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| comment | | "parent_author":"",<br>"parent_permlink":"story",<br>"author":"echoatmajaputra",<br>"permlink":"husni-mubarak-the-egyptian-dictator-03b4193a15721",<br>"title":"Husni Mubarak,<br> the Egyptian Dictator",<br>"body":"![image (https:\/\/img.esteem.ws\/kucegkdvyu.jpg)\n\n\nHusni Mubarak was born in the Al Minufiyah governorate,<br> in northern Egypt on May 4,<br> 1928 ago. Before plunging into politics,<br> his career was spent in the military world. Appointed as military commander of the Egyptian Air Force in the period 1972-1975,<br> he then rose to the rank of Marshal of the Egyptian Air Force in 1973.\n\nIn 1973 before being appointed Marshal,<br> Mubarak's Egyptian Air Force had launched a surprise attack on Israeli soldiers on the eastern edge of the Suez Canal. Egyptian pilots managed to hit 90 percent of their targets. This incident also led Mubarak to become the highest-ranking Marshal of the Egyptian Air Force.\n\nIn the 2002 Telegraph report,<br> Mubarak was identified as a key figure during the October 1973 war against Israel. Even so,<br> some reports such as Ashraf Khalil in his book Liberation Square: Inside the Egyptian Revolution and the Rebirth of a Nation,<br> also gave a critical note that Husni Mubarak's role during the October 1973 war was exaggerated and became a kind of stage for the formation of Mubarak's image.\n\nBy Anwar Sadat,<br> the third Egyptian President at the time,<br> Mubarak was appointed Vice-President of Egypt to accompany him in April 1975. His first task was to deal with various agreements with Arab countries and the Middle East regarding the war against Israel.\n\nHe received the fourth position of Egyptian President when Anwar Sadat was attacked by an Islamic Jihad group who strongly opposed the peace agreement between Egypt and Israel. In a victory motorcade celebrating Operation Badr in Cairo,<br> Sadat was shot on October 6,<br> 1981 by the group.\n\nHusni Mubarak then rose to become the fourth Egyptian President from October 14,<br> 1981. During his leadership era,<br> Mubarak faced a number of crucial events that befell the country of the pyramid. For example in 1989,<br> when Egypt officially rejoined the Arab League,<br> and their headquarters was moved back to Cairo. This suspension of membership occurred because of a peace agreement with Israel by Anwar Sadat.\n\nHusni Mubarak also strongly Israel also refused to visit the country,<br> as noted in the report of Olfat M. El Tohamy for The Christian Science Monitor entitled \"Egypt's Husni Mubarak Picks Up Sadat's Reins: Profile.\" Mubarak kept his distance from Israel by being the host and mediator of each meeting related to the Israel-Palestine conflict.\n\nIn October 2000,<br> there was a meeting between US President Bill Clinton,<br> Yasser Arafat of the PLO,<br> Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak,<br> King Abdullah of Jordan,<br> NATO Secretary General Javier Solana,<br> and UN Secretary General Kofi Annan held in Sharm el-Sheikh. Mubarak acts as the host.\n\nLearning from the murder incident of the previous Egyptian leader,<br> Mubarak in the early years of his rule expanded the security sector such as the Central Security Investigation Service and Central Security Forces. According to Tarek Osman in his book entitled Egypt on the Brink,<br> Mubarak often asked for advice from security staff,<br> the interior minister,<br> military commanders and heads of state intelligence agencies. Not from famous ministers,<br> senior advisers,<br> or leading intellectuals.\n\nMubarak's position is not only an obstacle to Israel in an effort to make peace with Egypt,<br> but also to Islamic fundamentalist groups in Egypt,<br> just like Anwar Sadat's leadership. Lawrence Wright in his book The Towering Tower: Al Qaeda and the Road to 9\/11 said the assassination attempt by Islamic jihadists occurred in 1995 involving poison gas. Mubarak escaped when he was in Ethiopia for the conference of the Organization of African Unity.\n\nAlthough hard on terrorists,<br> he disagreed with the 2003 Iraq War. According to him,<br> the Israeli-Palestinian conflict should be resolved first. According to the CNN report,<br> he also said that the war would actually give birth to 100 Bin Ladens. However,<br> he also did not support the rapid withdrawal of US troops from Iraq,<br> thinking that this would cause chaos.\n\nFor the first time in the leadership era of Husni Mubarak,<br> democratic elections were held in 2005 which allowed candidates to be elected President of Egypt. However,<br> the electoral institution and security apparatus remain under the control of the president.\n\nThe election,<br> scheduled to begin on September 7,<br> 2005,<br> carries three names of the Presidential candidates. Husni Mubarak from the National Democratic Party (Al-Hizb Al-Watani Al-Dimuqrati) as incumbent,<br> Ayman Nour from the Yesterday Party (Hizb al-Ghad),<br> and finally Numan Gomaa from the New Wafd Party (Hizb al-Wafd al-Jadid).\n\nThe results are predictable: Husni Mubarak emerged as an unrivaled winner with 88.6% of the votes. The fate of his rival,<br> Ayman Nour,<br> who was an opponent of Husni Mubarak,<br> was sentenced to forced labor and five years in prison by the Egyptian Court because of the forgery case addressed to him.\n\nCorruption and Self-Enrichment Efforts\nLike the illness of the rulers with decades of general position,<br> the government of Hosni Mubarak began to be close to the practice of corruption and repressive rules that tried to voice criticism against him. Political figures and young activists were detained without undergoing court proceedings.