借据才能成为被广泛接受和流通的货币（如纸币）。商业银行发行的借据如银行存款，本质上是一种银行信用，但通过一系列制度安排（如法律规定银行存款与法定货币等值兑换、存款保险制度、法定准备金、央行作为最后贷款人）而达到与法定货币几乎等同的接受和流通程度，因而被划定在货币范畴。在一些特殊时期，也会出现一些局部流通的债务充当“临时货币”。例如，1990年，阿根廷经历了超级通胀。当人们放弃纸质货币时，他们转而使用各自签发的借据，这些借据拿到当地天主教牧师那里寻求背书。这些借据之所以被信任而可以在一定范围内流通，是因为违背牧师背书会面临非常严重的结果，无论是今生还是来世。\n\n总之，货币是发行者的某种债务和责任，是可流通的信用或求偿权。某一货币的可接受程度或流通范围，取决于人们对该货币形成的信任共识程度。\n\n通证与簿记系统（token & bookkeeping system）\n\n记账货币提供了一种抽象的价值衡量单位。货币要流通使用，用于日常支付清算，必须用通证（token）来加以表征，用簿记系统来记录和清偿社会活动中的各种信用—债务关系或更一般地说记录价值与价值的转移。\n\n从公元前2500年巴比伦人的符陶（clay tables），到后来的符木（tally stick）、金属铸币，直到现代的纸币、银行存款，都可看成是一种通证。古代通过人的大脑、部落集体记忆以及通证共同构建起货币的簿记系统，今天则是通过中央银行和商业银行的账务系统、纸币和硬币共同形成货币簿记系统。\n\n1996年，美国明尼阿波利斯联邦储备银行Kocherlakota提出“货币即记忆”（Money is Memory），认为货币的交换职能可以通过记录参与者的历史活动来实现。英国央行认为，原则上，只要大家互相信任，即使没有货币，经济体中的每个人通过签发自己的借据也可以购买自己想要的东西，通过借贷簿记系统可以完成交易和清算。现实中，由于彼此存在不信任，这种系统只能在小范围使用，中世纪欧洲商人就曾发行借据并定期清算。全国范围内，必须有货币——一种更大范围内的信任工具、记账和清算体系。\n\n作为货币的通证及其簿记系统，必须满足一个关键特性，就是防伪和防篡改。古代将符木劈成两半，债权、债务人各执一半以便核对；现代纸币有复杂的防伪技术；而银行存款则通过严格、合规的中心化商业银行账务系统和高度安全的央行支付清算系统，共同确保现代货币的通证及其簿记系统不被伪造和篡改。\n\n总之，从历史和现实的角度分析货币的本质，可以得出这样的结论：货币必须具备“记账货币、可流通信用、通证与簿记系统”三大要素。那么，数字货币是否具备货币三要素呢？\n\n\n认识数字货币的本质：通证+簿记系统\n \n数字货币本质上是一套“通证+簿记系统”，其中簿记系统就是区块链（或称分布式账本），运行在区块链上的通证就是数字货币。通证仅仅是区块链簿记系统中的一串数码，其本身没有任何内在价值，只有赋予其一定价值，才能与现实世界中的价值体系相联系。\n\n根据赋值方式的不同，通证可以划分为两类：一是区块链原生通证（native token）或称内置代币（built-in token），是指附着于区块链系统并在该系统内产生和使用的通证；二是在区块链上发行并用以代表某种外部资产的资产支持通证（ asset-backed token）。目前市场上的数字货币，基本上都是内生通证。原生通证的基本价值来源于人们对通证及其区块链系统的创新性和未来可应用性的信心。创新性与可应用性越高，人们越愿意通过“挖矿”、用法定货币购买等方式持有，其市价也越高。但随着越来越多的人将通证当作投资品或投机工具，其市价则受到通证发行数量及供求关系的影响，价格持续大幅波动。\n\n资产支持通证是指发行者在区块链系统中发行、用以代表一定数量外部资产或权益（如汽车、钻石、债券、股票）。通证可以在区块链系统进行转移和交易，持有者最终可用通证向发行者兑换其所代表的外部资产或权益。资产支持通证的基本价值来源于其所代表真实资产的价值。\n\n\n数字货币与未来货币没有必然联系\n\n数字货币由于包含“货币”字样且具有部分货币职能，容易使人产生错觉，以为数字货币就是某种创新形式的货币。还有一些人把数字货币与哈耶克在《货币的非国家化》提出的设想以及2008年金融危机联系在一起，仿佛数字货币有可能克服主权货币的不足，成为未来货币。2013年，中国人民银行等五部委发布关于防范比特币风险的通知，明确了比特币不是真正意义的货币；然而，大多数人对数字货币与货币之间的关系仍然充满迷惑。我们将从货币三要素角度来分析数字货币与货币之间的差异。\n\n\n数字货币作为货币存在致命缺陷\n\n一种对象要能够成为货币，只有当其被货币化。货币化并不是基于其承载某些特定功能如交换媒介、价值储藏、支付手段。确定一个对象是否货币化，首先承认是一种债务；其次是其名义价值通过计价单位被明确定义 。从货币三要素看，目前市场上由网络社区、基金会或私营公司等发行的私营数字货币，并不具备全部货币三要素。首先，数字货币不构成任何个人、任何机构的债务责任，也没有得到任何权威机构的支持，因此不具备可转让信用这一货币要素（虽然作为一种资产具备可转让性），这是数字货币不能成为货币的致命缺陷 。从目前情况看，数字货币发行者治理结构、运营透明度、信息披露、数字钱包与交易所安全性等都存在极高的风险 。\n\n其次，数字货币虽然有自己的记账单位（如比特币的BTC），但由于不构成负债，基本没有形成直接使用或行使求偿权的环境，因而缺乏价值根基，更没有一套维护其价值的调节机制，因此还算不上是一种独立的记账货币—数字货币仍然采用美元等法定货币作为记账货币进行计价。因此，数字货币仍然没有货币化，充其量只能看作是一种以法定货币计价的商品。事实上，我国将比特币定性为特定的虚拟商品，美国将其定义为大宗商品。\n\n“稳定币”（stable coin）不可靠\n\n数字货币价格大幅波动，被一些人看成是数字货币通向货币之路的最大障碍。于是 “稳定币”应运而生，并被推崇为数字货币的“圣杯”。“稳定币”是指通过一系列安排和技术，试图确保数字货币与法定货币比价保持在一个相对稳定的范围。这些安排基本上是在模仿法定货币的一些币值稳定机制，只不过采用了一些新的技术手段去实现。例如，一是设立准备金，把一部分资产（如销售“稳定币”所获得的美元等法定货币或以太币等其他数字货币）作为准备金储备起来，用以支持和维护“稳定币”价格（类似法定准备金）；二是承诺兑付，投资者对准备金拥有债权，允许用“稳定币”兑换回原来的货币资产，这相当于把“稳定币”从股权性质的证券转变为债务性质的证券；三是信奉货币数量论，在“稳定币”价格出现较大波动时，通过智能合约等手段进行买进和卖出（类似央行公开市场操作），以此增加或减少流通中的“稳定币”数量，达到稳定价格的目的。\n\n然而，从目前情况看，这些所谓的“稳定币”实际效果并不理想。例如，Tether公司2017年发行泰达币（USDT），号称与美元的兑换比率是1:1；以100%法定货币资产做支撑，并将其放入托管银行的准备金账户。就是这样一个听起来不错的“稳定币”，被批评者认为是一个黑箱，运作不透明，拒绝外部审计，还声称遭遇黑客袭击导致数字货币被窃，以至于陷入极大争议，其近期市场表现似乎印证了人们的质疑。其他一些“稳定币”基本遵循了类似思路，结果也难说乐观。\n\n事实上，这些“稳定币”虽然可以看成是一种债务，在货币化的征途中向前迈进了一步，但无法确保发行者的信用和维护价格稳定的机制和能力。法定货币有国家信用支持以及相对完善和严格监管的货币银行体系，尚且不能保证其币值稳定，初创公司很难让人相信通过技术手段就能一举解决人类千年难题。颇具讽刺意味的是，数字货币以摆脱或超越法定货币为己任，却又不得不通过挂钩法定货币甚至价格同样不稳的其他数字货币来稳定其价格，这在逻辑上就相互矛盾。\n\n\n数字货币的未来\n\n虽然数字货币作为货币存在致命缺陷，但从货币三要素看，数字货币仍然具有成为货币的潜质，而作为一种全新的理念与技术，数字货币及其背后的区块链技术则具有强大生命力和创新潜能。\n\n\n迈向法定数字货币\n\n数字货币要成为真正的货币，一种可行的途径就是由国家（或货币当局）发行，这就是法定数字货币或称央行数字货币（CBDC）。这种数字货币和现金等其他央行货币一样，都是央行的负债，采用同样的记账货币，通过区块链等通证与簿记系统实现支付清算。法定数字货币作为一种新的货币形态，兼具银行存款与现金的双重优势，可以为消费者带来新金融体验；也为创新普惠金融账户和交易账户，构建安全、普惠的基本银行服务提供了可能。\n和其他法定货币一样，国家发行数字货币并不能保证一定成功。2018年2月，委内瑞拉发行“石油币（petro）”，是一种由政府发起并声称以该国石油储备做支撑的加密数字货币（据说一个石油币价值一桶原油）。委内瑞拉的法定货币已经让国内民众失去信任， 其加密数字货币能否成功只能拭目以待。\n\n\n创新“通证+簿记系统”技术\n\n数字货币本质上是“通证+簿记系统”，区块链（或分布式账本）是其技术核心。根据剑桥大学的一份研究报告，从创新程度看，目前市面上绝大多数数字货币属于没什么创新性的山寨币，但也有部分数字货币在加密码算法、处理效率、共识机制、智能合约、分布式应用（dApp）等方面进行不懈努力和创新。数字货币技术的进一步发展，有没有可能创造出一种通用的价值存储与价值转移的网络协议——价值网络IoV（Internet of Value），也是一个值得探讨的发展方向。\n就区块链技术本身而言，区块链作为一种全新的分布式记账与簿记技术，试图在金融、信息安全等各领域寻找到应用场景并取得积极进展 。\n\n\n推动“通证+簿记系统”应用\n\n英国央行行长卡尼（Mark Carney）在“未来货币”的演讲中指出，经济与社会正在强大的网络环境中重组为一系列分布式点到点连接。人们在加快形成直接、瞬时、开放的连接，这将引发消费、工作和交流方式的变革。而金融系统仍然是围绕银行与支付、清算与结算系统组成的多中心星形结构，数字货币或者更准确地说加密资产，试图为点到点交易（peer-to-peer transaction）创造一种金融架构。\n\n数字货币作为一种“通证+簿记系统”，为货币支付与证券清算乃至重构整个金融市场基础设施提供了另一种可能途径。一些国家或地区央行、证券交易所通过研究和概念证明（POC），表明区块链（或分布式账本）作为一种点到点的支付体系和证券清算架构在测试环境下是可行的，未来有可能提高货币支付、证券清算的效率、可靠性和便捷灵活性。\n\n用通证表示外部资产，通过“通证+簿记系统”把外部资产转化为“智能资产”（smart property） ，可实现加密资产点到点交易与管理等应用。未来，通过物联网技术，几乎任何实物资产都可以通过互联网加以识别和控制，进而通过区块链转变为智能财产，有可能打通“通证+簿记系统”服务实体经济的通道。对于某些试图构建独立生态圈的网络社区或私营机构，其发行的内生数字货币如果能够转变成一种值得信赖的债务，具有良好的价值稳定和维护机制，并可在生态圈内流通和使用，那么这种数字货币有可能在特定网络空间扮演区域或特色货币的角色。\n\n\n探索区域或特色通证\n\n对于某些试图构建独立生态圈的网络社区或私营机构，其发行的内生数字货币如果能够转变成一种值得信赖的债务，具有良好的价值稳定和维护机制，并可在生态圈内流通和使用，那么这种数字货币有可能在特定网络空间扮演区域或特色货币的角色。\n从更长远看，账本和簿记自古以来都处于商业的核心地位。13世纪复式记账的产生是记账领域的重大变革，极大地推动了文艺复兴和资本主义的发展。区块链（或分布式账本）作为一种网络时代的新型记账技术和簿记系统，颠覆了传统的中心化簿记方式，究竟有无可能引发包括货币与证券支付清算体系、企业组织形态、市场交易机制乃至国家宏观调控方式的新一轮变革，只能拭目以待。毕竟区块链技术尚未成熟，成功应用屈指可数，要引发广泛的账本和簿记系统变革，还有很长的路要走。\n\n\n结束语\n\n数字货币本质上就是“通证+簿记系统”。数字货币作为货币存在致命缺陷，其未来方向，一是向货币化方向发展，发行国家数字货币或合规前提下发展特定范围、特定用途的区域或特色数字货币；二是向“通证+簿记系统”技术创新和实际应用方向发展，使区块链技术真正服务实体经济，进而推动数字经济发展。\n\n现存的数字货币，作为一种创新的商品或“加密资产”（crypto-asset）, 大多数没什么技术含量的山寨币终将乏人问津，少数具有创新性和有特色的数字货币可能寻找到新的成长动力，否则也无法摆脱收藏品或投机品的命运。而形形色色打着数字货币或区块链旗号的传销、欺诈、非法集资、疯狂投机与炒作等违法违规行为，则为加密数字货币未来蒙上阴影。\n\nhttps://lianquan.wordpress.com/2019/01/23/%E4%BB%8E%E8%B4%A7%E5%B8%81%E6%9C%AC%E8%B4%A8%E7%9C%8B%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E8%B4%A7%E5%B8%81%E6%9C%AA%E6%9D%A5/",
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      "permlink": "what-is-grin-coin-first-look-brief-summary",
      "title": "What is Grin Coin? (First Look Brief Summary)",
