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| comment | | "parent_author":"",<br>"parent_permlink":"steemstem",<br>"author":"samest",<br>"permlink":"electricity-2-distribution-stage-and-the-substations-b0db5f318b56e",<br>"title":"ELECTRICITY 2: Distribution Stage And The Substations",<br>"body":"The continuation of Electricity Processes,<br> structures and methods of Production continues with the ending process which **Distribution**.\nIn Electrical Power system distribution is the final processor stage in the delivery of electricity to the consumer because this stage carries the electrical power (electricity) generated through generation stage and transmit it via transmission stage ( Cabling) to individual consumers.\n___\n <center>![image (https:\/\/img.esteem.ws\/hh4l9godzf.jpg)<\/center>\n**[Wikimedia (https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/90\/Electricity_Grid_Schematic_English.svg): Electricity Grid**\n___\n\nThere are distribution substations when discussion about distribution stage is being raised. This substation is connected to the transmission system in order to lower the transmitting voltage to medium voltage between the range of 1.8kV and 34kV and this can be done by the use of a transformer. \n\n**What are substations?**\n<div class=\"pull-left\"><center><img src=\"![\n![electrical-substation-250x250.jpg (https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmdLGrufA4EG2sKM4u1rg2AU6TLz4TE7kFGKghoVQM8q4r\/electrical-substation-250x250.jpg)\n\" \/><br\/><em><a href=\"https:\/\/m.indiamart.com\/proddetail.php?i=3412736273\">Substation<\/a><\/em><\/center><\/div>\nA substation is an integral part of electrical stages which are Generation,<br> Transmission,<br> and Distribution. This part is the one that transforms voltage from high to low,<br> and also it can do the reverse or even perform any of several other important functions. When considering the transmission of the electrical power between generation and distribution the flow of electricity may pass through several substations at a very different voltage level.\n\n**What do substations make up?**\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"![image (https:\/\/img.esteem.ws\/4b0bt7cl2z.jpg)\n\" \/><br\/><em><a href=\"https:\/\/simple.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electrical_substation\">Electrical Substation<\/a><\/em><\/center><\/div>\n___\n\nSubstations are made up of the transformer which the part of the device that changes voltage levels between the high transmission voltages and performs the function of lowering the distribution voltages. Also,<br> there are Ring Main Unit **[(RMU) (https:\/\/steemit.com\/zappl\/@samest\/rmu-power-distribution-and-control)** which is the first entry point of electrical supply before it enters the transformer,<br> some people or electrician called it feeder pillar.\nGear switches,<br> Circuit Breaker are part of a substation which serves as an isolator should in case the which distribution area is due for servicing this is a device the expert or electrician use to break the electrical supply. Check the images of this three mentioned devices.\n\n<center>**History of substation**\n\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/OyCzLASs5ZE\n\n**[Historial Link for Substations (https:\/\/www.google.com.ng\/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2FOyCzLASs5ZE%2Fmaxresdefault.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DOyCzLASs5ZE&docid=7yqhnCbi1eu8vM&tbnid=6_mqc8tVXJPXTM%3A&vet=10ahUKEwjS7JWO3unZAhXRAewKHbsoAzgQMwhMKAAwAA..i&w=1502&h=1019&client=ms-android-gionee&bih=560&biw=360&q=history%20of%20electrical%20substation&ved=0ahUKEwjS7JWO3unZAhXRAewKHbsoAzgQMwhMKAAwAA&iact=mrc&uact=8)**\n___\n\nFor every word,<br> there is the origin. The origin of substation comes from the days before the distribution system became a grid. **what is grid?** This is a process of synchronizing power and together by the two stages (transmission and distribution lines) and control or operated by one or more control base or centers.\n\nThe understanding on what happens on substation is that as the central generation stations became larger,<br> the smaller generating plants will convert it to distribution station and this simply means that instead of using their own generators to generate energy,<br> the smaller generating plants will receive their energy from a larger plant.\n___\n**Types of Substation**\n\nThere are many substations but base on my study and experience I can say there are six types. Although substation is described by their voltage class,<br> the method use to insulate their connections,<br> the materials of the structures and their applications with the power system.