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| comment | | "parent_author":"",<br>"parent_permlink":"psychology",<br>"author":"leaky20",<br>"permlink":"cycles-of-violence-and-domestic-partner-abuse",<br>"title":"Cycles of Violence and Domestic Partner Abuse",<br>"body":"# <center>CYCLES OF VIOLENCE<\/center>\n<hr>\n\n<center>![foot (1).jpg (https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmVeePu7k5UPqoZvMkyTCCt53CZ59aaS1Nf98hGA31nXhL\/foot%20(1).jpg)<\/center>\n<br>\n\nResearch suggests that a relationship exists between future anti-social and violent behavior and early victimization of violence and trauma. This relationship is often referred to as,<br> a \u201ccycle of violence,<br>\u201d a term that is used to describe a pattern of violent behavior that is learned as a child and then repeated as an adolescent or adult. The cycle of violence theory suggests that children exposed to traumatic and violent events are at a higher risk of demonstrating similar behavior in the future. \n<br>\n\n\n<center>![fist (1).jpg (https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmYgL2DQU5M9tEKFGoMrmhoQ32LYeDRoc1s1Xh5fHxx9HW\/fist%20(1).jpg)<\/center>\n<br>\n\nOther research found that individuals who were subject to physical abuse during their adolescent years,<br> were more likely to report incidences of violent and non-violent crimes,<br> drug use,<br> intimate partner violence,<br> and other offenses. Interestingly,<br> research also found that the demographic characteristics of the individual,<br> such as family income,<br> structure,<br> and their area of residence,<br> all influenced the frequency of their \u201canti-social\u201d behavior. \n\n# <center>SOCIAL LEARNING PERSPECTIVE<\/center>\n<hr>\n\n<center>https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=9UxaJJTrEgg<\/center>\n[Re-creation of Bandura's \"Bobo Doll\" social learning experiment (https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=9UxaJJTrEgg)\n<br>\n \nAnother way of looking at the cycle of violence theory is from a social learning perspective which is comprised of four main elements: definitions,<br> differential association,<br> imitation,<br> differential reinforcement. \n\n\"Definitions\" refers to an individual\u2019s attitudes and their overall value system regarding morality and wrongfulness. \"Differential association\" refers to the behaviors and definitions of significant others and their influence over the individual. \"Imitation\" refers to the emulation of a role models behavior,<br> and \"differential reinforcement\" refers to the anticipated rewards and cost that an individual\u2019s behavior will produce in a given context. According to the social learning modality,<br> behaviors which are more likely to yield greater rewards than the costs associated with the behavior,<br> are more likely to be favored by an individual. \n\n# <center>NORMALIZING BEHAVIOR<\/center>\n<hr>\n\n<center>![splash_harassment (1).jpg (https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmbddqT4EpFeuefL8ZVMHTZBPe2VVmFmqLGzjcthJ3j3TE\/splash_harassment%20(1).jpg)<\/center>\n<br>\n\t\nIn one particular study,<br> it was found that two of the four elements of social learning theory significantly predicted intimate partner violence: differential reinforcement and differential association. Overall the study suggested that individuals who anticipate greater rewards than the costs associated with intimate partner victimization and who associated with others who have experienced partner victimization,<br> are significantly more likely to have experienced intimate partner victimization themselves. The study also found that individuals who were victimized by their partners were more likely to adopt definitions that approved of victimizing behaviors. These findings suggest that the link between early victimization and future acts of violence,<br> may in part be due to the acceptance and normalization of such behaviors because they are familiar.