      "body": "Grin is causing quite a stir in the ‘social-crypto’ sphere, What is Grin all about? I try to find out with this maiden post that very briefly explains the basic information about Grin that anyone should know.\n\ngrin01\n\nName： Grin\nTicker： GRIN\nIssued Date： 2019.1.15\nTotal Supply： Infinite\n\nIntroduction\nGrin is committed to providing privacy and scalability in cryptocurrencies with several distinctive features using a blockchain protocol called MimbleWimble Privacy Protection; storing only a small amount of data in a blockchain, running a full node is lightweight, cheap and easy; Dev team are mostly anonymous, Mimblewimble is designed distributed across the globe; there is no pre-mined PoW mechanism, fairer as well as decentralized.\n\nMimbleWimble embodies a key principle in the design of the transaction structure, notably, it’s strong privacy and confidentiality. MimbleWimble’s transaction confirmation relies on two basic attributes: the first is zero and verification, that is, the output sum minus the input sum is always equal to zero, which proofs that the transaction does not create new money out of thin air, and does not display the actual amount; the second is private The key has ownership of the transaction output. In MimbleWimble, proofing an owner owns these private keys is not directly accomplished by signing the transaction.\n\nGrin is an open source project based on the MimbleWimble protocol with the following main objectives and features:\n1. The default feature of privacy protection. This makes it fully replaceable and retains the ability to selectively disclose information on demand.\n2. The block size is adapted to the transaction volume. Transactions record only retain about 100 bytes of trading cores, sparing a lot of space compared to other blockchains.\n3. Powerful and proven cryptography. MimbleWimble uses only elliptic curve ciphers, which have been tested and trial for decades.\n4. Simplicity design makes it easy to review and maintain the future-proof code.\n5. Community driven. A decoupling algorithm that resists ASIC (Cuckoo Cycle algorithm) is used to encourage decentralized mining.\n6. The community is not controlled or invested by any institution or individual, and the development team only accepts donations.\n\nWhat is Grin?\nElectronic transactions for all. Without censorship or restrictions.\n\nGrin empowers anyone to transact or save modern money without the fear of external control or oppression. Grin is designed for the decades to come, not just tomorrow. Grin wants to be usable by everyone, regardless of borders, culture, skills or access.\n\nGrin allows anyone to trade or save modern money without fear of external control or oppression. Grin is designed for the future, not just tomorrow. Regardless of borders, culture, skills or access, Grin wants everyone to use it.\n\nPrivate\nGrin has no addresses or an addresses. Transactions can be simplified summarries. To hide where the newly created transaction origin from, it was privately relayerd between peers (“random walk”) before being publicly broadcasted.\n\nScalable\nMimbleWimble leverages cryptography to remove most past transaction data. This ensures that Grin will not collapse under its own weight for a long time.\n\nOpen\nGrin is developed openly, by developers distributed all over the world. It’s not controlled by any company, foundation or individual. The coin distribution is designed to be as fair (but not gratis) as is known to be possible.\n\nNo cap on total supply\nAccording to Grin’s monetary policy, Grin’s block interval is 1 minute. Initially, the block reward is set to 60 Grin token, and then the inflation rate decreases quarterly. For example, the annual inflation rate of the first period is 400%. The second cycle is 200%, the third cycle is 133.3%, and the fourth cycle is 100%… And after 10 years, its inflation rate is reduced to 10%, and after 20 years, it is less than 5%, 50 The annual inflation rate after the year has remained at 2%.\n\nIs it too complicated? Here is calculation of the speed at which the token would be generated:\nIn the first quarter, the entire network will generate 7884,000 tokens, and after 1 year, the entire network will have 3,1536,000 tokens. Approximately after 31 years, there will be 1 billion tokens in the entire network. After 50 years, there will be about 1.54 billion in the entire network. Thereafter, the issuance is carried out at a rate of 2% per year.\nWebsite: https://grin-tech.org/\nGithub: https://github.com/mimblewimble/grin/releases\nOriginal Whitepaper: https://download.wpsoftware.net/bitcoin/wizardry/mimblewimble.txt\nAndrew Poelstra’s Whitepaper: https://download.wpsoftware.net/bitcoin/wizardry/mimblewimble.pdf\nGitter: https://gitter.im/grin_community/Lobby\nNews: https://grinnews.substack.com/\nForum: https://www.grin-forum.org/\nTwitter: https://twitter.com/grinmw\nDiscord: https://discord.gg/Z3sEfEU\nMailing List: https://launchpad.net/~mimblewimble\n\n\nfollow me at twitter @onlinetraderbiz",
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      "permlink": "re-alexispost-disney-ea-and-tencent-to-bid-for-korbit-20190121t170510965z",
      "title": "",
      "body": "great post Be away from @cheetah",
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      "permlink": "cheetah-re-alexispostdisney-ea-and-tencent-to-bid-for-korbit",
      "title": "",
      "body": "Hi! I am a robot. I just upvoted you! I found similar content that readers might be interested in:\nhttps://www.cryptonewsz.com/disney-ea-and-tencent-planning-to-bid-for-korbit/6664/",
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      "title": "Disney, EA and Tencent to Bid for Korbit",
