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| comment | | "parent_author":"",<br>"parent_permlink":"science",<br>"author":"janeynarzoles1",<br>"permlink":"science-blogging-1-phylum-porifera",<br>"title":"Science Blogging #1: PHYLUM PORIFERA",<br>"body":"Hello Steemians! Science blogging time! Let's have a break and explore for a little while what's under the sea. And since I am having this laboratory exercise in our school,<br> let me also share what I have learned from this exercise. Ready? Let's go and explore beneath!! \n![images (23).jpeg (https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmdJ3VP4c1WHu8MpvzUNwqkXfzhWGTDD7k3wupsm4QMfie\/images%20(23).jpeg)\n[Source (http:\/\/www.onlinebiologynotes.com\/phylum-porifera-general-characteristics-classification\/) \n\n\n<center>Invertebrate Biology Laboratory <\/center> \n<center> <b> Phylum Porifera <\/center> <\/b> \n\nSponges are the simplest of the multicellular animals. They are the only animals that do not exhibit obvious symmetry in their body organization. They have aggregations of different cell types but do not have true tissues. It is possible to disassemble a sponge into a pile of individual cells and within weeks,<br> the various cell types will aggregate into their former structure. They are characterized by numerous canals and chambers that open to the outside via pores. Sponges are supported by a skeleton of secreted collagen or spongin protein and may have embedded structures called spicules,<br> composed of calcium carbonate or silica. Sponges come in a variety of shapes and sizes,<br> from large branched structures or giant cup shapes to flattened inconspicuous forms. They feed by drawing water through numerous pores in their bodies and trapping detritus,<br> bacteria,<br> and plankton carried in the current. The name Porifera refers to this porous structure. Sponges do not have nervous,<br> circulatory,<br> or digestive systems. Digestion takes place in individual cells,<br> that is,<br> intracellular digestion. For most of their lives,<br> sponges are also sessile,<br> attached to a substrate such as rocks. Only when reproducing sexually or asexually might they become planktonic and drift in the current until eventually attaching to a suitable substrate.\n![images (24).jpeg (https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmRVx68i4ZWakYMnxM9rqmtFiT7fPJNr8FghhKhNELfcW5\/images%20(24).jpeg)\n[Source (https:\/\/digestivemiviju.weebly.com\/phylum-porifera.html)\nAlthough sponges are found in freshwater,<br> their greatest diversity is in marine habitats where they are often important members of benthic communities. They are filter feeders specializing in bacteria-size particles,<br> which they remove from the water column with great efficiency. \u00a0 \n![images (25).jpeg (https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmapMMhAReLnXw1omaCb33hWfbocYTcHMFPk3VxjjuvFSm\/images%20(25).jpeg)\n[Source (https:\/\/www.askiitians.com\/biology\/animal-kingdom\/phylum-porifera.html)\nSponges are an early experiment in the evolution of multicellularity and as such are collections of relatively independent cells. The cells retain their mobility and totipotent ability to redifferentiate and become other types of cells. The sponge body is mostly a connective tissue,<br> the mesohyl,<br> over which are applied epithelioid monolayers of cells,<br> the outer pinacoderm and the inner choanoderm. The choanoderm is composed of flagellated collar cells,<br> or choanocytes. The epithelioid layers may be syncytial or cellular. The body encloses internal water spaces,<br> consisting of atrium and canals,<br> continuous with the surrounding environment through incurrent ostia and excurrent oscula. The mesohyl includes several cell types as well as secreted skeletal elements such as protein fibers of collagen or spongin and mineral spicules composed of calcium carbonate (calcite) or silica.