\n\n# <center>CONCLUSION<\/center>\n<hr>\n\n<center>![founder (1).jpg (https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmepmihe1NW2MtoVj14Q1CmiEzDRyrP9EThLyjVnrsMxX4\/founder%20(1).jpg)<\/center>\n<br>\n\t\nFindings such as these may help explain the link between early victimization and future acts of delinquency. For instance,<br> intimate partner victimization may be influenced by social learning behaviors in that perpetrators of intimate partner abuse may themselves have been abused as children. As such,<br> these individuals may have developed an acceptance of the behavior and they may hold normalized views toward it. Overall,<br> the cycle of violence theory suggests that violence perpetrates and begets more violence.\n\n### So how do we develop rehabilitation measures that help break the cycle of violence? \n\n<hr>\n\n# <center>Thanks For Reading<\/center>\n\n<hr>\n\n<center>[![follow_leaky20.gif (https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmdoa4QEPiqj6VWzVfV8F1H9gSMp6z3wk6SQobzY3bRqiA\/follow_leaky20.gif) (https:\/\/steemit.com\/@leaky20)<\/center>\n\n<hr>\n\nImage Sources [1 (https:\/\/www.economist.com\/news\/international\/21730408-crass-or-coercive-sexual-behaviour-bosses-and-colleagues-less-common-it-was),<br> [2 (https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/goatsandsoda\/2017\/11\/01\/561356427\/unicef-report-300-million-cases-of-violence-against-children-ages-2-to-4),<br> [3 (https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=hHHdovKHDNU),<br> [4 (https:\/\/www.hollywoodreporter.com\/news\/4-ways-curtail-sexual-harassment-entertainment-workplace-1049759),<br> [5 (https:\/\/techcrunch.com\/2017\/08\/21\/proposed-bill-targets-sexual-harassment-in-venture-capital-industry\/)\n\n**References:**\n\nCochran,<br> J. K.,<br> Sellers,<br> C. S.,<br> Wiesbrock,<br> V.,<br> & Palacios,<br> W. R. (2011). Repetitive intimate partner victimization: an exploratory application of social learning theory. Deviant Behavior,<br> 32(9),<br> 790-817. Doi: 10.1080\/01639625.2010.538342.\n\nFagan,<br> A. A. (2005). The relationship between adolescent physical abuse and criminal offending: support for an enduring and generalized cycle of violence. Journal of family violence,<br> 20(5),<br> 279-290. Doi:10.1007\/s108096-6604-7.\n\nHelibrun,<br> K.,<br> DeMatteo,<br> D.,<br> & Goldstein,<br> N. E. S. (2016). APA handbook of psychology and juvenile justice. Washington,<br> DC: American Psychological Association.",<br>"json_metadata":" \"tags\":[\"psychology\",<br>\"family\",<br>\"health\",<br>\"education\",<br>\"sndbox\" ,<br>\"image\":[\"https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmVeePu7k5UPqoZvMkyTCCt53CZ59aaS1Nf98hGA31nXhL\/foot%20(1).jpg\",<br>\"https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmYgL2DQU5M9tEKFGoMrmhoQ32LYeDRoc1s1Xh5fHxx9HW\/fist%20(1).jpg\",<br>\"https:\/\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/9UxaJJTrEgg\/0.jpg\",<br>\"https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmbddqT4EpFeuefL8ZVMHTZBPe2VVmFmqLGzjcthJ3j3TE\/splash_harassment%20(1).jpg\",<br>\"https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmepmihe1NW2MtoVj14Q1CmiEzDRyrP9EThLyjVnrsMxX4\/founder%20(1).jpg\",<br>\"https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmdoa4QEPiqj6VWzVfV8F1H9gSMp6z3wk6SQobzY3bRqiA\/follow_leaky20.gif\" ,<br>\"links\":[\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=9UxaJJTrEgg\",<br>\"https:\/\/steemit.com\/@leaky20\",<br>\"https:\/\/www.economist.com\/news\/international\/21730408-crass-or-coercive-sexual-behaviour-bosses-and-colleagues-less-common-it-was\",<br>\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/goatsandsoda\/2017\/11\/01\/561356427\/unicef-report-300-million-cases-of-violence-against-children-ages-2-to-4\",<br>\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=hHHdovKHDNU\",<br>\"https:\/\/www.hollywoodreporter.com\/news\/4-ways-curtail-sexual-harassment-entertainment-workplace-1049759\",<br>\"https:\/\/techcrunch.com\/2017\/08\/21\/proposed-bill-targets-sexual-harassment-in-venture-capital-industry\/\" ,<br>\"app\":\"steemit\/0.1\",<br>\"format\":\"markdown\" " |
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