\n\n**Let me a list and explain the major 3 substations**\n\n1 **Transmission Substation**: \n \n<div class=\"pull-left\"><center><img src=\"![image (https:\/\/img.esteem.ws\/ci5e4rdmlf.jpg)\" \/><br\/><em><a href=\"https:\/\/c03.apogee.net\/contentplayer\/?coursetype=foe&utilityid=wppi&id=4463\">Transmission Substation<\/a><\/em><\/center><\/div>\n In this type of substation two or more transmission lines are connected together and this is done when the transmission lines have the same voltage.\n\n2 **Distribution Substation:**\n\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><center><img src=\"![image (https:\/\/img.esteem.ws\/o4pqfdc5rj.jpg)\" \/><br\/><em><a href=\"https:\/\/pxhere.com\/en\/photo\/872379\">Distribution Substation<\/a><\/em><\/center><\/div>This transfers power from the transmission stage to the distribution system of an area directly. As a matter of fact,<br> it is not advisable\/uneconomical to directly send or connect the electrical power of consumers to the main transmission network,<br> you can only do this if they use large amounts of power. This simply means distribution substation function as reducing station to a level suitable for local distribution like houses and some small factories.\n\nIn the history of distribution voltages,<br> it is usually medium voltage ranges from 2.5kV and 33kV,<br> which the size of the area is the determinate of the distribution voltage.\n\n3 **Collector Substation:**\n<div class=\"pull-left\"><center><img src=\"![image (https:\/\/img.esteem.ws\/iri4363f4q.jpg)\" \/><br\/><em><a href=\"http:\/\/maxpixel.freegreatpicture.com\/Feed-Windstrom-110kv-High-Voltage-Converter-1290375\">Converter Substation<\/a><\/em><\/center><\/div>This station is not common due to the fact that it is peculiar to wind turbines. It exists where numerous hydroelectric and thermal power plants of the same output power are in proximity. Example of this station can be found in **[Brauweiler in Germany (https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brauweiler)** \nThe list of substations above required transformer for there operation. Apart from this three substations,<br> there is a station that requires no transformer for its distribution. Any substation that requires no transformer and operates only at a single voltage level is called **Switching Station**\n___\n**What Happens at distribution stage.**\n\nGenerating power source through the first electrical process lead us to transition of the power generation to a distribution which can only happen via **power substation**. As I have explained,<br> substation performs different function due to the integral part and device that made up the station. \n\nThe circuit breaker in substation performs a function of disconnection from transmission grid,<br> transformer step down the transmission voltages to primary distribution voltages and from the transformer,<br> the power then moves to the bus bar which split the distributed power off in multiple directions.\n\n>In getting the actual supply to the consumer,<br> a distribution transformer steps the primary distribution power down to a low voltage secondary circuit,<br> usually 120\/240 volts for residential customers. The power comes to the customer via a service drop and an electricity meter.\n___\n\nThere are two types of distribution: Primary Distribution and Secondary Distribution.\n\n <center>![image (https:\/\/img.esteem.ws\/h3fwokigvv.jpg)<\/center>\n**[Wikimedia (https:\/\/commons.m.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Utility_pole_transformers.jpg):Utility Transformer**\n___\n**Primary Distribution**: This distribution has a range between 4KV to 35kV L-L and 2.3kV to 20kV L-N. No consumer is fed directly from the distribution voltage only utility consumer is allowed. A large consumer supply is directly connected to the transformer.\n\n**Secondary Distribution:** The delivery of Electrical Power (Electricity) is depended on the region,<br> and its usually 50 or 60 Hz. The delivery to the domestic consumer comes in form of *single-phase electric supply**,<br> although some countries in Europe three phase supply are made available. In consideration of power efficiency three phase is very efficient and is more suited to running large capacity of electric motors.\n\nIn distribution system is a network configuration and this configuration is usually of two types which radial or network. \n___\nIn rural or suburban radial system are majorly used. Radial system is properly arranged in a way that it looks like a tree in which consumer has only one source of electrical supply. On the other hand,<br> the network system is commonly used for concentrated loads and this system has multiple sources of supply which operate in parallel mode.