\n\nFreedom House,<br> a non-governmental organization in 2005 released a report that the Egyptian government under Mubarak expanded the practice of corruption through bureaucracy,<br> administrative registration processes and other controls. Although the president promised to take action,<br> in reality there were no significant things to overcome this problem.\n\nTransparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index in 2010 also released scores for Egypt with a CPI score of 3.1. Based on the perception of the level of corruption,<br> a score of 10 becomes a very clean value and 0 becomes very corrupt. Egypt was also reported to be ranked 98th out of 178 countries.\n\nNearing the end of the leadership of Husni Mubarak along with the Egyptian street action,<br> various reports of his wealth were widely released. ABC News released Mubarak and his family's personal wealth,<br> between $ 40 billion and $ 70 billion since he served as an air force officer.\n\nOn May 21,<br> 2014,<br> the Cairo court also sentenced Mubarak and his children to embezzlement of money equivalent to $ 17.6 million. The money is a state fund allocated for the renovation and maintenance of the presidential palace which is distorted for the president's family's private home.\n\nThe court sentenced him to a $ 17.6 million fine,<br> plus $ 2.9 million,<br> three years in prison and four years in prison for each of his children as reported by Middle East Star.\n\nHusni Mubarak with his wife Suzanne Mubarak has two children,<br> Alaa and Gamal Mubarak. From Alaa,<br> he has two grandchildren and from his son Gamal has a grandson. The name of his son,<br> Alaa Mubarak was also listed in the Panama Papers,<br> as was traced to the Quartz report.\n\nAfter retreating from the top of Egypt,<br> Mubarak did not present himself in the media except in the presence of his family and close circle. He reportedly refused to talk to anyone,<br> even to his supporters. The reason for the deteriorating health was allegedly the next reason. Al Arabiya even reported that Mubarak wanted to die in Sharm El Sheikh,<br> where he had lived since the Egyptian people opposed his leadership.\n\nThe post-Mubarak pyramid state leadership was marked by the implementation of the two rounds of the Egyptian Election in 2012,<br> leaving Muhammad Mursi of the Muslim Brotherhood Freedom and Justice Party and Ahmed Shafiq who previously served as Prime Minister of Egypt.\n\nMursi then came out to be the winner and led Egypt since 30 June 2012. However,<br> the age of leading Egypt was not long. June 30,<br> 2013,<br> exactly one year Mursi became president,<br> a wave of protests re-emerged and spread throughout Egypt demanding the resignation of Mursi who was considered only concerned with the Muslim Brotherhood,<br> his party group. Mursi was given an ultimatum by the Egyptian military within 48 hours to meet the protesters' demands.\n\nOn July 3,<br> 2013,<br> Mursi fell in the hands of a military coup council consisting of Defense Minister Abdel Fattah el-Sisi,<br> as well as various high-ranking Egyptian elements such as opposition leader Mohamed ElBaradei,<br> Grand Imam Al Azhar Ahmed el-Tayeb,<br> and Coptic Pope Tawadros II. Finally,<br> Abdel Fattah el-Sisi became president of Egypt to date.\n\nMillions of Egyptians poured into the streets. They packed the cities and especially in the Tahrir square,<br> Cairo. The protesters insisted that they would not go home until Husni Mubarak would take his position. A scene like this colored for dozens of days Egyptians took to the streets since January 26,<br> 2011. There was only one determination: Husni Mubarak had to resign.\n\nHusni himself did not easily give up. He offered various compromises to the people. He wanted to go down in a situation of peaceful conditions to shift his position to Vice President Omar Suleiman. However,<br> the people did not move and still wanted the government of Husni Mubarak to be terminated soon.\n\nIn his report for the BBC,<br> Yolande Knell witnessed how the Egyptian people flocked to carry out anti-government protests until the security forces were overwhelmed and outnumbered. Reports of poverty,<br> unemployment rates for youth,<br> corruption,<br> and a series of acts of torture from the government to its citizens were questioned,<br> until there were mass actions of the people like this.\n\nThe people's victory came on February 11,<br> 2011. Husni Mubarak surrendered his power to the military delivered by Vice President Omar Suleiman,<br> ending nearly three decades of the rule of an iron fist. The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces will carry out state affairs.\n\nHusni Mubarak's own fate afterwards was to undergo a series of trials to account for all his actions,<br> especially corruption and human rights violations during his 30 years in power.\n\nIn 2012,<br> Mubarak was sentenced to life imprisonment after being found guilty of involvement in the killing of demonstrators at the hands of security forces during February 2011. Six years later,<br> in early March 2017,<br> Egypt's highest appeals court cleared its name of accusations of the deaths of 900 Egyptians during January 25 to February 11,<br> 2011.\n\nAs reported by Al Jazeera,<br> Mubarak left the military hospital Maadi in the southern suburbs of Cairo on Friday (3\/242017),<br> where he was detained for health reasons and old age. He returned to his home in the elite area of \u200b\u200bHeliopolis with strict security. Mubarak was actually sentenced to life in 2012,<br> but the appeals court rejected him two years later.",<br>"json_metadata":" \"links\":[ ,<br>\"image\":[\"https:\/\/img.esteem.ws\/kucegkdvyu.jpg\" ,<br>\"tags\":[\"story\",<br>\"esteem\",<br>\"efa\",<br>\"whalepower\",<br>\"education\" ,<br>\"app\":\"esteem\/1.6.0\",<br>\"format\":\"markdown+html\",<br>\"community\":\"esteem\" " | | comment_options | "author":"echoatmajaputra",
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