      "body": "Korbit is the first ever Korean won cryptocurrency exchange in the world. And big names like EA, Disney, are running against each other to bid for this exchange. But would Disney want to run two of the world’s major cryptocurrency exchanges? As per one Sout Korean newspaperHowever, the company would have to face fierce competition from American and Chinese mega-companies.\n\nhttps://i.imgur.com/vawT3TZ.jpg\n\nNexon’s owner Kim Jung-Ju (the biggest gaming company in South Korea) is looking forward to selling his company. However, Nexon is merely a small part of the more massive NXC empire. Apart from Nexon it, the business empire operates and owns Korbit exchange and Bitstamp.\n\nMany insiders and experts on the matter are estimating different future. Some are claiming that Kim would keep his blockchain based venture and let go the rest of the $9 billion worth business; however, some say that he is most likely to sell the whole business (NXC) in and out to a single buyer.\n\nApart from Disney, Tencent, a China-based internet, and telecommunication company is eager to buy the business. The company has requested Goldman Sachs to take care of its bid for NXC. But, another American company named EA is also in the race. EA is a favorite and huge games developing company. So, now three big players are running for the same prize. EA, Tencent, and Disney\n\nNexon owner Kim is however very much clear about his objectives and wants to sell the company as soon as possible. And hence the bidding will be commenced in the mid-February; most probably right after 6th.\n\nIt is said that NXC has requested financial institutions namely Deutsche Securities and Morgan Stanley to give the investment guidelines to prospective purchasers of the business group.\n\nClearing the dust, recently Nexon issued a statement saying that it is true that NXC and its shareholders are pondering over multiple alternatives for their asset management, but so far nothing has been decided. Korbit became a part of NXC in 2017 October by signing a deal worth over USD 150 million. It bought Bitstamp in 2018 October.\n\nDisney and EA might be more interested in having NXC’s gaming; however, the crypto enthusiasts would love if either of the companies ends up winning the race. Both companies already have a blockchain powered business with them.  By buying NXC, one of these companies would eventually get to own two major crypto exchanges on their portfolios.\n\nWhile Tencent already owns extensive blockchain operations, it would definitely be willing to add more.",
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      "title": "FiiiPay，已经进入马来西亚各类商店",
      "body": "看看这些在马来西亚的商店，已经开始接受FiiiPay付款了！\n\n包括:书店，面包店，咖啡厅，餐馆等等！\n\n不需要怀疑加密货币是否能够用来消费！\n\n看图\nhttps://i.imgur.com/Qr0mUIB.jpg\n\nhttps://i.imgur.com/yJT76eP.jpg\n\nhttps://i.imgur.com/HiCfHeY.jpg\n\nhttps://i.imgur.com/ZVE3L7s.jpg\n\n为了让全球99%的非区块链用户可以更加容易接受比特币或其他加密货币，不要仅仅局限于投资，投机炒作，最简单的方式就是“使用您的比特币，请您的朋友喝一杯咖啡”。\n\nhttps://i.imgur.com/6sLNSNj.jpg\n\nhttps://i.imgur.com/423lsW3.jpg\n\nFiiiPOS，全球首款可以支持高达1500种加密货币的POS机商业零售终端。\n\n内置独立研发DPoC公式算法，实现真正意义上的移动端区块生成作业，目前已经量产。\n\nFiiiPOS将寻找更多区块链公司一起合作打造生态。希望通过FiiiPOS的零售终端，可以完全落地应用的消费场景。",
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      "body": "Thank you so much for sharing this amazing post with us!\n\nHave you heard about Partiko? It’s a really convenient mobile app for Steem! With Partiko, you can easily see what’s going on in the Steem community, make posts and comments (no beneficiary cut forever!), and always stayed connected with your followers via push notification!\n\nPartiko also rewards you with Partiko Points (3000 Partiko Point bonus when you first use it!), and Partiko Points can be converted into Steem tokens. You can earn Partiko Points easily by making posts and comments using Partiko.\n\nWe also noticed that your Steem Power is low. We will be very happy to delegate 15 Steem Power to you once you have made a post using Partiko! With more Steem Power, you can make more posts and comments, and earn more rewards!\n\nIf that all sounds interesting, you can: \n\n- Download Partiko Android at [Google Play](http://bit.ly/2SRFIta)\n- Or Download Partiko iOS on the [App Store](https://apple.co/2PcXkSd)\n\nThank you so much for reading this message!",
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      "body": "https://traderdotexposed.files.wordpress.com/2018/12/cryptocurrency-3424626_1920-2.jpg\n\nEver since the initial public offering (ICO) started 2017, the struggling of regulatory framework to address the challenges associated with the rapidly changing state of distributed ledger technology seems never run out of steam. Blockchain brings a new asset class that eager to be integrated into traditional financial markets. Unsurprisingly, the flood of initiatives and solutions proposed from market participants themselves, prompting regulators to take notice.\n\nThe current blockchain exchanges are yet to fully ready, or there is no required license to support security token trading to accommodate the surge of demand in the securities-based cryptocurrency trading market, and many have planned to support security tokens and offering their own take of liquidity solution.\n\nThe following is a list of selected up-and-coming exchanges that specialized on supporting security token:\n\ntZero (USA)\nhttps://www.tzero.com/\n\nOverstock’s subsidiary, tZero, is designed in a very intuitive approach that cater to security token trading system.\n\ntZero’s frontend UI makes transaction security tokens simple, efficient ,compliant and user friendly. Additionally, for added security, tZero integrates the existing 15c3-5 risk management software, order management system, matching engine and numerous proprietary technologies to enabled the ultimate security token transaction experience.\n\nTheir top-notch offerings already attracted numbers of quality blockchain projects such as Polymath. Leverage with their strong parent track records and brand, they certainly knew what they are doing and how the entire ecosystem will evolve in the future.\n\nCurrently, tZERO’s private issuance of the tZERO Security Token (TZRO) has ended in August 2018, and the trading platform is expected to be launch in early 2019.\n\nOne of tZero’s key strengths is that it has two SEC registration and FINRA member broker dealers, SpeedRoute LLC, a top routing and execution company, and PROSecurities LLC, registered as an alternative trading system (ATS), which is the first SEC and FINRA supervise ATS to enable and support cryptocurrency trading specifically for security token exchange.\n\nOpen Finance (USA)\nhttps://openfinance.io/\n\nOpen finance is another pioneer trading platform for security token. The platform is now launched and is the first US-based regulated security token trading platform built specifically for the future of tokenization. In order to list your security tokens on the OFN, the tokens must first satisfy and belong to their pre-defined security token requirement framework.