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      "body": "https://z-p3-scontent-lht6-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/22780670_281374022382569_6300778581533162296_n.jpg?oh=99f10006ed95592e76c2f6fb7f79ae2e&oe=5A85FEA2\n\nThis is the picture of Oba (King) of Benin, Oba Ewuare II, his three Queens, children and grand children. He is the 92nd King of the Great Benin Kingdom. \n\nThe Great Benin Kingdom is one of the oldest surviving kingdoms in the world and is about 2054 years old. The Ogiso dynasty lasted for about 854 years plus an interregnum of 285 years between the reign of Ogiso Orire and Ogiso Odia, there was an interregnum of 70 years between Ogiso Owodo and Oba Oranmiyan plus 845 years of Oba rulership till date.\n\nGreat Benin kingdom has been ruled by 71 kings (documented) and 21 kings (undocumented) and two documented administrators (Evian and Agho Obaseki) and about 12 undocumented administrators.\n\nHere are some testimonies of the greatness of the past Obas and the ancient kingdom:\n\n1n 1691, the Portuguese ship captain Lourenco Pinto observed: “Great Benin, where the king resides, is larger than Lisbon; all the streets run straight and as far as the eyes can see.\"\n\nA 17th-century Dutch engraving from Olfert Dapper's Nauwkeurige Beschrijvinge der Afrikaansche Gewesten, published in Amsterdam in 1668 says:\n\n\"The king's palace or court is a square, and is as large as the town of Haarlem and entirely surrounded by a special wall, like that which encircles the town. It is divided into many magnificent palaces, houses, and apartments of the courtiers, and comprises beautiful and long square galleries, about as large as the Exchange at Amsterdam, but one larger than another, resting on wooden pillars, from top to bottom covered with cast copper, on which are engraved the pictures of their war exploits and battles...\" – Olfert Dapper.\n\n\"The king's palace or court is a square, and is as large as the town of Haarlem and entirely surrounded by a special wall, like that which encircles the town. It is divided into many magnificent palaces, houses, and apartments of the courtiers, and comprises beautiful and long square galleries...resting on wooden pillars, from top to bottom covered with cast copper, on which are engraved the pictures of their war exploits and battles, and are kept very clean.\" - Olfert Dapper.\n\n\"The King of Benin can in a single day make 20,000 men ready for war, and, if need be, 180, 000, and because of this he has great influence among all the surrounding peoples … His authority stretches over many cities, towns and villages. There is no King thereabouts who, in the possession of so many beautiful cities and towns, in his capital\" – Olfert Dapper.\n\nIn 1691, the Portuguese ship captain Lourenco Pinto observed: “Great Benin, where the king resides, is larger than Lisbon; all the streets run straight and as far as the eyes can see.\"\n\nFred Pearce wrote in New Scientist: “They extend for some 160 km in all, in a mosaic of more than 500 interconnected settlement boundaries. They cover 2,510 sq. miles (6,500 square kilometers) and were all dug by the Edo people. In all, they are four times longer than the Great Wall of China, and consumed a hundred times more material than the Great Pyramid of Cheops. They took an estimated 150 million hours of digging to construct, and are perhaps the largest single archaeological phenomenon on the planet.”\n\nAccording to the Guinness Book of Records (1974 edition), the wall of Benin City and its surrounding kingdom as the world’s largest earthworks carried out prior to the mechanical era.\n\nOn February 18, 1897, the British arrived in Benin City under orders to invade and conquer it. They looted priceless Benin artworks from the palace of the Oba and sold them in London.  Today the artworks are scattered allover the world. \n\nMuseum collections of Benin Bronzes Works alone :\n\nLondon| British Museum - 700 pieces \nBerlin | Ethnological Museum of Berlin\t - 580 pieces \nOxford | Pitt Rivers Museum - 327 pieces \nVienna | Weltmuseum Wien - 200 pieces \nHamburg | Museum of Ethnology, Museum of Arts and Crafts - 196 pieces \nDresden | Dresden Museum of Ethnology - 182 pieces \nNew York | Metropolitan Museum of Art - 163 pieces \nPhiladelphia | University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology - 100 pieces \nLeiden | National Museum of Ethnology - 98 pieces \nLeipzig | Museum of Ethnography - 87 pieces \nCologne | Rautenstrauch-Joest Museum - 73 pieces \nBoston | Museum of Fine Arts - 28 pieces \n\nThe collections listed are not exhausted and are intended to give the reader an idea of the dispersion of the artworks. For a more exhaustive list, consult: Dark, Philip J. C. (1973). An Introduction to Benin Art and Technology. Oxford University Press. pp. 78–81. ISBN 978-0-19-817191-1.\n\nSource: Institute for Benin Studies and Wikipedia",