\n![images (32).jpeg (https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQma6ANhMyAXMdNm2MNEokFXbpEjiin9ehNnxf7rh8Log7d\/images%20(32).jpeg)\n[Source (https:\/\/study.com\/academy\/lesson\/porifera-body-plan-symmetry-skeleton.html)\nMost aspects of sponge biology,<br> including feeding,<br> reproduction,<br> and gas exchange,<br> depend on a low pressure flow of water generated by the flagella of the choanoderm. Three grades of organization,<br> asconoid,<br> syconoid,<br> and leuconoid,<br> reflect the degree of elaboration of the choanoderm layer and mesohyl. \u00a0 In the asconoid plan the interior water space,<br> or atrium,<br> is large and unpartitioned. In the syconoid plan the periphery of the atrium is divided into numerous small flagellated chambers with increased surface area for choanocytes. In leuconoid sponges the atrium is replaced by a proliferation of mesohyl and a complex network of water channels and flagellated chambers.\n\n\n<center> Materials needed:\nDissecting or compound microscope\nPrepared slides of:\nLeucosolenia spicules\t\t\t\t\nSycon or Grantia spicules\nSycon or Grantia l.s.\t\t\t\t\nSycon or Grantia c.s.\t\t\t\t\nSiliceous spicules\nCalcareous spicules <\/center> \n\n\n<b>A. Class Calcarea (Calcispongiae) <\/b> \n\nCalcareous sponges have calcium carbonate spicules and collagen fibers but no spongin. The spicules are simple monaxons,<br> triaxons,<br> or tetraxons secreted extracellularly. \u00a0 Most calcareous sponges are small,<br> seldom exceeding a few centimeters. \u00a0 All three grades of construction,<br> asconoid,<br> syconoid,<br> and leuconoid,<br> are present. \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1. \u00a0 Observe a living,<br> preserved,<br> or plastic embedded specimens of an asconoid sponge,<br> Leucosolenia. The colony consists of masses of tubular stolons about 1 mm in diameter from which arise short oscular tubes about 1-2 mm in diameter. \u00a0The free end of each oscular tube bears a large opening,<br> the osculum (Fig 1). The hollow interior of the stolons and oscular tubes is the atrium which connects with the exterior via the oscula. The thin body walls of the sponge are composed mostly of mesohyl with pinacoderm on the outside and choanoderm on the inside,<br> lining the atrium. The mesohyl contains,<br> among other things,<br> spicules which can be seen projecting from the sponge surface. The walls are penetrated by microscopic pores,<br> known as ostia,<br> which admit water to the atrium. The flagellated choanocytes of the choanoderm generate water current that enters the ostia,<br> crosses the body wall,<br> passes into the atrium,<br> and then exits via an osculum. Label figure 1 with the correct descriptive term(s) stated above.\n![received_807615209445954.jpeg (https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmU5xXxDjEMo8bLec1nxGTmXGmd1aqG4kCGT5JBAKM8wph\/received_807615209445954.jpeg)\n\n2. With 40X magnification,<br> look at a commercially prepared slide of Leucosolenia spicules. These sponges possess abundant triaxons with three sharp rays. \u00a0 Monaxons,<br> with a single pointed shaft,<br> are also present in large numbers. An occasional tetraxon,<br> with four points,<br> may also be seen. Based on your observation do you think Leucosolenia has calcareous or siliceous spicules?