\n\nFor lisitng, adopting a token standard will accelerate approval process. Some approved standards are:\n\nDS Protocol\nR-token\nST-20\nS3\n\nThey have established relationships with leading brokerage firms, escrow/custodians, transfer agents and banks. Since 2014, they have assembled a core team of exchange technology experts, securities lawyers and trading veterans, which will help them simplify this niche market.\n\nThe securitization are provided through Sageworks Capital, LLC, a subsidiary entity and registered broker-dealer and member FINRA / SIPC.\n\nBnkToTheFuture (USA)\nhttps://bnktothefuture.com/\n\nBnkToTheFuture is an established online investment platform with nearly 50,000 professional and recognized investors, already completed over $630 million in financing rounds of FinTech, Bitcoin and blockchain transactions listed on its platform, including Kraken. BitFinex, BitStamp and Shape Shift. BnkToTheFuture recently completed its ICO with the goal of establishing a platform for security token trading.\n\nThey are one of the earliest advocates of investments in bitcoin, blockchain and other disruptive financial companies. Now, with the launched of their local token-BFT, they have gathered the largest high-net-worth clients community, and set sight in investing in Fintech, Bitcoin and blockchain. It provides the easiest path for anyone to invest in secondary tokenized market, especially for investors who are ready to invest early in future projects that can issue security tokens, traditional bonds, stocks or other forms of digital assets.\n\nNonetheless, BnkToTheFuture will also provide the much-needed liquidity for new projects as new crypto capital will continued to flow into these markets.\n\nBut the platform is only open to approved investors with annual incomes of more than $200,000, with investment sum of between $1,000 and $10,000.\nBancor (Switzerland)\nhttps://www.bancor.network/\n\nThe Bancor Blockchain is another big name supporting the security token trading. Bancor is one of the most popular cryptocurrency trading project. For those who are not familar with the Bancor protocol, here’s a simple description\n\nThe Bancor protocol is a new standard for cryptocurrencies called smart tokens that automatically and seamlessly converts to other tokens in the network based on the algorithmic computation (on-chain conversion).\n\nBancor is the liquidity solution for today’s security tokens. It will be used for the SPiCE VC token and will be provided to the Securitize issuer. The advantage of the Bancor model is that it allows investors to sell tokens directly to the issuer without having to find the buyer on the opposite side. The equivalent of 3% of Bancor relays that raise funds can usually provide better liquidity than the small coins offered by most exchanges, with less price fluctuations.\n\nTemplum (USA)\nhttps://templuminc.com/\n\nTemplum recently acquired Liquid M Capital, which has an alternative trading system. Through the platform, Templum will provide liquidity for tokenized securities in accordance with US security regulations. The company has successfully raised $2.7 million in seed rounds.\n\nThe Malta Stock Exchange (Malta)\n\nThe Malta Stock Exchange (MSX) is one of the traditional securities trading platform that had indicated it will offer security token trading. MSX has partnered with the Digital Assets Exchange, OKEx to create a ground-up enterprise-grade security token trading platform. Furthermore, MSX has aggressively getting blockchain deals that include securitized token initiatives with others such as Binance and Neufund etc to sync with Malta vision to become the “The Isle of Blockchain”.\n\nIn early August, the Maltese Parliament enacted the law for encryption and blockchain-related bills, establishing a regulatory framework for blockchain technology.",
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      "title": "What Is Blockchain Node And The Masternode?",
      "body": "http://trader.exposed/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/masternode00.jpg\n\nHere is a short post that tries to explain the theoretical concept of the nodes and the masternodes in blockchain technology. How can we participate and what kind of typical tasks they perform?\n\nNodes\nA node in a blockchain usually refers to a computer that has downloaded the relevant cryptocurrency (bitcoin, Ethereum, Monero, etc.) software to participate in a specific peer-to-peer network or blockchain.\n\nThe infrastructure of the cryptocurrency blockchain is the network architecture between peers (P2P). P2P means that all participating computers in the network are equal to each other. The word P2P is nothing new. The first large-scale use of P2P networks was done by the music file sharing network Napster.\n\nAlthough the Napster network is not complicated at all (just a file sharing protocol), its basic principle is the same as the current blockchain network. In this sense, the oldest P2P network, similar to the current blockchain work, is the SETI @HOME network. SETI @HOME is a computer network created by SETI to analyze data from radio telescopes around the world, analyze data from radio telescopes, and find intelligent life in the galaxy. Whoever wishes to participate in this network, just download the software from its official website and execute it.\n\nThus, in a P2P network, each computer participating in the network can receive the name of the node. In the network, all nodes are responsible for providing network services. This is because of the interconnectivity of network nodes, allowing for interoperability.\n\nA blockchain network refers to a set of nodes that perform a given blockchain P2P protocol. The entire network orchestrates and coordinates the operations each user does on the network in a fully integrated, decentralized, and distributed approach. This means that computer networks around the world can continuously transfer/broadcast new transactions to each other. Each computer in this network is a node that has downloaded the complete blockchain. In this way, the network becomes redundant, and the collaborative work makes it extremely scalable in terms of expansion.