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      "body": "![](https://steemitimages.com/DQmNVBfJKYv3Nza65ypHP3NgPMgSMJnS1yz2nW7hoydstqX/image.png)\nBennet Ifeakandu Omalu and actor Will Smith CREDIT: GETTY IMAGES\n\n“There are times I wish I never looked at Mike Webster’s brain. It has dragged me into worldly affairs I do not want to be associated with – human meanness, wickedness and selfishness. People trying to cover up, to control how information is released. I started this not knowing I was walking into a minefield. That is my only regret.”\nThese are the words of Bennet Ifeakandu Omalu, a Nigerian physician, forensic pathologist and neuropathologist who first discover and publish a link between American football and the brain damage – Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE), in former players.\n\nOmalu’s work has changed a sport, and helped provoke a billion-dollar lawsuit and inspired a Hollywood film, Concussion (in which Will Smith played the role of Omelu) that was nominated for a Golden Globe.\n\nBut Omalu who knew little about American football attracted many enemies. American Football club owners and fans love their game very much that they saw Omalu as a threat to the game. They rejected his findings and questioned his right as a Nigerian to link their beloved American football to a brain trauma.\n\n“I really wish I wasn’t brought into this…Lead a quiet life, enjoy my life, die a simple death. But now I have no choice. My life has been impacted in the most negative way. People are reacting very emotionally to me. They don’t like me. Call me all types of names but I am simply speaking to the truth,”\nhe said.\n\nThe Discovery of CTE\n\nOmalu first discovered the CTE when examining the body of Mike Webster, a former pro football player with the NFL’s Pittsburgh Steelers while working at the coroner’s office in September 2002.\n\nWebster had displayed patterns of distressing behavior before his death from a heart attack at age 50, and Omalu was curious as to what clues the former player’s brain would reveal.\n\nAfter careful examination of the brain, Omalu discovered clumps of tau proteins, which impair function upon accumulation. It was similar to “dementia pugilista,” a degenerative disease documented decades earlier in boxers, though it had yet to be connected to football players.\n\nAfter confirming his findings with top faculty members at the University of Pittsburgh, Omalu named the condition chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) and submitted a paper titled “Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in a National Football League Player” to the Medical journal Neurosurgery.\n\nOmalu’s discovery was discredited by the mouthpiece of the National Football League (NFL) and the Mild Traumatic Brian Injury (MTBI) Committee discredited Omalu’s research as “flawed” and refused to acknowledge a link between the sport and the brain damage in former players.\n\nHowever, Omalu gained an important supporter in Dr. Julian Bailes, chairman of neurosurgery at the West Virginia University School of Medicine and a former team physician for the Steelers. With Bailes and lawyer Bob Fitzsimmons, Omalu founded the Sports Legacy Institute (later renamed the Concussion Legacy Foundation) to continue studies of CTE.\n\nOmalu pressed forward with his examination of Terry Long, another former football player who had committed suicide at age 45, and discovered the same buildup of tau proteins. His follow-up paper to Neurosurgery was published in November 2006.\n\nDespite the NFL’s public evasiveness, Omalu and his supporters scored a victory when Mike Webster’s family was awarded a significant settlement in December 2006.\n\nOmalu’s Nigerian and Academic Background\n\nOmalu was born in Nigeria during the civil war of 1968 in Idemili South, a small town in eastern part of Nigeria. The sixth of seven children of a civil engineer and a seamstress, Omalu was admitted to the Federal Government College in Enugu at age 12 and at age 15 he began medical school at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka (UNN).\n\nAfter earning his first of 10 degrees and board certifications in 1990, Omalu interned at University of Jos Teaching Hospital (UJTH), before being accepted to a visiting scholar program at the University of Washington in 1994 at the age of 25. He then served his residency at Harlem Hospital Center, where he developed his interest in pathology.\n\nIn 1999, Omalu moved to Pittsburgh to train under noted pathologist Cyril Wecht at the Allegheny County Coroner’s Office. Omalu holds eight advanced degrees and board certifications, later receiving fellowships in pathology and neuropathology through the University of Pittsburgh in 2000 and 2002 respectively, a Master of Public Health (MPH) in epidemiology in 2004 from University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, and a Master of Business Administration (MBA) from Tepper School of Business at Carnegie Mellon University in 2008.\n\nMovie and Book with Will Smith\n\nWill Smith was one NFL fan who allowed Omalu’s findings to challenge his thinking and, in preparing to play Omalu in the 2015 film Concussion, he watched him perform four autopsies and saw first-hand how he would play music and talk to the deceased person.\n\nWill Smith said, “I was inspired by Bennet’s courage and faith…He combines that into one gorgeous human being. I was ecstatic to find that depth of character. I love that guy.”\n\nOmalu released his book, Truth Doesn’t Have a Side on the 9th of this month with the forward written by Will Smith.\n\nOmalu is currently chief medical examiner of San Joaquin County, California and is a professor in the UC Davis Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine.\n\nOmalu who only became an US citizen in February 2015 is married to Prema Mutiso, originally from Kenya. They live in Lodi, California and have two children, Ashly and Mark.\n\nThis article was originally published on scitechafrica.com by me.",
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