\n___\n\n**In conclusion**,<br> it is interesting to have a detailed information about electricity production stages. From generation to transmission and finally to distribution. The regional variations of the system can be 220-240V,<br> 110-120V and 240V system with 120V outlets. All these variations are dependent on the countries of generation. Most of the world uses 50Hz 220 or 230V for single phase and 400V for three phase which is for residential services. Modern North American homes installation is wired to get 240V from transformer but introducing a split-phase electrical power,<br> 240V system and 120V outlets are generated. Electricity is good,<br> use it. Electricity is dangerous to be protected and safety caution.\n\n**Thank you for reading.**\n\n**[Electricity 1 (https:\/\/steemit.com\/steemstem\/@samest\/electricity-1-generating-the-first-process-cd75b06caf31)**\n___\n**References**\n___\n\n1. https:\/\/en.wikibooks.org\/wiki\/Basic_Electrical_Generation_and_Distribution\n\n2. https:\/\/learn.pjm.com\/electricity-basics\/transmission-distribution.aspx\n\n3. http:\/\/science.howstuffworks.com\/environmental\/energy\/power5.htm\n\n4. https:\/\/c03.apogee.net\/contentplayer\/?coursetype=foe&utilityid=wppi&id=4465\n\n5. https:\/\/www.instituteforenergyresearch.org\/electricity-distribution\/\n\n6. https:\/\/www.electrical4u.com\/electrical-power-distribution-system-radial-ring-main-electrical-power-distribution-system\/\n\n7. https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electric_power_distribution\n___\n <center>![image (https:\/\/img.esteem.ws\/d6kmrbv2ue.jpg)<\/center>\n___",<br>"json_metadata":" \"links\":[\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/90\/Electricity_Grid_Schematic_English.svg\",<br>\"https:\/\/m.indiamart.com\/proddetail.php?i=3412736273\",<br>\"https:\/\/simple.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electrical_substation\",<br>\"https:\/\/steemit.com\/zappl\/@samest\/rmu-power-distribution-and-control\",<br>\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/OyCzLASs5ZE\",<br>\"https:\/\/c03.apogee.net\/contentplayer\/?coursetype=foe&utilityid=wppi&id=4463\",<br>\"https:\/\/pxhere.com\/en\/photo\/872379\",<br>\"http:\/\/maxpixel.freegreatpicture.com\/Feed-Windstrom-110kv-High-Voltage-Converter-1290375\",<br>\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brauweiler\",<br>\"https:\/\/steemit.com\/steemstem\/@samest\/electricity-1-generating-the-first-process-cd75b06caf31\",<br>\"https:\/\/en.wikibooks.org\/wiki\/Basic_Electrical_Generation_and_Distribution\",<br>\"https:\/\/learn.pjm.com\/electricity-basics\/transmission-distribution.aspx\",<br>\"http:\/\/science.howstuffworks.com\/environmental\/energy\/power5.htm\",<br>\"https:\/\/c03.apogee.net\/contentplayer\/?coursetype=foe&utilityid=wppi&id=4465\",<br>\"https:\/\/www.instituteforenergyresearch.org\/electricity-distribution\/\",<br>\"https:\/\/www.electrical4u.com\/electrical-power-distribution-system-radial-ring-main-electrical-power-distribution-system\/\",<br>\"https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electric_power_distribution\" ,<br>\"image\":[\"https:\/\/img.esteem.ws\/hh4l9godzf.jpg\",<br>\"https:\/\/steemitimages.com\/DQmdLGrufA4EG2sKM4u1rg2AU6TLz4TE7kFGKghoVQM8q4r\/electrical-substation-250x250.jpg\",<br>\"https:\/\/img.esteem.ws\/4b0bt7cl2z.jpg\",<br>\"https:\/\/www.google.com.ng\/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2FOyCzLASs5ZE%2Fmaxresdefault.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DOyCzLASs5ZE&docid=7yqhnCbi1eu8vM&tbnid=6_mqc8tVXJPXTM%3A&vet=10ahUKEwjS7JWO3unZAhXRAewKHbsoAzgQMwhMKAAwAA..i&w=1502&h=1019&client=ms-android-gionee&bih=560&biw=360&q=history%20of%20electrical%20substation&ved=0ahUKEwjS7JWO3unZAhXRAewKHbsoAzgQMwhMKAAwAA&iact=mrc&uact=8\",<br>\"https:\/\/img.esteem.ws\/ci5e4rdmlf.jpg\",<br>\"https:\/\/img.esteem.ws\/o4pqfdc5rj.jpg\",<br>\"https:\/\/img.esteem.ws\/iri4363f4q.jpg\",<br>\"https:\/\/img.esteem.ws\/h3fwokigvv.jpg\",<br>\"https:\/\/commons.m.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Utility_pole_transformers.jpg\",<br>\"https:\/\/img.esteem.ws\/d6kmrbv2ue.jpg\" ,<br>\"tags\":[\"steemstem\",<br>\"stemng\",<br>\"electrical\",<br>\"technology-trail\",<br>\"steemeducation\" ,<br>\"app\":\"esteem\/1.5.1\",<br>\"format\":\"markdown+html\",<br>\"community\":\"esteem\" " | | comment_options | "author":"samest",
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