\n\nDue to the decentralization of the blockchain, anyone is free to participate. Just download the node software and execute it. Typically, this feature is supported by the main wallet for each project. Initially, the network starts from the origin of the blockchain until it is synchronized with the network. At this point, the node is fully operational, allowing not only validation of the transaction, but also the overall snapshot of the blockchain. Usually, nodes can perform the following functions: routing, blockchain database, mining, and wallet services.\n\nThese nodes are a single part of the largest data structure of a blockchain. When node owners voluntarily contribute their own computing resources to store and verify transactions, they have the opportunity to charge transaction fees and receive rewards in potential cryptocurrencies.\n\nHandling these transactions may require a lot of computation and processing power, which means that the average power of the computer is not sufficient. In general, professional miners tend to invest in very powerful computing devices such as CPUs (Central Processing Units) or GPUs (Graphics Processing Units) to meet the processing power required for verification transactions, thereby obtaining corresponding s return.\n\nA node can be a communication endpoint or a redistribution point for communication, linking to other nodes. Each node in the network is considered equal, but some nodes play different roles in supporting the network. For example, not all nodes store a complete copy of the blockchain.\n\nA complete node downloads an entire copy of a blockchain and checks for new transactions based on the consensus protocol used by that particular cryptocurrency or utility token. All nodes use the same consensus protocol to maintain compatibility. The nodes in the network are responsible for validating and verifying the transactions and putting them into blocks. For a transaction to be valid and whether it should be added to a block with other transactions, the node can always draw its own conclusions no matter how other nodes act.\n\nThe Basic Function Of Nodes\n\nWhen a digger or user attempts to add a new transaction block to the blockchain through a certain mechanism of the protocol, it transmits the block to all nodes of the network. Depending on the legitimacy of the block (signature and validity of the transaction), the node can accept or reject the block. When a node accepts a new transaction block, it saves it and stores it on other blocks it already stores. In summary, the role of the node is:\n\nThey can check if a transaction block is valid and accept or reject it. Store and store transaction blocks (storage blockchain transaction history). This transaction history is transferred and extended to other nodes that may need to be synchronized with the blockchain (they must be updated in the transaction history).\n\nCategory of nodes\n\nIn a blockchain network, traditionally there are three types of nodes that provide different functions in the network. These node types are:\n\nBroadcast nodes: They only issue transactions and receive blockchain information from third parties. They follow the most powerful mining power, known as light wallets, and are widely used in mobile devices or simply by people who don’t want to download the entire blockchain.\nComplete node: Install complete node software, such as Bitcoin Core, in addition to having the most secure wallet, it will also download a copy of the blockchain and become a node in the Bitcoin network. Therefore, you will issue a transaction, propagate the rest of the network, and verify that the consistent rules are met.\nMining nodes: In addition to operating their favorite software miners (BTCMiner, CGMiner), the miner must have a copy of the blockchain. In addition to mining bitcoin, these nodes help create new blocks and publish and distribute transactions.\n\nHow Safe Is The Node?\n\nNodes can be online or offline. Online nodes receive, save, and transfer all last blocks of transactions from other nodes, while nodes that are not connected do not. When an offline node comes back online, it must first catch up with the rest of the blockchain by downloading all blocks added to the blockchain after disconnecting from that node. This process is often referred to as blockchain synchronization.\n\nIn theory, a complete blockchain can be executed on a single node, but since it is stored in a single device, it is very susceptible to power outages, hackers, or system failures. The more complete nodes that run in a blockchain, the more resilient they are in the face of such disasters. When the blockchain data is distributed across so many devices, it is very difficult for a corrupted entity to delete all of this data at once. Due to the global crisis, a large number of nodes suddenly drop and become inaccessible. In theory, a single node can keep the entire blockchain running. Even if all nodes are disconnected, only one node with a complete blockchain history can be brought back online and all data can be accessed again.\n\nThese nodes are also vulnerable to computer attacks, which may change their functionality. For example, a fraudster can violate the security of the software and, without changing the blockchain data, it can redirect the node’s profits to a different address than its owner. Stealing address attacks is the most common type of attack for this type of software, which is why developers recommend using an updated version of their blockchain software.\n\nThese security flaws are easy to fix, and you can use some computer security knowledge or use the software tools that create security mechanisms to isolate the blockchain software from the rest of the computer system. These measures include:\n\nUse official or developer software that have a long-term and proven record. Protect our active private key, mnemonic key, and any other privilege information in the blockchain. Use computers or electronic devices only for our mining activities. Use sandbox software to isolate software applications from the rest of the system. Use the MAC (forced access control) system privilege, which allows us to run our blockchain software with minimal access to the operating system and other system apis (this isolation is greater than the sandbox).