\n![received_807615286112613.jpeg (https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmP99QnuwnwHzzJ61UV5kWu4FcH5ZJvMFeomwGZJmXgBaU\/received_807615286112613.jpeg)\n\n<i> Leucosolenia is a genus of calcareous sponges belonging to the family Leucosoleniidae. And therefore has calcareous spicules. <\/i> \n\t3. Examine a specimen of the syconoid sponge Sycon (Grantia and Scypha are older names for this sponge). Look for young individuals,<br> or buds,<br> growing from a larger individual. The basal end of the sponge is flattened where it attaches to the substratum. \u00a0 At the apical end is an osculum surrounded by a collar of very large,<br> protruding monaxon spicules. The body surface bristles with emergent spicules.\n![received_807614312779377.jpeg (https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmbqijfAe8JB8E4nTLPQ12UmxuC34gfoPzuVTp6x1vm5G2\/received_807614312779377.jpeg)\n4. Use low power of the compound microscope to study a prepared slide of Sycon in longitudinal section and find the atrium,<br> osculum,<br> and the body wall (Fig 2). \u00a0 (If you are using cross sections instead of longitudinal,<br> you will not see the osculum.) Look closely at the thick body wall and determine that it is composed of alternating choanocyte chambers (= flagellated chambers) and incurrent canals (= inhalant canals) with intervening mesohyl. \u00a0 The flagellated chambers are lined with choanocytes and open to the atrium via pores called apopyles. Note how this arrangement expands the flagellated surface area in comparison with that of an asconoid sponge such as Leucosolenia. The incurrent canals connect with the outside via ostia. Incurrent canals do not open directly into the atrium,<br> rather into the adjacent choanocyte chambers via tiny,<br> inconspicuous openings known as prosopyles. Water passes through the ostia into the incurrent canals. From here it moves through the prosopyles into the choanocyte chamber. \u00a0Small particles,<br> such as bacteria,<br> are removed from the water by the choanocytes. The filtered water then passes through the apopyles into the atrium and out the osculum. Label figure 2 with the correct descriptive term(s) stated above.\n![received_807614739446001.jpeg (https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmRxnnE5sF5Bx57PEKxidci1c2gU2feftJbq8r8NYQ3RgX\/received_807614739446001.jpeg)\n![received_807614796112662.jpeg (https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmYhTQ3d4Qyt73sYdy44SfrQZqpYhGFozqu8tsobuokAXL\/received_807614796112662.jpeg)\nLONGITUDINAL SECTION \n![Scypha_ls_radial_canals.jpg (https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmZGtuXcmdNUVhLNBPfKMAq4LpjnzXas76kjtWYci1MFov\/Scypha_ls_radial_canals.jpg)\n(Grantia longitudinal section with label.) \nThe angle of the plane of section makes a great difference in the appearance of these structures and their relationships to each other. \u00a0 Be sure you understand how water flows through these animals. \u00a0 How the water current is generated? \u00a0 What role(s) does this water current play in the life of the sponge? \u00a0 \n![received_807614832779325.jpeg (https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmXRZ4P33s2cXLq8w4eFayXFdLDCCTSUCCcRYvHp5gybSQ\/received_807614832779325.jpeg)\n(Grantia cross section under 10x) \n![received_807615099445965.jpeg (https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmWEM7jRebZSK6Qnj4gJCVMAz9u8yhty61i7CxbH8tHEcg\/received_807615099445965.jpeg)\n(Grantia cross section under 40x) \n![Scypha_canal_system.jpg (https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmdVhCftA2uDuZsXqRkCVeep8V1uRG6ADdpAhWxDkwVZyq\/Scypha_canal_system.jpg)\n(Labeled) \n<i> Flagella are attached to the ends of the cells and they help pump water through the sponge's body. By pumping water,<br> they help bring oxygen and nutrients to the sponge while also removing waste and carbon dioxide. The second cells are the porocytes,<br> which are cells that make up the pores of the sponge. <\/i> \n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 5. Observe a prepared slide of Sycon\/Grantia spicules. There are three types of spicules in this species; monaxons,<br> triaxons and tetraxons.