\n\nWhat Is The Masternodes?\n\nMasternode is a unique feature of some current blockchains. The masternode is usually more equipped than the normal node. In addition to verifying, saving, and transmitting transactions, sometimes the masternode promotes other events in the blockchain based on its nature, such as voting events, execution of protocol operations, and compliance with blockchain laws. The masternode is usually always online and provides much more memory than a normal node. Because the home of the masternode usually requires more resources (electricity, uptime, maintenance, storage space, memory), the residence usually provides payment in the form of interest.\n\nHowever, not everyone can run the masternode. The ability to control the masternode can be abused, so the host is required to store the least (usually a significant) amount of cryptocurrency as collateral. This is treated as a margin when the masternode violates the rules of the blockchain. The interest rate received by the masternode is calculated based on your margin. The amount of money retained depends on the revenue of the owner of the masternode, which is measured by the percentage of all transactions and operations processed by the set of masternodes involved. Projects such as DASH and Ethereum use and create master nodes in their structures.",
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      "title": "New Coin Coming As Ehtereum Reward Reduction?",
      "body": "What if Ethereum users choose to implement the hard fork of Constantinople by upgrading the software, will there any discontent party hard fork another chain?\n\nhttps://traderdotexposed.files.wordpress.com/2018/12/Ethereum-Blockchain-percoiner-2018-10-21.jpg?w=768\n\n1. What is ETH Reward Reduction\nThe decision news on 33% reduction in Ethereum’s reward has sparked resentment in the prolonged bear market.\n\nThis development contributed additional pressure on ETH price. The simplified announcement: “The Ethereum CONSENSUS will ACTIVATE the Constantinople upgrade at a block height of 4.200000.” “At that time, the reward for generating new blocks will be reduced from the original 3 ETHs to 2 ETHs (33% reduction).\n\nLater at the Ethereum Core Developers Conference on December 7th, developers finally decided that the 7,080,000 block on the Ethereum blockchain would be used as a hard-fork activation point, and users could choose to upgrade from the block to the new code. According to the current prediction, the hard fork will be upgraded around January 14-18, 2019.\n\nIf it’s confusing, in layman term: if the Ethereum user chooses to implement the hard fork of Constantinople by upgrading the software, all feature updates will not take effect until the 7,080,000 block is mined.\n\nAdditionally, Martin Holst Swende, Ethereum Foundation and “go-ethereum” security chief, revealed in order to ensure any unexpected problems from hard fork upgrade in Constantinople. They will release an upgraded version of the “go-ethereum” software that includes an “emergency switch” feature that allows users to delay upgrades in the event of an anomaly.\n\nFurthermore, the expansion schemes for Ethereum’s shards and Casper mechanisms will not appear in the upcoming hard fork of Constantinople, because this is a small upgrade that includes five independent improvements (EIPS), the conviction is to facilitate the transition from work proof-of-work (pow) to more energy-efficient proof-of-stake (pos) consensus algorithm.\n\n2. Constantinople Hard Forks Twists And Turns\nLooking back, Ethereum Constantinople hard forks can be best described as roller-coaster ride, the initial hard fork time is scheduled for November this year, but later because the test network deployment failed in October, the core developers announced that they will postpone. The plan to upgrade the Constantinople system upgrade project on the test network Ropsten.\n\nBeside, the delay will provide space for Ropsten users to test other Ethereum projects (such as the offline expansion solution Raiden) in order to prepare for the possible forks in Constantinople, which means the original Ethereum Developers hope to optimize blockchain efficiency by simplifying platform code design.\n\nBut Ethereum is still trying to delay the implementation of the so-called “difficult bomb” by 18 months – in fact, the Difficulty Bomb agreement was created shortly after the birth of Ethereum, making the mining difficulty more and more difficult over time.\n\nIn the “Constantinople” version, Ethereum’s consensus algorithm will be transformed from proof-of-work (PoW) to proof-of-work and proof-of-stake (PoS) hybrid consensus algorithm to improve the efficiency of the entire Ethereum blockchain. , reduce costs, and eventually transition to the fourth phase of the pure proof-of-stake consensus algorithm. One of the most interesting improvements is the reduction in output, and the block reward will be adjusted from 3ETH to 2ETH.\n\nWhen these were announced, we couldn’t help but envision that the bull market cycle would followed the halving cycle.\n\nPreviously, media reported that in the Etherscan, clearly see that the block height has reached more than 6400000, far exceeding the height of the 4200000 block, so they mistakenly believe that this fork will only be tested in Ethereum. Conducted on the testnet, instead of the mainnet, hence has no effect on ETH and even the overall market.\n\nHowever, although 4200000 does refer to the block height in the Ethereum testnet, the significance of the Ethereum testnet is to test the feasibility of various scalability optimization. The block height may be lower or higher due to different testnet startup time, etc. For example, the mainnet has reached more than 6400000 blocks, and the testnet has only reached more than 4200000.\n\nThe testnet’s fork is actually testing the feasibility of the Ethereum network moving from PoW to PoS, which means that if the fork in the testnet does improve efficiency, reduce cost and energy consumption, and Conducive to the Ethereum network to achieve a smooth transition from PoW to PoS, then the fork will be applied to the mainnet.\n\nEthereum test network is to facilitate the development and testing of smart contracts. A blockchain that runs separately has the same properties as the mainnet, and ETH in the testnet can be implemented free of charge to avoid ETH loss caused by BUG.\n\nIn general, the news of this output cut has caused a favorable effect on Ethereum. The decrease in circulation will cause the cost of miners to rise, and will also lay the foundation for the improvement of Ethereum’s performance, thus indirectly stimulating price appreciation. The purpose of output reduction is fitter to realize the transition from PoW to PoS, improve efficiency as well as reduce costs.\n\nOf course, these arguments may still fit for the long-term view. At present, in the monumental bear market, any positive reaction may be limited. It may not be a good thing for the miners. The timing of this upgrade may not ideal for nodes. The one-third cut of reward will serve as a double blow to the miners that already suffering from the feeble ETH price.\n\nUltimately, the main objective of Ethereum is to reduce the reward of miners, to gradually phase out POW mining, and switch to POS.\n\n3. And Finally The Possibility of New Crypto\nMatter of fact, hard fork for many cryptocurrency is merely an upgrade, doesn’t necessarily mean it would resulted into separate chains.\n\nEthereum is the leading pact in the blockchain 2.0 era. The pioneering concept of smart contract has changed the landscape of the blockchain market. 96% of the top 100 Tokens listed in the market are created based on Ethereum. Clearly, the 2017 bull market is largely driven by Ethereum blockchain.\n\nNow that the Ethereum upgrade is imminent, this time the upgrade of Ethereum is different from the upgrade of BCH. BCH is a disintegration within the Bitcoin community, causing the BCH fork, yet it will bring along an uncertain future. In particular, the recent BCH forks and arguments are still drag out, and the miners can modify the BCH source code to create a currency with a market value of several billions. The pre-mined coins has generated huge returns, which has seriously disrupted the market order. It destroys the security of the blockchain network and is not conducive to the long-term healthy development of the blockchain.\n\nThe Ethereum Foundation has always maintained a strong position in community development and will ensure this from happening. This decision was made not only to implement the original development plan of Ethereum, but also to enhance the performance of Ethereum. It is also safeguard the healthy Ethereum future pices and reduced inflation.\n\nMoreover, this upgrade of Ethereum is the unanimous agreement of the development team, and it is also milestone in the Ethereum whitepaper, amidst undergone numerous delays.\n\nETH used to derailed with ETC fork resulted of hacking incidents. It caused period of confusing for a while, and depressed the ether price to new low levels, but in retrospect, it was proven to be short term setback. Therefore, the prospect of new forked coin has little impact this time around.\n\nAnd, Ethereum’s operability can be optimized with the protocol upgrade, which may affect Layer 2 and other public blockchains. The robustness of the underlying network will cause the Layer 2 network and related extension protocols to lose their significance, such as the Raiden Network and the POA Network.\n\nOn the other hand, the Ethereum community has the largest number of developers in the world and dApps under development. After the performance improvement, it will likely overwhelmed other public chains.\n\nThe next month’s Ether upgrade, will notch closer the PoS, with the eventual scalability enhancement will further realized in the next two years.",
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      "body": "Hi! I am a robot. I just upvoted you! I found similar content that readers might be interested in:\nhttp://money.eastmoney.com/a/20181204999074146.html",
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      "title": "暴跌的比特币还有投资价值吗",
      "body": "11月中旬之后，比特币突然进入加速下跌模式，哀嚎一片。比特币为何暴跌？买卖比特币是投资行为吗？\n\n比特币再次跌入深谷\n\n加密货币最近的衰退开始于11月中旬，当时处于市场龙头地位的比特币跌破6000美元/枚。然而，这只是本轮比特币价格暴跌的序幕。\n\n自那时起，这个世界上最大的加密货币屡创新低，短短几天就连续跌破5000美元、4000美元重要关口。\n\n而在11月25日，据Bitstamp交易所数据，比特币暴跌至3474.73美元/枚，当日跌幅逾10%，7日跌幅约37.5%。这个价格较2017年12月峰值(19290美元)己跌去近82%。\n\n事实上，自从比特币诞生，其交易价格就屡屡在短期内暴跌。\n\n上一次比特币暴跌发生在2017年9月，当时央行联合各大监管机构发布了《关于防范代币发行融资风险的公告》，叫停了境内的各类数字资产交易平台的交易业务。受此消息影响，比特币、莱特币和以太坊等主要数字货币全线大跌。\n\n再之前是2013年12月，央行等五部委发布《关于防范比特币风险的通知》，消息一出，比特币当天就从1200美元被腰斩至600美元，一天内就暴跌50%！此后，比特币开始了长达400多天的节节败退，市场一片哀嚎，从矿机到平台在内的相关企业一地鸡毛。\n\n如今，类似5年前的毁灭式暴跌再次降临。\n\n原因：多国央行对比特币说“NO”\n\n中国央行是最早察觉出比特币风险、最早出台雷霆手段叫停比特币平台交易的。此后，韩国、俄罗斯、泰国等多国政府也对比特币交易采取了严格的监管手段。\n\n而近来，比特币价格受挫则与美国监管机构的强力打压密不可分。\n\n据CNBC报道，美国证券交易委员会(SEC)11月16日与两家加密货币公司达成了和解，这是第一起针对首次代币发行(ICO)注册违规的民事处罚。\n\nSEC表示，初创公司Airfox和Paragon在未经注册的初始加密货币产品中各自募集超过了1000万美元，这两家初创公司都已同意支付罚金，并且将其代币登记为证券，并且会向该机构定期提交报告，此外还将把资金返还给任何受到损失的投资者。\n\n此外，据彭博社11月20日报道，美国司法部正在调查去年比特币1300%的涨幅是否受到人为的操纵。据3位知情人士向彭博社透露，联邦检察官几个月前就对加密货币展开了广泛的刑事调查，他们一直怀疑，涉及比特币等多个加密货币交易的平台Bitfinex，有可能利用其错综复杂的网络来非法影响交易价格。\n\n不仅美国对数字货币加强了监管，连比较宽松的欧洲也采取了行动。\n\n欧央行执行理事Benoit Coeure在“央行的央行”国际清算银行(BIS)讲话称，比特币是“泡沫、庞氏骗局和环境灾难的结合体”。他承认，比特币的创意非常聪明，但不是每一个聪明的主意都是好主意，在很多方面，比特币是金融危机后的邪恶产物。\n\n彭博社分析指出，今年以来的数字货币泡沫破灭，是由监管力度加大、币圈内斗、交易所混乱等因素引发，而数字货币年内暴跌的最大受害者是在价格见顶之际涌入市场的散户。\n\n值得注意的是，对于没有比特币信仰的人来说，比特币一钱不值；即使是对比特币充满信仰的人，目前对比特币价格未来走势的判断也极为悬殊。\n\n一派认为，3500美元已是比特币价格的底部拐点。\n\n资深市场分析师Mati Greenspan表示：“3500美元是投资人可以大胆进场的买点。”\n\n无独有偶，福布斯分析师Joseph Young也在社交网站推特上表示：“比特币3000多美元、以太坊100多美元，如果你错过了2014年、2015年、2016年和2017年的发财机会，那现在正是时候。”\n\n另一派则坚持比特币价格将持续下跌。\n\nNews BTC分析师Aayush Jindal认为：“3500美元可能不足以探底本轮币价的跌势，下一个盘踞档位可能是3200美元，短期来看比特币价格到明年1月可能跌至2500美元。”\n\n持相似观点的还有Oanda Corp亚太区交易主管Stephen Innes，他同样认为比特币价格目前尚未触底。\n\n现状：产业链崩塌\n\n随着近一年来比特币价格的持续大幅下跌，整个产业链已出现崩塌。\n\n据11月25日矿池机构鱼池(F2Pool)测算，包括蚂蚁S7/T9/S9等多款比特币主力矿机已达“关机币价”，其中蚂蚁S9系列是国内行业龙头比特大陆的“机皇”产品。\n\n“关机币价”是指矿工用矿机挖矿获得的收益还不足以支付挖矿消耗的电费时的币价，也可以理解为挖出某一种币的挖矿成本价。如果币价跌破“关机币价”，那么挖矿自然就是会亏损的。\n\n当然，这并非投资“矿场”的实际成本价，因为没有考虑矿机自身的折旧以及一次性投入的建安成本、土地租赁成本。\n\n有报道显示，分布在国内新疆、内蒙等地区的多处小型比特币矿场选择将矿机转卖清盘。