\u00a0Of what are they composed?\n![IMG_20180301_023117.JPG (https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmZf6kZfaCeodmb9nZ9xcvMvYd9S5jeAedYzBvain46rtm\/IMG_20180301_023117.JPG)\n![received_807616229445852.jpeg (https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmUTKsuP7Grj2BYnubAoBTQKAJ1TnTFRKUYs1TyTqskrxE\/received_807616229445852.jpeg)\n<i> Spicules are the mineral parts that form the skeleton of the grantia and are often composed of calcium carbonate or silica. <\/i> \n\n<b> B. Class Demospongiae <\/b> \n\nMost of the world's sponges are demosponges and all large sponges belong to this taxon. \u00a0 Demosponges are always leuconoid,<br> the grade of construction which permits large size by allowing expansion of the choanoderm surface area. Spicules are usually present and are always siliceous,<br> often diverse and complicated. Spongin is usually present but a few demosponges lack both spongin and spicules. Demosponge spicules are secreted intracellularly.\nNorth American freshwater sponges are demosponges in the taxon Spongillidae. \u00a0 They usually form thin brown or green if zoochlorellae are present,<br> crusts on submerged surfaces. Spongilla is common in clean natural waters but is inconspicuous and rarely noticed. \u00a0 The skeleton is composed of spongin and siliceous spicules of several types. \u00a0 \n6. Use the dissecting microscope to study Spongilla in a prepared slide. \u00a0 The sponge in nature is very thin crust,<br> only about 1-2 mm thick. \u00a0 At high power,<br> examine the edges of the sponge where you could see spicules emerging from the mesohyl. Try to observe the interior of the sponge. \u00a0 What grade of construction are these sponges? \u00a0\nSpongilla\n![Spongilla-Gemmules-10X-2.jpg (https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmUhfXNU1zBwaswUbTMU8AbDg4HXumH8cqdVBsLveRTL94\/Spongilla-Gemmules-10X-2.jpg)\n(Under 10x) \nOnce you have located a group of cells,<br> use 40x to examine them. \n![Spongilla-Gemmules-40X-2.jpg (https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmQxr5uv1EbrsYfEdxvu8oSus7NLXQv6R4sTUZGqxZam5R\/Spongilla-Gemmules-40X-2.jpg)\n![Spongilla-Gemmules-40X-3.jpg (https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmVMpQdcbNMw7EJgDc1uMvEkPuhwdLNS7ykvddRnwawuXR\/Spongilla-Gemmules-40X-3.jpg)\n(Under 40x) \nSeveral types of cells are present but at this magnification you will not be able to distinguish most of them from each other although a few are identifiable. \u00a0 All are small,<br> about 10 \u00b5m. \u00a0 The most common and conspicuous cells are amoeboid,<br> more or less spherical,<br> reddish cells with densely granular cytoplasm. \u00a0 Many of these are archeocytes (undifferentiated cells) but some are lophocytes (collagen secreting cells),<br> sclerocytes (spicule-secreting cells),<br> spongocytes (spongin-secreting cells) and other amoeboid cells. \u00a0 Pick one cell and watch it closely for the appearance of short,<br> thick or long,<br> slender pseudopods. The pseudopods form and change shape VERY slowly in freshly prepared samples.