矿机废弃之后如小山一般堆在院子里，一年前售价高达2万元一台的矿机，二手转让价仅为1000多元。有一位拥有上万台矿机的矿主，自称矿机的投入就超过1亿元，如今不“挖矿”，就只能眼看着这些矿机沦为废铁。\n\n此外，据香港证券交易所网站11月15日显示，“嘉楠耘智”作为国内第二大的矿机生产商，其IPO申请在提交了6个月之后已经失效，并且港交所未就此申请召开上市听证会，这意味着嘉楠耘智在年内完成IPO已经没戏。\n\n与此同时，行业最大的矿机生产商比特大陆在香港的上市之路也蒙上了阴影。\n\n更值得注意的是，在比特币泡沫破灭之后，各路借助数字货币割韭菜的大神们纷纷开溜了。\n\n8月，各大媒体轮番报道薛蛮子90后“爱徒”朱潘被爆疑似用ZJLT(终极账本)项目割韭菜，朱潘宣告：“永久退出币圈，不会推卸任何责任，对不起，我自始自终，问心无愧！”\n\n9月30日凌晨，国内币圈大佬李笑来在微博发布消息称，他个人不再会做任何项目投资，他准备花几年时间认真转行，至于具体下一步做什么，目前还没有想好。\n\n10月，以太坊创始人“V神”在推特上表示：“就算没有我，以太坊网络也绝对会存活下去。”在被问及将来是否会从以太坊上退居二线时，V神表示：“已经在进行中了。”\n\n不仅是币圈信仰最坚定的大佬们跑路了，很多交易平台更是直接卷款走人。整个币圈世界，可谓“白茫茫大地一片真干净”，只有“韭菜”在哭泣。\n\n反思：到了认错的时候\n\n早在2017年9月，比特币正处于价格巅峰之时，摩根大通CEO“Jamie Dimon”就斥责比特币为“骗局”，“比郁金香泡沫更糟糕”，交易数字货币“不会有好结果，有人会赔上性命。” 他还表示，任何参与比特币交易的员工都应该因为愚蠢而被解雇。\n\n这轮比特币大跌验证了Jamie Dimon的警告，或许还不能彻底终结比特币这头怪兽，但越来越多的市场人士以及媒体开始了反思。\n\n货币专家黄生指出：“庞氏骗局是比特币等数字货币的特征，需要不断地靠后面的人为前面的人接盘，如果任何人都能发行虚拟货币，就会严重冲击法定货币的地位，这是无法想象的一件事，一定会导致世界大乱，导致全球金融市场大乱，只不过现在一些国家还存在侥幸的心理，但早晚会出手的。”\n\n此外，国内币圈大佬、打车链创始人陈伟星也开始改变过去的乐观唱多论调。在“2018区块链新经济杭州峰会”上，陈伟星表示：“市场可能会比我想象得更糟，现在是到了认错的时候，我们确实很多事情做得不够好。”\n\n《证券时报》近日发表了评论：比特币急跌暴露虚拟币炒作之庞氏骗局本质。\n\n文章指出：“这场投机游戏需要不断有人接棒才能继续玩下去，一旦投资者信心崩塌止步入场，游戏就将难以为继，一切虚拟货币都会回归其原本价值：零。”\n\n链接：\n\n关于比特币你应该知道的真相\n\n最近，天风证券发布了一份名为《从“比特币”到“区块链”，十年回顾与展望》的报告，其中引用了大量的数据，揭示了一些普通投资者并不了解的比特币真相。\n\n真相之一：大户垄断市场\n\n比特币的初始定位是成为“电子现金”，其主要功能在于实现点对点的价值流通。截至2018年10月31日，据专业机构bitinfocharts统计，比特币地址数超过2000万个。但其中近一半的地址中只有不足0.001个比特币，而有3个地址所持有的比特币在10万枚以上，这3个账户占据比特币总量的2.16%。\n\n此外，持有1万~10万枚之间的有120个账户，占比特币总量的17.99%；持有1000~10000枚的有1637个账户，占20.44%。\n\n上述“超级大户”持有40%的比特币，而他们在比特币持有者中只占0.01%。再进一步细分，则占比0.66%的“大户”持有总计85%的比特币。\n\n可见，比特币是一个超级垄断的市场，因此比特币交易量、交易价格都很容易被操控。\n\n真相之二：可以无限复制\n\n比特币的代码是开源的，这意味着复制比特币毫无成本，因此数以百计的山寨币蜂拥而上，在2013年掀起了一波行情。据 Map of Coins统计，截至2018年10月31日，有667种数字货币是基于比特币的技术基础进行参数修改发展演变而来。于是比特币之后，有了莱特币、无限币、夸克币、泽塔币……有的甚至名字都懒得好好起了，叫“狗狗币”“马拉戈币”。目前，超半数山寨币已经宣告终止。\n\n这种宣称数量恒定、不会滥发的数字货币再一次倒在自身的悖论之下——每一种数量恒定，但是却可以发行无数种！\n\n真相之三：数字货币离不开国家信用\n\n目前主要国家的中央银行都比较关注数字货币的问题，中国人民银行成立了数字货币研究所，就相关理论和实践进行深入研究，并和其他国家的央行展开相关业务探讨。\n\n近期，中国金融四十人论坛(CF40)成员、北京师范大学金融研究中心主任钟伟等人完成《数字货币：金融科技与货币重构》一书。该书就数字货币问题进行了前瞻性的研究。钟伟教授认为，比特币不具有货币的基本职能，与人类已有的法定信用货币背道而驰，因此不可能成为未来的世界货币。\n\n书中通过大量实证研究指出：“数字货币比较彻底地改变了货币的载体，使人类迎来了崭新的、更安全便捷的货币安排，但即使数字货币取代当下的纸币和银行卡为主的电子货币，本质上也并没有改变货币体系的信用背书，全球主要货币所依赖的仍然是国家信用。”\n\n短评：\n\n莫把投机当投资\n\n在人类投资的历史上，被公认为具有投资价值的标的物其实并不多，包括以黄金为代表的大宗商品、房地产、把公司价值分割成若干份额的股票，以及在此基础上衍生出来的各种金融产品。\n\n因此，一旦有人宣称发现了什么新型的投资机会(尤其是披着“科技”外衣的)，一定要三思而行。\n\n此外，很多人知道比特币交易是投机，而并非投资，但他们还是乐于赌一把，因为他们心里想着“赚一笔就跑”。可是，比特币的交易是高度控盘的，庄家操纵价格的迹象亦十分明显，你怎么赚钱？\n\n好吧，这是一个概率问题，我们就假设你运气好，赚到了钱，可还是会很糟。这是为什么呢？原因在于，投机亏了钱只是一时之痛，而投机赚了钱将会极度放大你的风险偏好(通俗地说就是增强了赌性)，这将影响你一生，带给你无尽的痛。\n\n由此可见，投机真不是好事情，亏了钱不幸，赚了钱更不幸。\n\n再看比特币，本质上来说，比特币是一个金融试验的“纪念币”，现实生活中的实际作用就是供有某种信仰的人收藏。类似人们收藏酒瓶、火花、烟标。因此，比特币的价格在未来继续大幅回调将是必然的。\n\n值得庆幸的是，央行和监管机构及时出手，斩断了比特币在国内的蔓延之势。中国人民银行今年4月23日宣布，目前清查出的ICO(数字货币首次公开募资)平台和比特币等虚拟货币交易场所，已经“无风险”退出中国市场。\n\n同时应该看到，公开交易的平台退出了，暗地里的平台还存在，并且炒币之风(以传销等形式)席卷到国内一些四五线城市以及农村。\n\n因此，目前对于“虚拟货币”涉及犯罪的行为，加大刑事打击力度是非常必要的。\n\n来源: https://bit.ly/2Sv3kCN",
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      "body": "https://i.imgur.com/l2Vwlfc.jpg\n\n几天前，一位名叫TheHackerGiraffe的无聊黑客因利用互联网连接设备的安全协议中的漏洞而遭到广泛威胁，因此作为“Save PewDiePie”活动的一部分侵入了50,000台暴露的打印机。 PewDiePie–世界上最着名的YouTube频道，五年来观看次数超过190亿次 – 将被印度音乐制作频道T系列所取代，从黑客中吸取的教训可能会超越世界 随意的黑客和游戏者文化。\n\n在Twitter帖子中，TheHackerGiraffe解释说，在寻找支持PewDiePie的方法时（没有流媒体的知识或许可），他决定使用易受攻击的互联网连接打印机进行游击打印活动。 接下来发生的事情可能对互联网用户习惯以及加密货币持有者和投资者都具有重要意义。\n\n使用Shodan入侵打印机\n\nHere is how the entire #pewdiepie printer hack went down:\n\n1. I was bored after playing Destiny 2 for a continous 4 hours, and decided I wanted to hack something. So I thought of any vulnerable protocols I could find on shodan\n\n(1/)\n\n— TheHackerGiraffe (@HackerGiraffe) December 1, 2018\n根据黑客的说法，他决定在Shodan上搜索易受攻击的打印机，这是一个专门用于寻找连接互联网的设备的搜索引擎。 令他惊讶的是，这次搜索结果达到了80万。 从特定端口上运行的列表中抽取50,000个打印机的样本，他接下来要做的就是找到一个工具，允许他连接该端口上的打印机并进行打印。 他找到了一个名为PRET的工具，在线程中，他描述了他发现PRET允许他做什么的震惊。\n\n他说：\n\n“PRET有最可怕的功能。 能够访问文件，损坏打印机，访问内部网络; 可能真正造成伤害的事情。 所以我必须做到这一点，至少帮助组织和能够保护自己的人。“\n结果是，通过不到30分钟的相对低级别的黑客攻击，他能够占用50,000台打印机并使用它们打印支持PewDiePie的消息。\n\n@pewdiepie this just came through the ticket printer for the police station next door #savepewdiepie pic.twitter.com/7cGX3VmUIt\n\n— Danny Boitano (@TFGHighlights) November 27, 2018\n对加密持有人的影响\n从加密货币安全角度来看事件的主要内容是从网络打印机打印比特币钱包恢复种子可能是一个非常冒险的活动。 虽然在这个特定事件中并非如此，但是黑客连接打印机的过程可能涉及窃取存储在打印机内部存储器上的文件，其中可能包括过去或未决的打印作业。 从理论上讲，如果恢复种子打印文件存在于设备的内存中，这可能会让黑客访问用户的比特币钱包。\n\n在处理纸质钱包的数字副本时，它还强调了良好安全措施的重要性。 理想情况下，这些副本不应保存在包括打印机，移动电话和计算机在内的网络设备上，因为这可能会使它们暴露给黑客。 在打印纸钱包的情况下，理想情况下应该在非联网打印机上完成，该打印机优选地以前从未连接到网络并且不在其内部存储器上保留打印作业的副本。\n\n\nhttp://lianquan.trader.exposed/2018/12/05/%E4%B8%BA%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88pewdiepie%E6%89%93%E5%8D%B0%E6%9C%BA%E9%BB%91%E5%AE%A2%E6%98%AF%E5%8A%A0%E5%AF%86%E6%8A%95%E8%B5%84%E8%80%85%E7%9A%84%E8%AD%A6%E5%91%8A/",
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      "title": "对各个加密货币51%攻击要花多少钱？",
      "body": "某些山寨币的一小时“51%攻击”成本竟然为零。在最近的一阵暴跌之后，市场似乎开始了复苏的迹象，并且再次看到了一波又一波的上涨。不过，我们可能想稍微泼一点点冷水，研究一个有趣的话题——如果攻击比特币、以太坊、比特币现金和莱特币四个主流加密货币一小时，需要多少成本呢?\n\n“51%攻击”意味着恶意矿工设法以非常特殊的黑客方式控制加密货币区块链，通过在加密货币的区块链上获得超过一半算力，就可以获得对网络的短暂控制权。更重要的是，只要加密货币区块链处于控制状态，就可以授权或审查任何交易。\n\n在此，我们希望在如今这个“动荡”的市场环境下，探索攻击比特币、以太坊比特币现金和莱特币四个主流加密货币需要花费的时间和成本——简单的说，就是你会花多少钱才能对主流加密货币区块链实施“51%攻击”。下面，就让我们一起来看看吧。\n\nhttps://i.imgur.com/PTL3aQ0.jpg\n\n比特币\n\n作为“加密货币之父”，也是市场上市值最高的加密货币，目前比特币的市值大约为 755.4 亿美元，交易价格徘徊在 4340 美元左右。如果想要对比特币区块链实施 51% 攻击，你需要从口袋里掏出 277,355 美元——即接近 28 万美元，才能获得 60 分钟的黑客攻击乐趣。\n\n以太坊\n\n如果黑客希望寻求控制以太坊区块链，那么就意味着他们希望攻击一个市值约为 126 亿美元的网络。就目前而言，以太坊网络里的每个代币交易价格大约为 122 美元。这意味着，如果你要对以太坊区块链实施 51% 黑客攻击，需要花费 88,059 美元 ——即接近 9 万美元，才能获得一小时的网络权限。\n\n比特币现金\n\n比特币现金自从完成硬分叉之后就一直受到社区的高度关注，在此我们将 BCHABC 和 BCHSV 一起来考虑分析。目前，比特币现金采用的是 SHA-256 算法，市值大约为 32.4 亿美元。如果你要对比特币现金区块链实施 51% 黑客攻击，需要花费 14,610 美元——即接近 1.5 万美元。\n\n莱特币\n\n对各个加密货币进行51%攻击要花多少钱？上一页\n\n莱特币目前的市值为 20 亿美元，该代币目前的交易价格徘徊在 35 美元左右。为了对莱特币区块链成功实施一个小时的 51% 攻击，你需要在其区块链上花费 19,471 美元——即接近 2 万美元。\n\n事实上，这几个市场主流加密货币的“51%攻击”还是需要花费一定成本的。相比之下，很多山寨币可以轻松进行“51%攻击”，安全性非常值得担忧。举个例子，Mooncoin、Traid、Phonixcoin、Rupee、SIBCoin、以及PACcoin 等代币的一小时“51%攻击”成本仅需5美元，而 Zetacoin、SOILcoin、Bata、Cream、SmartCoin、Halcyon、Influxcoin 这些加密货币的一小时“51%攻击”成本竟然为零。",
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