\nThere should be many choanocytes also. They can be recognized by the flagellum but the collar will not be apparent. \u00a0 In fresh preparations,<br> the flagella may be active but it will soon cease to undulate. \u00a0 The apical,<br> or flagellar,<br> end of the cell is thick and the basal end is elongate but this is not the normal shape of choanocytes. Other cells are present in the preparation but they will not be identified here. \u00a0 Most are hyaline with few,<br> if any,<br> granular inclusions. \n\u00a0\tIn fresh preparations,<br> the amoeboid cells begin to aggregate and within a few minutes they may form clusters of cells. Gradually other types of cells will join the clusters. \u00a0The pseudopodia form at the periphery as the clusters move over the slide. Soon the small aggregates join each other but they continue to recruit individual cells also. \u00a0 These are the initial steps of the process that can (in running seawater) eventually culminate in the reconstruction of a complete,<br> functioning sponge from the disassociated cells. \u00a0 \n7. Examine the prepared slide of siliceous spicules,<br> a characteristic of the group. Describe the shape of the spicules.\n![received_807615649445910.jpeg (https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmaa7dXiqqgxcZ7RVAZwR1AtCtUrFJRiEm7ToRW5cvBhvD\/received_807615649445910.jpeg)\n![received_807615849445890.jpeg (https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmSBNRvF3KuZ3oo9eQnBYJdJt1kTvos7Sdzv9x9bmjh4UT\/received_807615849445890.jpeg)\n(Under 10x) \n![received_807615766112565.jpeg (https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmarPMTheZN5B5cbD3YZjup8UFxXEiWTUxdGK1EWcdKhVy\/received_807615766112565.jpeg)\n(Under 40x) \n<i> The siliceous sponges form a major group of the phylum Porifera,<br> consisting of classes Demospongiae and Hexactinellida. They are characterized by spicules made out of silicon dioxide,<br> unlike calcareous sponges. <\/i> \n\nConclusion:\nPhylum Porifera are exclusively aquatic animals. They are found in both fresh and salt water,<br> and in shallow or deep water. Sponges come in all shapes,<br> sizes,<br> and colors. Sponges have spicules which can be calcareous and siliceous. Spicules are structural elements found in most sponges. They provide structural support and deter predators.\n\n<i> Hope you guys have fun while learning! There are so many cute and amazing organisms you can see under a microscope. Til nect science blog Steemians! Thank you for passing by! <\/i> \n\nReferences\n1. Bergquist PR. \u00a0 1978. Sponges. \n2. Harrison FW,<br> DeVos L. 1991. Wiley-Liss\n3. Penney JT. 1932\n4. Ruppert EE,<br> Fox RS,<br> Barnes RB. \u00a0 2004. Invertebrate Zoology. \n5. Simpson T. 1984. The Cell Biology of Sponges. \n6. Wilson HV. 1911. Development of sponges. \n\nI encourage you all to support and vote\nTerry @surpassinggoogle as your witness. Read his blogs and Im sure you'll be inspired. Thank you! \nJust click [here (https:\/\/steemit.com\/~witnesses) and type '*steemgigs*' on the first box.\n\n\n[![a.png (https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmPinRA22SfcwqTD1VCLxJQDohT7nfaGLi9AatjNVv3fZy\/a.png) (https:\/\/steemit.com\/~witnesses)\n[![b.png (https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmacXwPK7Ju1FzsLs4rT48JcGg2VQT3BtU8UxCAFwH7nfY\/b.png) (https:\/\/steemit.com\/~witnesses)\n\n\n\n![U5dtTkKheiGA5GsgxJfpP9pgg1YV4Bc_1680x8400.png (https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmU6EHRF2Pj2uHqT9hQtTHPVgmyBWgKoNeoPGWNB7Zo7Pj\/U5dtTkKheiGA5GsgxJfpP9pgg1YV4Bc_1680x8400.png)\n![STEEMIT-BLOGGERS-GIF.gif (https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQme5h9uqRtFFTN5uFn3zGAvmD7uWA346R2rQW8D7Qo11i7\/STEEMIT-BLOGGERS-GIF.gif)",<br>"json_metadata":" \"tags\":[\"science\",<br>\"life\",<br>\"steemitachievers\",<br>\"sndbox\",<br>\"steemph\" ,<br>\"users\":[\"surpassinggoogle\" ,<br>\"image\":[\"https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmdJ3VP4c1WHu8MpvzUNwqkXfzhWGTDD7k3wupsm4QMfie\/images%20(23).jpeg\",<br>\"https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmRVx68i4ZWakYMnxM9rqmtFiT7fPJNr8FghhKhNELfcW5\/images%20(24).jpeg\",<br>\"https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmapMMhAReLnXw1omaCb33hWfbocYTcHMFPk3VxjjuvFSm\/images%20(25).jpeg\",<br>\"https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQma6ANhMyAXMdNm2MNEokFXbpEjiin9ehNnxf7rh8Log7d\/images%20(32).jpeg\",<br>\"https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmU5xXxDjEMo8bLec1nxGTmXGmd1aqG4kCGT5JBAKM8wph\/received_807615209445954.jpeg\",<br>\"https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmP99QnuwnwHzzJ61UV5kWu4FcH5ZJvMFeomwGZJmXgBaU\/received_807615286112613.jpeg\",<br>\"https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmbqijfAe8JB8E4nTLPQ12UmxuC34gfoPzuVTp6x1vm5G2\/received_807614312779377.jpeg\",<br>\"https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmRxnnE5sF5Bx57PEKxidci1c2gU2feftJbq8r8NYQ3RgX\/received_807614739446001.jpeg\",<br>\"https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmYhTQ3d4Qyt73sYdy44SfrQZqpYhGFozqu8tsobuokAXL\/received_807614796112662.jpeg\",<br>\"https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmZGtuXcmdNUVhLNBPfKMAq4LpjnzXas76kjtWYci1MFov\/Scypha_ls_radial_canals.jpg\",<br>\"https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmXRZ4P33s2cXLq8w4eFayXFdLDCCTSUCCcRYvHp5gybSQ\/received_807614832779325.jpeg\",<br>\"https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmWEM7jRebZSK6Qnj4gJCVMAz9u8yhty61i7CxbH8tHEcg\/received_807615099445965.jpeg\",<br>\"https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmdVhCftA2uDuZsXqRkCVeep8V1uRG6ADdpAhWxDkwVZyq\/Scypha_canal_system.jpg\",<br>\"https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmZf6kZfaCeodmb9nZ9xcvMvYd9S5jeAedYzBvain46rtm\/IMG_20180301_023117.JPG\",<br>\"https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmUTKsuP7Grj2BYnubAoBTQKAJ1TnTFRKUYs1TyTqskrxE\/received_807616229445852.jpeg\",<br>\"https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmUhfXNU1zBwaswUbTMU8AbDg4HXumH8cqdVBsLveRTL94\/Spongilla-Gemmules-10X-2.jpg\",<br>\"https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmQxr5uv1EbrsYfEdxvu8oSus7NLXQv6R4sTUZGqxZam5R\/Spongilla-Gemmules-40X-2.jpg\",<br>\"https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmVMpQdcbNMw7EJgDc1uMvEkPuhwdLNS7ykvddRnwawuXR\/Spongilla-Gemmules-40X-3.jpg\",<br>\"https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmaa7dXiqqgxcZ7RVAZwR1AtCtUrFJRiEm7ToRW5cvBhvD\/received_807615649445910.jpeg\",<br>\"https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmSBNRvF3KuZ3oo9eQnBYJdJt1kTvos7Sdzv9x9bmjh4UT\/received_807615849445890.jpeg\",<br>\"https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmarPMTheZN5B5cbD3YZjup8UFxXEiWTUxdGK1EWcdKhVy\/received_807615766112565.jpeg\",<br>\"https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmPinRA22SfcwqTD1VCLxJQDohT7nfaGLi9AatjNVv3fZy\/a.png\",<br>\"https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmacXwPK7Ju1FzsLs4rT48JcGg2VQT3BtU8UxCAFwH7nfY\/b.png\",<br>\"https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmU6EHRF2Pj2uHqT9hQtTHPVgmyBWgKoNeoPGWNB7Zo7Pj\/U5dtTkKheiGA5GsgxJfpP9pgg1YV4Bc_1680x8400.png\",<br>\"https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQme5h9uqRtFFTN5uFn3zGAvmD7uWA346R2rQW8D7Qo11i7\/STEEMIT-BLOGGERS-GIF.gif\" ,<br>\"links\":[\"http:\/\/www.onlinebiologynotes.com\/phylum-porifera-general-characteristics-classification\/\",<br>\"https:\/\/digestivemiviju.weebly.com\/phylum-porifera.html\",<br>\"https:\/\/www.askiitians.com\/biology\/animal-kingdom\/phylum-porifera.html\",<br>\"https:\/\/study.com\/academy\/lesson\/porifera-body-plan-symmetry-skeleton.html\",<br>\"https:\/\/steemit.com\/~witnesses\" ,<br>\"app\":\"steemit\/0.1\",<br>\"format\":\"markdown\" " | | vote | "voter":"janeynarzoles1",
"author":"janeynarzoles1",
"permlink":"science-blogging-1-phylum-porifera",
"weight":10000 |
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